Pierre et Paul, une
fraternité compliquée mais fondatrice
Jean-Thomas de Beauregard, op - publié le 28/06/22
L’Église doit sa
fondation à deux frères aux relations compliquées, explique le dominicain
Jean-Thomas de Beauregard, dans son commentaire des lectures de la solennité
des saints Pierre et Paul (Ac 12, 1-11 ; 2 Tm 4, 6-8.17-18 ; Mt 16, 13-19). Si
les deux apôtres se sont opposés, leur fraternité transfigurée par la grâce a
été scellée dans le sang.
Pourquoi dès le IVe
siècle au moins, la liturgie de l’Église unit-elle dans une seule solennité les
saints Pierre et Paul, le fondement de l’Église et l’apôtre des Gentils ? Un
tel attelage surprend d’autant plus que Pierre et Paul ont connu ensemble
quelques conflits à Antioche et à Jérusalem, au sujet de l’intégration des
non-juifs dans l’Église et de l’abandon ou du maintien de certaines pratiques
juives au sein de la communauté. Serait-ce une ruse de l’Esprit saint qui unit
dans la liturgie ceux-là mêmes qui ont eu parfois du mal à cohabiter sur la
terre ?
Une
fondation pour toujours
Le goût de l’abstraction
pourrait jouer de la dialectique entre un pôle d’autorité incarné par Pierre et
un pôle missionnaire incarné par Paul, tous deux nécessaires à l’Église. Le
théologien suisse Hans-Urs von Balthasar voulait y adjoindre un pôle de l’amour
incarné par Jean et comptait sur la Vierge Marie pour faire en elle et par son
intercession la synthèse de ces trois pôles dont la conjonction serait vitale à
la croissance de l’Église. Il est vrai que l’autorité, la mission et la charité
sont des principes constitutifs de l’Église : qu’on en enlève un et l’Église
est défigurée ; qu’on déploie l’un sans les deux autres et l’Église est
amputée. Chacun des trois principes d’autorité, de mission et de charité ne
peut se déployer en perfection qu’en dépendance des deux autres. Il est vrai
aussi que la Vierge Marie est traditionnellement le type eschatologique de
l’Église. L’idée est suggestive, mais n’explique pas la focalisation sur Pierre
et Paul.
Ils se ressemblent par
leur amour inconditionnel du Christ : Pierre a confessé sa foi en Jésus, fils
du Dieu vivant, après lui avoir dit par trois fois son amour ; Paul s’est
exclamé que ce n’était plus lui qui vivait mais le Christ qui vivait en lui.
Le conformisme
ecclésiastique pourrait y voir une occasion d’exalter la synodalité, puisque
Pierre et Paul ont su avancer ensemble vers une pratique commune et vers la
vérité par le moyen du dialogue, parfois non sans rudesse. Tous deux sont des
modèles de parrhésia, cette audace et cette liberté de parole que
l’Esprit-Saint suscite au sein de l’Église. Mais il faut noter que l’époque
apostolique avait à fonder en Christ et sous l’inspiration de l’Esprit saint ce
qui, de l’Église, doit demeurer toujours à travers les siècles. Nos discussions
synodales, elles, ne peuvent porter que sur des ajustements circonstanciels.
Plus encore, l’inconvénient de faire de Pierre et Paul les chantres de la
synodalité tient au récit biblique lui-même. Pour autant qu’on puisse
reconstituer les faits et la discussion qui opposa alors Pierre et Paul — il en
existe plusieurs récits divergents entre les Actes et les épîtres de Paul —, le
processus laissait peu de place aux fidèles et la discussion se tenait surtout
entre les autorités de la communauté : Pierre, Paul mais aussi Jacques. S’il y
a de la synodalité dans cet épisode, ce n’est donc pas tout à fait selon les
critères contemporains, et il faudrait inclure Jacques dans les acteurs
majeurs. Le thème synodal n’éclaire donc pas tellement le choix d’une
célébration liturgique commune de Pierre et Paul.
Un
mandat du Ciel
L’exégèse
historico-critique avancerait à bon droit que Pierre et Paul sont seuls à avoir
été investis comme apôtres en vertu d’une révélation venue d’en-haut. Jésus a
qualifié Pierre de fondement de l’Église et lui a donné les clés du royaume des
Cieux après que Pierre l’a confessé comme « le Christ, le fils du Dieu
vivant ». Or Jésus affirme que cette confession de foi de Pierre ne lui
est pas venue « de la chair et du sang » mais « de son Père qui
est aux cieux » (Mt 16, 13-19). Le mandat apostolique de Pierre lui vient
donc directement d’en-haut. Il en va de même pour Paul, qui affirme que son
statut d’apôtre, dérogatoire à la norme des autres apôtres puisqu’il n’a pas
accompagné Jésus durant sa vie terrestre, lui a été donné directement
d’en-haut, à l’occasion de sa conversion miraculeuse sur le chemin de
Damas (Gal 1,
12-16). Ce faisant, on comprend que l’autorité dans l’Église ne peut venir
que d’une initiative divine et d’un lien intime avec Jésus-Christ.
Lire aussi :La conversion de saint Paul nous apprend à devenir des créatures
nouvelles
C’est évidemment là que
Pierre et Paul se ressemblent le plus. Ils se ressemblent par leur amour
inconditionnel du Christ : Pierre a confessé sa foi en Jésus, fils du Dieu
vivant, après lui avoir dit par trois fois son amour ; Paul s’est exclamé que
ce n’était plus lui qui vivait mais le Christ qui vivait en lui. Ils se
ressemblent aussi parce qu’ils connaissent tous deux leur faiblesse et savent
que sans la grâce de Dieu ils ne sont rien ni ne peuvent rien. L’amour
inconditionnel du Christ et la conscience de n’être rien sans sa grâce, c’est
l’essentiel de leur enseignement commun et de leur charisme de fondation. C’est
ce qui les a menés tous deux jusqu’à l’offrande de leur vie.
Une
fraternité scellée dans le sang
D’ailleurs, c’est
finalement sans doute en vertu de leur mort commune en martyr à Rome que Pierre
et Paul sont célébrés ensemble par l’Église. Car l’Église est héritière
d’Israël et de Rome. Or la fondation d’Israël comme celle de Rome a été scellée
dans le fratricide : Caïn et Abel pour Israël, Romulus et Remus pour Rome.
Certes Pierre et Paul n’ont aucun lien de parenté biologique. Mais leur
fraternité en Christ a été scellée dans le sang : celui de Jésus sur la Croix,
leur sang à eux un peu plus tard. La fondation de l’Église est donc scellée dans
le sang comme celle d’Israël et de Rome. Mais au lieu d’un meurtre fratricide,
ce sang est celui l’offrande de la vie par amour.
Ainsi l’histoire humaine
« pleine de bruit et de fureur » est reprise sous la grâce. Comme le Christ est
le nouvel Adam qui inaugure le temps de l’Église dont il est le chef, Pierre et
Paul sont les nouveaux Caïn et Abel, Romulus et Remus pour l’Église dont ils
sont le fondement inébranlable. La grâce ne supprime pas la nature : le schéma
de la fondation d’une société par deux frères aux relations compliquées
demeure. Mais cet invariant anthropologique qui condamnait toute société
humaine à la finitude est guéri, surélevé et transfiguré par la grâce.
L’Église, elle, a les promesses de la vie éternelle, là où les royaumes et les empires
de la terre finissent par disparaître. C’est qu’à la suite de Pierre et Paul,
l’Église se sait une fraternité de pécheurs réconciliés dans le sang du Christ.
Lire aussi :Pourquoi saint Paul et saint Pierre sont-ils fêtés ensemble
alors qu’ils se connaissaient à peine ?
Lire aussi :« Saint Pierre est un signe d’espérance pour les
pécheurs »
SOURCE : https://fr.aleteia.org/2022/06/28/pierre-et-paul-une-fraternite-compliquee-mais-fondatrice/?utm_campaign=Web_Notifications&utm_medium=notifications&utm_source=onesignal
Solennité des Saints Pierre et Paul
Première lecture
Lecture du second livre des Actes des Apôtres (XII 1-11)
A cette époque, le roi Hérode-Agrippa [1] se mit à maltraiter certains membres de l'Eglise. Il supprima Jacques, frère de Jean, en le faisant décapiter [2].
Voyant que cette mesure était bien vue des Juifs, il décida une nouvelle arrestation, celle de Pierre. On était dans la semaine de la Pâque. Il le fit saisir, emprisonner, et placer sous la garde de quatre escouades de quatre soldats ; il avait l'intention de le faire comparaître en présence du peuple après la fête.
Tandis que Pierre était ainsi détenu, l'Eglise priait pour lui devant Dieu avec insistance. Hérode allait le faire comparaître ; la nuit précédente, Pierre dormait entre deux soldats ; il était attaché avec deux chaînes et, devant sa porte, des sentinelles montaient la garde. Tout à coup surgit l'ange du Seigneur, et une lumière brilla dans la cellule. L'ange secoua Pierre, le réveilla et lui dit : « Lève-toi vite. » Les chaînes tombèrent de ses mains. Alors l'ange lui dit : « Mets ta ceinture et tes sandales. » Pierre obéit, et l'ange ajouta : « Mets ton manteau et suis-moi. » Il sortit derrière lui, mais, ce qui lui arrivait grâce à l'ange, il ne se rendait pas compte que c'était vrai, il s'imaginait que c'était une vision. Passant devant un premier poste de garde puis devant un second, ils arrivèrent à la porte en fer donnant sur la ville. Elle s'ouvrit toute seule devant eux. Une fois dehors, ils marchèrent dans une rue, puis, brusquement, l'ange le quitta. Alors Pierre revint à lui, et il dit : « Maintenant je me rends compte que c'est vrai: le Seigneur a envoyé son ange, et il m'a arraché aux mains d'Hérode et au sort que me souhaitait le peuple juif. [3] »
Textes liturgiques © AELF, Paris
[1] Hérode Agrippa I°, fils d'Aristobule et de Bérénice, par conséquent petit-fils d'Hérode le Grand et de Mariamne I, né en 10 avant Jésus-Christ. Envoyé très jeune à Rome, il y avait bénéficié de la protection d'Antonia la jeune (fille de Marc-Antoine et d'Octavie), vivant ainsi dans le proche entourage de l'Empereur. En 23, ruiné par un train de vie dispendieux, il repartit en Palestine et vécut des maigres revenus accordés par Hérode Antipas. Lassé de cette position médiocre, il retourna à Rome, où il devint le compagnon de Caius, le futur empereur Caligula. Des propos imprudents sur la succession impériale lui valurent de se faire incarcérer par Tibère. Libéré à la mort de ce dernier, en 37, il fut couvert d’honneurs par Caligula, qui lui accorda le titre royal et la possession de l'ancienne tétrarchie d'Hrode Philippe II. De passage à Alexandrie, sur le chemin de la Palestine, il tenta d'intercéder pour les Juifs persecutés par les Grecs (38). En 39, il reçut les domaines d'Hérode Antipas. Bientôt de retour à Rome, il joua un certain rôle dans la proclamation de Claude, après l'assassinat de Caligula (41). Son zèle fut récompensé par l'octroi de l'Idumée, de la Judée et de la Samarie. Sa politique intérieure est mal connue : on sait qu'il ne se priva pas de déposer les grands-prêtres et renoua avec la politique de grands travaux d'Hérode le Grand. De son mariage avec Cypros (arrière-petite-fille de Salomé, sœur d'Hérode le Grand), il eut Hérode Agrippa II, Bérénice et Drusilla. Il mourut en 44, alors qu'il faisait célébrer les jeux quinquennaux, institués par Hérode en l'hollneur d'Auguste.
[2] Jacques est un nom théophore qui signifie « que (Dieu) protège » (forme grécisée de Jacob). Deux apôtres de Jésus portent le nom de Jacques : Jacques, dit le majeur, fils de Zébédée, dont il s’agit ici ; l'apôtre Jacques, dit le mineur, fils d'Alphée, premier évêque de Jérusalem et auteur de l’épître. Frère aîné de Jean l’évangéliste, fils de Zébédée et de Salomé, Jacques qui était habitait Bethsaïde ou Capharnaüm, pratiquait la pêche sur le lac de Génésareth, avec son père et des mercenaires embauchés. Sans doute, cousin de Jésus par sa mère, était-il des disciples de Jean-Baptiste, qui suivirent Jésus. Sa famille jouissait d'une certaine aisance, puisque sa mère eut la possibilité d'accompagner le Seigneur, de lui venir en aide et d'acheter des aromates d'embaumement. Choisi comme Apôtre, Jacques figura presque en tête des Douze, si l'on en juge par la place qu'il occupe dans les quatre listes apostoliques et par le comportement de Jésus à son égard. Avec Pierre et Jean, il formait le groupe des intimes de Jésus, seuls admis au spectacle de certains grands événements comme la résurrection de la fille de Jaïre, la Transfiguration et la sainte Agonie de Notre Seigneur au Mont des Oliviers. C'est sans doute cette situation privilégiée qui l'enhardit à faire plusieurs demandes intempestives, révélatrices de ses tendances naturelles. De passage en Samarie il réclama l'extermination par la foudre d'un village inhospitalier ; en route vers Jérusalem et dans la persuasion où il était d'une prochaine instauration sur terre du royaume messianique, il sollicita, ou poussa sa mère à solliciter, pour lui et son frère, les premières places dans ce royaume ; à l'annonce de la ruine du Temple, il s'enquit immédiatement de la date exacte de cet événement. Son impétuosité était telle qu'il reçut de Jésus, avec son frère Jean, le surnom de « Fils du tonnerre. » Il n'en imitera pas moins la défection des autres apôtres, après l'arrestation de son Maître au jardin de l'Agonie. Malgré le silence dont l'entourent les textes sacrés après la Pentecôte, il est vraisemblable qu'il dut, jusqu'à la fin de sa vie, faire figure de chef dans l’Eglise primitive, puisque c’est sur lui et sur Pierre que porte le choix meurtrier du roi Hérode Agrippa I° qui voulait abattre les têtes de l'Église pour plaire aux Juifs. Jacques le majeur périt alors par le glaive, donnant sa vie en témoignage de sa foi, comme Jésus le lui avait prédit.
[3] Dans ce passage des Actes des Apôtres, saint Luc souligne le parallélisme entre saint Pierre et Jésus. Tous deux sont arrêtés au moment de la Pâque et gardés par des soldats, la nuit qui précède leur jugement. La situation de saint Pierre symbolise la mort : son sommeil et sa nudité. Bien plus l'Ange du Seigneur le « réveille » et lui dit de « se lever » : deux verbes qui signifient la résurrection. Les chaînes tombent et les portes s'ouvrent, de même que la pierre du tombeau fut roulée. Enfin saint Pierre comprend que le Seigneur l'a délivré d'une mort certaine. La suite du récit ressemble étrangement à ceux de Pâques : une femme annonce aux frères que Pierre est là, sans l'avoir encore vu. Elle se fait traiter de folle et ils croient qu'ils s'agit d'un esprit. En voyant saint Pierre, ils sont pris de stupeur. L'intention de saint Luc est évidente : Pierre a ainsi vécu symboliquement la mort et la résurrection de Jésus. Ce dernier récit des Actes des Apôtres sur saint Pierre évoque son futur martyre et son entrée dans la vie nouvelle. Or la libération de Pierre est, par deux fois, mise en relation avec la prière de la communauté : c'est par elle que le Seigneur conforte et sauve ses témoins éprouvés.

Psaume 33
Je bénirai le Seigneur en tous temps,
sa louange sans cesse à mes lèvres.
Je veux me glorifier du Seigneur :
que les pauvres m'entendent et soient en fête.
Magnifiez avec moi le Seigneur,
exaltons tous ensemble son nom !
Quand je cherche le Seigneur, il me répond,
il me délivre de toutes mes peurs.
Qui regarde vers lui resplendira
sans ombre ni trouble au visage.
Un malheureux a crié : Dieu l'entend,
il le sauve de toutes ses angoisses.
Il veille, l'ange du Seigneur,
prêt à dégager ses fidèles.
Goûtez, voyez comme il est bon, le Seigneur !
Heureux l'homme qui s'abrite en lui !
Épître
Lecture de la seconde lettre de saint Paul Apôtre à Timothée (IV 16-18) [1]
Fils bien-aimé, me voici déjà offert en sacrifice, le moment de mon départ est venu. Je me suis bien battu, j'ai tenu jusqu'au bout de la course, je suis resté fidèle. Je n'ai plus qu'à recevoir la récompense du vainqueur: dans sa justice, le Seigneur, le juge impartial, me la remettra en ce jour-là, comme à tous ceux qui auront désiré avec amour sa manifestation dans la gloire.
[ Efforce-toi de venir vite vers moi, car Démas m'a abandonné par amour du monde présent et s'en est allé à Thessalonique, Crescens en Galatie, Tite en Dalmatie. Luc est seul avec moi. Prends Marc et amène-le avec toi, car il m'est fort utile pour le service. J'ai envoyé Tychique à Éphèse. Le manteau que j'ai laissé à Troas chez Carpus, apporte-le en venant, ainsi que les livres, surtout les parchemins. Alexandre le fondeur m'a fait beaucoup de mal ; le Seigneur lui rendra selon ses œuvres. Gardes-toi de lui, toi aussi, car il a fait à nos paroles une forte opposition. ] Tout le monde m'a abandonné [ Que cela ne leur soit pas compté ! Mais ] le Seigneur, lui, m'a assisté. Il m'a rempli de force pour que je puisse jusqu'au bout annoncer l'Évangile et le faire entendre à toutes les nations païennes. J'ai échappé à la gueule du lion ; le Seigneur me fera encore échapper à tout ce qu'on fait pour me nuire. Il me sauvera et me fera entrer au ciel, dans son royaume. A lui la gloire pour les siècles des siècles. Amen.
Textes liturgiques © AELF, Paris
[1] Saint Paul est en prison, enchaîné dans un cachot, « comme un malfaiteur » (II 9). Il ne se fait plus d'illusions sur l'issue de son procès et attend la sentence qui le condamnera à mort. Il écrit à Timothée, son fidèle compagnon qu’il voudrait bien revoir avant de mourir. Il parle de sa mort comme d’un sacrifice, littéralement une libation, rite qui évoque sa vie librement donnée. Aux Philippiens il a déjà dit qu'il était prêt à verser son sang (Philippiens II 17). Sa mort est aussi un départ, comme celui des soldats qui lèvent le camp en pliant leurs tentes, ou comme les marins qui quittent le port en larguant les amarres. Il s'en va ailleurs. Il compare sa vie qui s'achève aux jeux du stade, comme ailleurs : il a lutté contre les forces du mal (Éphésiens VI 10-17), il a couru pour saisir le Christ (Philippiens III 12-14). Maintenant approche l'heure du triomphe pour les vainqueurs, lui et « tous ceux qui aiment l'épiphanie »,la venue glorieuse du Seigneur. Saint Paul n'a pas oublié sa solitude, lors de son procès; pourtant il y voit une victoire, car cela lui a permis de venir annoncer l'Évangile à Rome, et même face aux magistrats qui représentent toutes les nations païennes. La seule délivrance qu'il espère, c'est son salut définitif : son entrée dans le Royaume, en présence de la gloire de Dieu qu'il a cherchée toute sa vie.
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Évangile
Suite du saint Évangile de notre Seigneur Jésus-Christ selon Saint Matthieu (XVI 13-19).
Jésus était venu dans la région de Césarée-de-Philippe [1], et il demandait à ses disciples [2] : « Le Fils de l'homme, qui est-il, d'après ce que disent les hommes ? [3]»
Ils répondirent : « Pour les uns, il est Jean Baptiste [4] ; pour d'autres, Elie [5] ; pour d'autres encore, Jérémie ou l'un des prophètes [6]. » Jésus leur dit : « Et vous, que dites-vous ? Pour vous, qui suis-je ? [7] »
Prenant la parole Simon-Pierre déclara [8] : « Tu es le Messie[9], le Fils du Dieu vivant ! [10]» Prenant la parole à son tour, Jésus lui déclara : « Heureux es-tu, Simon fils de Yonas : ce n'est pas la chair et le sang qui t'ont révélé cela, mais mon Père qui est aux cieux. Et moi, je te le déclare : tu es Pierre, et sur cette pierre je bâtirai mon Église [11] ; et la puissance de la Mort ne l'emportera pas sur elle. Je te donnerai les clefs du Royaume des cieux : tout ce que tu auras lié sur la terre sera lié dans les cieux, et tout ce que tu auras délié sur la terre sera délié dans les cieux. »
Textes liturgiques © AELF, Paris
[1] Césarée de Philippe qui est située près de l'une des principales sources du Jourdain, au pied de l'Hermon (sud-ouest), contrôle la route entre Tyr et Damas et garde la plaine fertile du lac Huleh (le Semechonitis des Romains). Le site est identifié à Baniyas. Antiochus III y défit les Égypriens (paneas en grec). Les Grecs y dédièrent un sanctuaire à Pan et aux Nymphes. Auguste donna la région à Hérode le Grand qui lui éleva un temple. Après la mort d'Hérode, la région fut incluse dans la tétrarchie de Philippe qui réorganisa Panéas et qu'il nomma Césarée de Philippe, en son honneur et en celui de Tibère César. La ville devint un centre important de la civilisation gréco-romaine. Césarée de Philippe fut incluse dans le territoire d'Agrippa II qui l'appela Néronias, en l'honneur de Néron.
[2] Il avait voulu les séparer du reste des hommes afin qu’ils pussent en toute liberté confesser leur foi (saint Jean Chrysostome : homélie LIV sur l’évangile selon saint Matthieu, 1).
[3] Par cette question il faisait entendre qu’il y avait en lui quelque chose de plus que l’homme. Qu’il fût un homme, il suffisait de le voir, de voir son corps pour le reconnaître. Mais par cette question, il faisait entendre qu’outre ce qu’on voyait en lui il y avait quelque chose de caché, et c’est à cela que devait se porter la foi des vrais croyants (saint Hilaire de Poitiers : commentaire de l’évangile selon saint Matthieu, XVI 6).
[4] Hérode disait : Celui que moi j’ai fait décapiter, Jean, c’est lui qui s’est relevé ! (évangile selon saint Marc, VI 16).
[5] Elie avait été enlevé au ciel dans un char de feu ; quant Jésus-Christ ira au ciel, ce sera en y montant par sa propre vertu, ce sera en retournant au séjour d’où il était venu. Elie se venge en faisant descendre le feu du ciel ; Jésus préfère par une patience invincible guérir ses persécuteurs plutôt que de les faire mourir. Jérémie est sanctifié dès le sein de sa mère ; Jésus, dès le sein de sa mère, sanctifie celui qui doit être son précurseur. jean, dès le sein de sa mère avait senti la présence du Seigneur et l’avait adoré, mais Jésus était celui-là même qui était adoré. Jean baptisait dans l’eau, et Jésus baptisait dans l’Esprit ; Jean amenait à la pénitence et Jésus pardonnait les péchés (saint Ambroise : commentaire de l’évangile selon saint Luc, VI 96). Elie était vénéré comme un intercesseur et une aide dans les difficultés. On considérait Elie comme celui qui allait rétablir le peuple d'Israël, qui devait réconcilier les pères avec leurs fils et les fils avec leurs pères, avant que vienne le jour du Seigneur. A lui, pensait-on, devait revenir de désigner le Messie et de lui donner l’onction.
[6] L’opinion des gens a été rapportée au roi Hérode, presque dans les mêmes termes, (évangile selon saint Marc, VI 14-15). Selon l’opinion populaire, Jean-Baptiste aurait bien pu être ressuscité d'entre les morts ; les Juifs croyaient qu’un innocent mis à mort peut ressusciter, et, en cette qualité, accomplir des miracles, ce qu’il n’a pas fait de son vivant.
[7] Vous avez toujours été avec moi, vous avez vu des miracles plus grands que ceux qui ont été accomplis devant les foules ; vous pouvez avoir de moi une idée plus parfaite. Et de fait il leur pose cette question après qu’il a accompli devant eux de nombreux miracles, après que déjà il leur a révélé des vérités sublimes, donné des preuves nombreuses de sa divinité et de son unité avec le Père (saint Jean Chrysostome : homélie LIV sur l’évangile selon saint Matthieu, 1).
[8] Quand il s’agit de dire la vérité sur le Christ, Pierre se souvient de sa primauté et il est empressé à parler autant qu’il avait été jusque-là réservé dans son silence (S. Ambroise : De incarnationis dominicæ sacramento, IV).
Quand il s’agissait de dire les opinions qui circulaient parmi les foules, tous parlaient ; mais voici qu’il faut dire la vérité sur Jésus, un seul, Pierre, parle comme le représentant de tous les autres (saint Jean Chrysostome : homélie LIV sur l’évangile selon saint Matthieu, 1).
[9] Messias, traduit l’hébreux Mâchiah qui signifie oint dont l’équivalent en grec est Khristos (Christ).
[10] Il dit une parole qu'aucune voix humaine n'avait encore prononcée : « Tu es le Christ, le Fils du Dieu vivant. » En vérité, alors même que le Christ demeurant dans la chair s'était déjà déclaré Fils de Dieu, l'Apôtre fut alors le premier à reconnaître dans la foi que la nature divine est en lui. Si Jésus, en effet, a loué Pierre, ce n'est pas uniquement pour l'avoir honoré par sa profession de foi, mais aussi pour avoir reconnu son mystère, car l'Apôtre n'a pas seulement confessé le Christ, mais il l'a aussi proclamé Fils de Dieu. Pour l'honorer, il lui eût certainement suffi de confesser : « Tu es le Christ. » Il eût pourtant été inutile de l'appeler Christ sans le proclamer Fils de Dieu. De fait, en disant : Tu es, Pierre a clairement déclaré la perfection et le caractère unique de la vraie nature du Fils. Et en disant : « Celui-ci est mon Fils », le Père a révélé à Pierre qu'il devait proclamer : « Tu es le Fils de Dieu. » Car la parole Celui-ci est est l'indication donnée par celui qui révèle tandis que l'adhésion donnée par celui qui confesse sa foi s'exprime par la réponse : Tu es. L'Église est donc bâtie sur la pierre de cette confession. Mais un esprit de chair et de sang ne peut découvrir le sens de cette profession de foi. Appeler le Christ Fils de Dieu et, de plus, croire qu'il l'est, est un mystère qui ne peut étre révélé que par Dieu. Ou alors, serait-ce le nom divin qui aurait été révélé à Pierre plutôt que la filiation de nature ? Pour ce qui est du nom, Pierre avait déjà souvent entendu le Seigneur se proclamer Fils de Dieu. Sur quoi porte donc cette glorieuse révélation ? Elle concerne certainement la nature et pas le nom, qui avait déjà été souvent proclamé (Saint Hilaire de Poitiers : De Trinitate VI).
[11] Étant la pierre inébranlable, la pierre de l’angle qui fait de deux peuples un seul peuple, le fondement en dehors duquel on ne peut en établir aucun autre, je veux que toi aussi, mon serviteur, tu sois une pierre, parce que tu seras fortifié par ma puissance, et par ton union avec moi, tu possèdera les qualités qui m’appartiennent en propre (saint Léon le Grand : sermon IV, 3).
Historique de la Basilique St Pierre de Rome
Chacun se souvient que le saint apôtre Pierre fut crucifié, la tête en bas, dans le cirque du Vatican, pendant la persécution de Néron qui, pour mieux se disculper, accusa les chrétiens d’avoir provoqué l’incendie qu’il avait lui-même fait allumer (juillet 64). Devant tant de terribles supplices, Tacite bien qu’il crût les Chrétiens coupables, fut pris de pitié « car on se disait que ce n’était pas pour l’utilité publique mais pour la cruauté d’un seul qu’on les faisait mourir [1]. La Tradition enseignait que le Prince des Apôtres avait été inhumé, à flanc de coteau, sur le mont Vatican [2], près du lieu de son martyre, où les fidèles vinrent très tôt le vénérer. Grâce aux fouilles que Pie XII (1939-1958) fit effectuer, pendant dix ans, à partir du 28 juin 1939, on sait que la sépulture de Pierre est exactement sous l'autel de la Confession [3]. « C'était donc une partie redoutable à jouer et, dans un siècle où la critique commande, une terrible chance à courir. Une sagesse temporelle se fût probablement abstenue. Nul n'aurait pu blâmer Pie XII de ne point affronter un si gros risque. Et sa confiance a été récompensée. Non seulement la fouille qu’il a voulue étend et enrichit le domaine de l'histoire et de l'archéologie profanes, mais elle assure, au lieu de la ruiner ou de l'affaiblir la tradition apostolique romaine. [4] »
Le premier monument élevé sur la tombe de saint Pierre, sans doute par le saint pape Anicet (155-166), est une plaque de marbre sur laquelle on a dressé deux colonnettes de marbre blanc pour supporter une tablette appuyée dans un mur creusé de deux niches, au-dessus et au-dessous de la tablette. Au cours du troisième siècle, on ajouta du marbre autour du monument et on disposa une mosaïque à ses pieds.
La première basilique, décidée par l’empereur Constantin [5] et le saint pape Sylvestre (314-335), s'ordonnait autour de la tombe du chef des apôtres. Les architectes firent des prodiges, dans ces terrains marécageux, pour combler la considérable différence des niveaux (14 m. entre l’Est et l’Ouest ; 11 m. entre le Nord et le Sud). Tournée vers l’Ouest, la basilique comprenait 5 nefs séparées par quatre alignements de 24 colonnes de marbre couronnées de chapiteaux corinthiens ; elle était précédée d’un atrium rectangulaire[6], long de 21 mètres, où, au centre, sous un ciborium [7], on voyait une fontaine, ornée de 4 griffons [8] et surmontée d’une pomme de pin en bronze doré [9]. La basilique Saint-Pierre, ouverte par 5 portes [10], était haute de 38 mètres, elle avait 90 mètres de long et 65 mètres de large ; le transept, long de 88 mètres, lui donnait l’aspect d’un tau. Face à la nef centrale, l’abside circulaire, profonde d’une dizaine de mètres, avait 18 mètres de large. Le tombeau de saint-Pierre fut « mis à l’intérieur d’une grande armoire de marbre ouverte vers l’Orient, vers la nef de la basilique dont il occupe le centre de l’abside. »
[1] Tacite : « Annales », chapitre XV.
[2] Au début du III° siècle, s'adressant au montaniste Proclus qui se prévalait de la possession des tombes de l'apôtre Philippe et de ses filles par une église orientale, le prêtre Gaius avait déclaré : « Soit que tu ailles au Vatican, soit que tu suives la voie d’Ostie, tu y trouveras les Trophées de ceux qui fondèrent l’Eglise de Rome. » (Eusèbe de Césarée : « Histoire ecclésiastique », II, 25).
[3] Les fouilles ont été faite en deux étapes. La première étape a duré de 1939 à 1949, par les jésuites Ferrua et Kirschbaum, le professeur Apollonoj-Ghezzi (architecte) et l’archéologue Enrico Josi, sous la direction de Mgr Kaas, secrétaire-économe de la Fabrique de Saint-Pierre. La deuxième étape a commencé en 1953, par le professeur Guarducci, A. Prandi et D. Mustilli
[4] Jérôme Carcopino : « Etudes chrétiennes » (Flammarion).
[5] Le Liber Pontificalis dit que l’empereur Constantin, en signe de pénitence, a lui même travaillé aux travaux de terrassement, en remplissant de terre et en transportant sur la place une douzaine de récipients.
[6] La construction de cet atrium que l’on appelait le Paradis, est généralement attribuée au saint pape Simplicius (468-483).
[7] Ce ciborium, soutenu par quatre colonnes ioniques, était fermé d’une grille en bronze doré et décoré de paons qui, chez les Anciens, symbolisaient l’immortalité de l’âme ou la résurrection car ils croyaient que la chair des paons ne se décomposait jamais.
[8] Cet animal fabuleux a la tête, les ailes et les serres de l’aigle, associées au corps et aux membres postérieurs du lion. Dans la symbolique chrétienne, le griffon exprime les deux natures du Christ : l’aigle, la divine ; le lion, l’humaine. Dans le Purgatoire de Dante, le char triomphal de l’Eglise est tiré par un griffon.
[9] Cette énorme pomme de pin, prise entre le Panthéon et la place de Venise, dans le quartier Rione della Pina, où elle aurait servi pour une fontaine après avoir orné le sommet du Panthéon, avant que la voûte de bois ne brûlât et ne fût remplacé par l’actuelle coupole. Cette pomme de pin se trouve aujourd’hui dans une niche semi-circulaire du palais du Belvédère, dans le Cortile della Pigna qui s’étend entre la Bracci nuovo et le palais du Belvédère. Dans la symbolique chrétienne, la pomme de pin représente le fruit de l’arbre de vie.
[10] La Porta Judici que l’on n’ouvrait que pour des funérailles ; la Porta Argentea qui était recouverte d’argent ; la Porta Romana où l’on exposait les enseignes de la victoire ; la Porta Ravenniana dont le nom désignait le quartier du Transtévère (cité des Ravennais, civitas Ravennatium) ; la Porta Guidonea où attendait les guides (guidones) de la basilique.
Homélie sur St Pierre
Le Bienheureux Pierre, premier entre les Apôtres, et qui aima le Christ véhémentement, eut le bonheur de s'entendre dire : « Et moi je te dis : Tu es Pierre. Car l'apôtre avait déclaré : Tu es le Christ, le Fils du Dieu vivant. » Et le Christ répond : « Et moi, je te dis que tu es Pierre, et que sur cette pierre j'édifierai mon Eglise [11] » : sur cette pierre, j'édifierai la foi que tu confesses. Sur cette parole que tu as dite, « Tu es le Christ, le Fils du Dieu vivant », j'édifierai mon Eglise. Car toi, tu es Pierre.
Pierre tient son nom de la pierre, et ce n'est pas de Pierre que la pierre tire son nom. Pierre vient de la pierre, se réfère à la pierre, comme le chrétien vient du Christ et se réfère au Christ. Ecoute Paul : « Car, frères, je ne veux pas que vous l'ignoriez : nos pères furent tous sous la nuée, tous ils traversèrent la mer, et tous, au temps de Moïse, il furent baptisés dans la nuée et dans la mer ; et tous ils mangèrent la même nourriture spirituelle, et tous ils burent le même breuvage spirituel : car ils buvaient de la pierre spirituelle qui les accompagnait, et la pierre était le Christ.[12] » Voilà d'où est Pierre.
Avant sa Passion, le Seigneur Jésus, comme vous le savez, choisit et appela ses disciples, ses Apôtres. Parmi eux, presque partout, Pierre reçoit cette grâce de représenter à lui seul la personne de toute l'Eglise. A cause de cette personne de toute l'Eglise, qu'il représentait à lui seul, il eut ce bonheur d'entendre : « A toi je donnerai les clés du royaume des cieux. [13] » Car ces clés, ce n'est pas un seul homme, mais c'est l'unité de l'Eglise, qui les a reçues. Et nous célébrons la primauté de Pierre précisément parce qu'il représentait toute l'universalité et l'unité de l'Eglise quand le Seigneur lui dit : « A toi, je donnerai » ce pouvoir que, de fait, il donna à tous. Et écoutez ce que le Seigneur dit à tous les Apôtres dans un autre passage de l'Evangile : « Recevez l'Esprit-Saint. Si vous remettez les péchés à quelqu'un, ils lui seront remis ; si vous les retenez, ils seront retenus. [14] » Ceci relève du pouvoir des clés, dont il a été dit : « Ce que vous délierez sur la terre sera délié aussi dans le ciel, et ce que vous lierez sur la terre sera lié aussi dans le ciel. [15] » Mais pour que tous sachent que pierre représentait la personne de toute l'Eglise, comparons ce qui est dit à lui seul et ce qui est dit à tous les fidèles : « Si ton frère a péché contre toi, corrige-le entre toi et lui seul ; s'il t'écoute, tu as gagné ton frère, S'il ne t'écoute pas, prends encore avec toi un ou deux autres, pour que toute l'affaire soit établie sur la parole de deux ou trois témoins. S'il ne les écoute pas non plus, dis-le à l'Eglise ; et s'il n'écoute pas même l'Eglise, qu'il te soit comme un païen et un publicain. Amen je vous le dis : ce que vous lierez sur la terre sera lié dans le ciel, et ce que vous délierez sur la terre sera délié dans le ciel. [16] » C'est la colombe qui lie, et c'est la colombe qui délie : l'Edifice fondé sur la pierre lie et délie.
C'est d'abord la force de l'Eglise qui est célébrée en Pierre, parce qu'il suivit le Seigneur allant à sa Passion ; mais une certaine infirmité de l'Eglise est aussi mentionnée, car, interrogé par une servante, il renia le Seigneur. Cet Apôtre qui aimait tant le Seigneur, le renia soudain : il se retrouva lui-même, parce qu'il avait trop présumé de lui-même. Il avait déclaré, en effet : « Seigneur, j'irai avec toi jusqu'à la mort ; et s'il faut que je meure, je donne ma vie pour toi. » et le Seigneur répondit à ce présomptueux : « Tu donneras ta vie pour moi ? En vérité je te le dis : avant le chant du coq, tu m'auras renié trois fois. [17] » Ce que le médecin avait prédit, arriva ; ce que le malade avait présumé, ne pouvait arriver. Mais ensuite ? Voici ce qui est écrit, voici ce que dit l'Evangile : « Le Seigneur le regarda ; et Pierre sortit dehors, et pleura amèrement. [18] » Sortir dehors, cela veut dire ici : confesser sa faute publiquement. Il pleura amèrement, parce qu'il savait aime [19]. La douceur de l'amour suivit, parce que l'amertume de la douleur avait précédé.
C'est pour la même et bonne raison qu'après sa Résurrection le Seigneur a confié ses brebis à Pierre nommément ; car Pierre ne fut pas le seul à paître les brebis du Seigneur : mais quand le Christ parle à un seul, c'est l'unité qui est recommandée, et confiée d'abord à Pierre parce que Pierre a la primauté parmi les Apôtres. « Simon, fils de Jean, m'aimes-tu ? » Il répond : « J'aime. » Interrogé une seconde fois, il répond la même chose. Interrogé une troisième fois, il s'attriste : n'a-t-on pas confiance en lui ? Mais comment n'aurait-il pas eu confiance en lui, celui qui voyait son cœur ! Après cet instant de tristesse, Pierre répond : « Seigneur, tu sais tout, tu sais que je t'aime. » Sachant tout, tu ne peux pas ignorer cela.
Ne sois pas triste, ô Apôtre ! Réponds une fois, réponds deux fois, réponds trois fois. Que ta confession soit trois fois victorieuse dan l'amour puisque te présomption a été trois fois vaincue dans la peur. Ce que tu avait lié trois fois doit être délié trois fois. Délie par amour ce que tu avais lié par peur. Et le Seigneur confie ses brebis à Pierre une fois, deux fois, trois fois.
Saint Augustin, Sermon CCLXXXV
[11] Evangile selon saint Matthieu, XVI 16-18.
[12] Première épître de saint Paul aux Corinthiens, X 1-4.
[13] Evangile selon saint Matthieu, XVI 19.
[14] Evangile selon saint Jean, XX 22-23.
[15] Evangile selon saint Matthieu, XVIII 18.
[16] Evangile selon saint Matthieu, XVIII 18.
[17] Evangile selon saint Matthieu, XXVI 33-35, & évangile selon saint Jean, XIII 37-38.
[18] Evangile selon saint Luc, XXII 61-62.
[19] Flevit amare qui noverat amare : il y a ici un jeu de mot intraduisible sur amare, qui est à la fois la forme adverbiale de l'adjectif amer et l'infinitif du verbe aimer. En ce qui concerne la phrase précédente (exiit foras, hoc est confiteri), on remarquera que le mot latin foras (dehors) a donné forum : place publique ; mots qui d'autre part ont une consonance proche de fari (parler) d'où est dérivé confiteri (confesser).
Historique de la Basilique Saint Paul hors-les-murs
Après qu’il fut décapité aux Aquæ Salviæ, aujourd'hui identifiées à l’abbaye des Tre Fontane [20], le corps du saint apôtre Paul, fut enseveli dans le Prædium Lucinæ, petite arera funéraire.
qui se trouvait le long de la route qui menait à Ostie, à près de mille pas de la porte Ostienne [21]. Là où fut déposé le corps de saint Paul, on éleva sans doute une cella memoriæ au-dessus de laquelle, selon ce que l’on lit au Liber Pontificalis, l’empereur Constantin éleva une basilique [22] que le saint pape Sylvestre I° aurait consacrée le même jour même que la basilique de Saint- Pierre (18 novembre 324) [23].
Encore que les Actes de saint Sylvestre disent que Constantin fit de nombreux dons pour cette basilique, il est probable, puisqu’elle était construite entre la voie Ostienne où était située l’entrée, et le tombeau de saint Paul, qu’elle était bien plus petite que celle que nous connaissons aujourd’hui et que son abside était tournée vers l’Orient [24].
Par un rescrit impérial daté de 384, les empereurs Valentinien II, Théodose et Arcadius [25] avertissaient Sallustius, préfet de Rome, de leur volonté d'agrandir la basilique, en raison de la sainteté du lieu, de l'afflux des pèlerins et de leur dévotion, ajoutant que s’il plaisait au Peuple et au Sénat, elle devrait s'étendre plutôt le long du fleuve que dans la colline voisine. Sous la direction de Ciriade, dit mechanicus ou professor mechanicus, la nouvelle basilique, commencée entre 384 et 386, fut consacrée par le pape Sirice (390) et achevée, en 395, sous l’empereur Honorius (395-423), comme en témoigne l'inscription de l'Arc triomphal[26]. Il s’agissait d’une église à cinq portes et à cinq nefs soutenues de quatre-vingts colonnes, précédée d'un atrium carré semblable à celui de l'ancienne basilique Saint-Pierre.
Il semble qu’un tremblement de terre ébranla la basilique que saint Léon le Grand (440-461) fit restaurer, consolider et décorer. C’est à saint Léon le Grand que l’on attribue, autour de la nef, au-dessus des arcades, le commencement de la série des portraits des papes, jusqu’à Innocent I° (401-417) ; on dit aussi qu’il fit peindre dans la nef, sur deux registres, au-dessous des fenêtres et au-dessus des portraits des papes, quarante-quatre scènes de l’Ancien Testament et quarante-quatre scènes des Actes des Apôtres[27]; entre les fenêtres il aurait fait peindre des apôtres et des prophètes. C’est sous son pontificat que la princesse Galla Placidia, sœur de l’empereur Honorius, commanda et offrit les mosaïques de l’arc triomphal.
Sous le pape Symmaque (590-640), on fit consolider l’abside et décorer la confession, en même temps que l’on construisait un accueil pour les pélerins pauvres (habitacula). Saint Grégoire le Grand (590-640) fit rehausser le transept qu’il fit relier aux nefs
par cinq marches, et attribua de considérables donations foncières pour entretenir les lampes autour du tombeau de saint Paul qui par sa doctrine avait illuminé le monde entier. Serge I° (687-701) restaura le toit et les habitacula désormais appelés cubicula. Sous Grégoire II (715-731), les communautés monastiques qui étaient autour de Saint-Paul furent réunies en une seule [28], pour que les moines chantassent les louanges de Dieu jour et nuit. Charlemagne fit édifier le monastère qu’une dame romaine enrichit et abrita de fortifications. Peu touchée par les premières invasions barbares, Saint-Paul-hors-les-Murs fut mise à sac par les Lombards (739). Le pavement des nefs latérales et des vestibules fut refait sous Adrien I° (772-795) qui offrit de nombreux objets sacrés[29]. Léon III (795-816) fit consolider le toit, installer le dallage de marbre, restaurer la voûte de l’abside, ornée de mosaïques, et offrit aussi de nombreux objets sacrés.
Les Sarrasins pillèrent la basilique (847) pour quoi Léon IV (847-855) fit exécuter un nouveau ciborium soutenu de quatre colonnes d'argent. Après la bataille du Cap Circeo où il avait chassé les Sarrasins des alentours de Rome, Jean VIII (872-882), fit construite une enceinte fortifiée autour de la basilique, du monastère et de la bourgade environnante, assez semblabe à celle que Léon IV avait élevée autour du Vatican ; cet ensemble fortifié, appelé Giovannipolis, fut assez solide pour résister, en 1083 et 1084, aux assauts d'Henri IV qui dut se contenter de détruire le long portique qui allait de la basilique à la porte d'Ostie. L’abbaye, à la demande de Léon VII (936-939), avait été réformé par Saint Odon de Cluny (936) [30].
C'est au onzième siècle que l’on construisit près de la façade, à côté de la nef nord, le campanile, peu avant que l’abbé Hildebrand (futur pape Grégoire VII) qui avait fait de nombreuses restaurations, fit mettre, par ordre du Consul Pantaleion, la porte de bronze, fondue à Constantinople, en 1070, par Staurachios de Chios. Après l’incendie de 1115, Innocent II (1130-1143) fit soutenir le toit du transept par une colonnade centrale.
Au treizième siècle, les Vassalletto construisirent le cloître (1208-1235), Nicola d’Angelo et Pietro Vassalletto réalisèrent le candélabre pascal, le pape Honorius III (1216-1227), fit exécuter une nouvelle mosaïque pour l'abside qui fut achevée sous Nicolas III Gaetano (1277-1280), et Pierre Cavallini travailla aux fresques de la nef principale dont on a parlé plus haut. Au siècle suivant, Arnulf de Cambio élevait, avec son associé Pierre, le nouveau ciborium et, sous le pontificat de Jean XXII (1316-1334), Cavallini dotait la façade de la basilique de mosaïques (1325) dont des fragments sont aujourd'hui à l'intérieur.
En 1349 un tremblement de terre détruisit le campanile et une partie du portique qui furent reconstruits par le pape Clément VI Roger (1342-1352). Ce tremblement de terre avait tant endommagé la citadelle de Giovannipolis qu’on se résolut à l’abandonner puis à la détruire entièrement.
Encore que Boniface IX Tomacelli (1389-1404) et Martin V Colonna (1417-1431) eurent octroyé des indulgences pour la réparation de Saint-Paul-hors-les-Murs[31] qui ne commença qu’en 1426 sous la direction du cardinal Gabriel Condulmer (futur Eugène IV), le quinzième siècle vit peu de travaux d'embellissement à l’exception des peintures de Benozzo Gozzoli et d’Antoniazzo Romano. En 1426, le Cardinal Gabriel Condulmer obtint que Martin V unît à l'abbaye de Saint-Paul la Congrégation Sainte-Justine de Padoue ; élu à la succession de Marin V, le cardinal Condulmer (Eugène IV) octroya de nouveaux privilèges à l’abbaye et lui donna Sainte-Marie in Cosmedin et les habitations contiguës, afin que le culte puisse en cas de guerre. L’abbé de Saint-Paul-hors-les-Murs, Jean, fut désigné par Eugène IV pour recevoir le serment de fidélité d'Alphonse d'Aragon pour le royaume des Deux Siciles (1445). Sous Calixte III Borgia (1455-1458) l’abbaye reçut le château de Nazzano pour compenser les trois mille florins qu’elle avait consacrée à la croisade contre les Turcs où les armées chrétiennes reprirent Belgrade (juillet 1456) et battirent la flotte ottomane à Lesbos (août 1457). Sixte IV, Alexandre VI, Clément VII et Paul III firent aussi de nombreuses concessions en faveur de l’abbaye Saint-Paul qui était devenu un lieu de piété, d'études et d'érudition. Jules II della Rovere (1503-1513) confia aux moines de Saint-Paul-hors-les-Murs Saint-Saturnin au Quirinal et quelques maisons mitoyennes pour qu’ils y résidassent l’été (1505). Le Sénat et le Peuple Romain prirent sous leur protection l’abbaye, singulièrement pendant les vacances du Siège Apostolique (1514).
Lors du sac de Rome (1527) les troupes luthériennes du connétable de Bourbon, au service de Charles Quint, n’épargnèrent pas la basilique Saint-Paul-hors-les-Murs. A la fin du seizième siècle, pour le jubilé de 1575, Grégoire XIII Boncompagni (1572-1585) qui avait donné à l’abbaye le monastère du Champ de Mars, fit décorer le chœur et donna une ballustrade au tombeau de saint Paul ; Sixte Quint Peretti (1585-1590) qui fit réaménager le chœur en détruisant le presbyterium de saint Grégoire le Grand et en fermant l'entrée de la confession souterraine, commanda le plafond à caisson de la nef principale et du transept.
Sous le pontificat de Clément VIII Aldobrandini (1592-1605), Onorio Longhi (1569-1619) éleva au fond de l'abside un autel dont le retable dissimulait partie de la mosaïque (1600). Paul V Borghèse (1605-1621) donna le palais Saint-Calixte aux moines de Saint-Paul comme résidence d'été (1608). C’est à la même époque que l’on construisit la chapelle Saint-Brigitte et que Carlo Maderno fit la chapelle du Saint-Sacrement (1619-1620)[32] décorée par Giovanni Lanfranco dont les toiles ont été dispersées[33]. Innocent X Pamphili (1644-1655) aurait voulu que Francesco Borromini renouvelât totalement la basilique Saint-Paul comme il l’avait fait pour Saint-Jean du Latran à l’occasion de l’année sainte de 1650, mais il n’eut le temps que de commencer la réfection du toit, achevé sous Clément X Altieri (1670-1676).
Benoît XIII Orsini (1724-1730) fit refaire, par Antoine Canevari et Mathieu Sassi, le portique de la basilique qui, à peine restauré par Alessandro Specchi, s’était brusquement écroulé (1° mai 1724) ; cette nouvelle construction, achevée pour l’année sainte 1725, nécessita la destruction du narthex primitif. La même année, il fit construire la chapelle du Crucifix[34]. Benoît XIV Lambertini (1740-1758), fit restaurer la mosaïque de l'abside (1747), les peintures de Cavallini, et la série des portraits des papes qui fut continuée par Salvatore Monosilio.
Le terrible incendie, survenu dans la nuit du 15 au 16 juillet 1823, détruisit presque complètement la basilique. Ne furent sauvés qu'une partie de la façade, l'arc triomphal, le transept et le cloître. Mais les fresques de Cavallini furent anéanties et les mosaïques reçurent de graves dommages. Du monde entier, dans un émouvant concours de solidarité, parvinrent aussitôt des dons généreux pour la reconstruction de la basilique et les travaux furent immédiatement entrepris. L'œuvre fut d'abord confiée à Pascal Belli (1752-1833), à Pierre Bosio et à Pierre Camporese le jeune (1807-1873), la direction en fut finalement prise par Louis Poletti (1792-1869), auquel est dû le dessin de l'extérieur et de l'intérieur et l'érection du campanile. Virgilio Vespignani (1808-1882) dessina le portique ; Guillaume Calderini (1837-1916) lui apporta quelques modification et en termina la construction. Nicolas Consoni (1814-1884) et Louis Agricola (1795-1857) dessinèrent les nouvelles mosaïques de la façade. Le 4 Octobre 1840, Grégoire XVI fit la dédicace du transept et, en 1854, le même jour, , Pie IX procéda à la consécration de l'ensemble de la basilique restaurée.
[20] Saint Grégoire Grand rapporte que la tête de l’apôtre Paul rebondit trois fois et fit chaque fois jaillir une source.
[21] Selon le témoignage d’Eusèbe de Césarée, la décapitation de saint Paul s’est faite la quatorzième année du règne de Néron, soit entre juillet 67 et juin 68.
[22] fecit basilicam Sancto Paulo Apostolo cuius corpus recondidit et conclusit in arca Sancti Petri.
[23] La confession est toujours restée au lieu où Constantin fit élever la première basilique sur la tombe même de l'Apôtre. La tombe, d'abord visible au dessus du sol, jusqu'au IXe siècle, a depuis été enterrée. Elle n'est reparue au jour que durant les travaux de reconstruction du siècle dernier. Le sarcophage qui garde le corps de l'Apôtre des Gentils est recouvert d'une plaque de marbre portant l'inscription Paulo/Apostolo Mart, que les meilleurs érudits qui en ont étudié la paléographie datent du IVe siècle.
[24] Prudence (348-405), grand poète de l’antiquité chrétienne occidentale, écrivait : Du côté où s’ouvre la Voie d’Ostie, s’élève le tombeau de Paul, à l’endroit où sur la gauche, le fleuve embrasse les prés. Le site est meveilleux. Un très bon prince construisit le temple et ses dépendances avec magnanimité. Les poutres disparaissent sous des plaques d’or, pour qu’à l’intérieur, la lumière brille comme au soleil levant. Il étaya par des colonnes munies de chapiteaux d’or, le voûte dorée, partagée en quatre nef.
[25] Ce pourquoi elle porte le nom de basilique des trois empereurs.
[26] THEODOSIUS COEPIT PERFECIT HONORIUS AULAM DOCTORIS MUNDI SACRATAM CORPORE PAULI.
[27] Ces deux cycles, refaits au XIII° siècle par Cavallini et Ghiberti, échappèrent pour la plupart à l’incendie de 1823, mais furent détruits lors de la reconstruction ; on en conserve les copies qu’en fit faire le cardinal Francesco Barberini, en 1635.
[28] Monasteria, quæ secus basilicam S. pauli erant ad solitudinem reducta, innovavit (...) congregationnem post lungum tempus constituit.
[29] Quand leur roi des Lombards, Didier, vint à Rome, Adrien I°, qui avait abondamment enrichie la basilique Saint-Paul, mit à l'abri les objets sacrés, les tapisseries et les étoffes précieuses (773) qui y étaient conservées.
[30] Ut monasterium intra ecclesiam beati Pauli Apostoli, ut ilim fuerit, reædificaret
[31] bulle du 4 septembre 1423.
[32] Il s’agit de l’actuelle chapelle Saint-Laurent.
[33] Deux lunettes peintes à fresque sont encore au monastère et deux tableaux sont à Rome, dans des collections privées.
[34] Il s’agit de l’actuelle chapelle du Saint-Sacrement.
Une Unité qui transcende toutes les différences
28 juin 2009 by P. Thomas Rosica
Réflexion biblique en la Fête des apôtres Pierre et Paul
Aujourd’hui mes réflexions veulent donner le sens de la fête des saints Pierre et Paul célébré le 29 juin. L’itinéraire de Pierre fut de passer de la faiblesse du refus au roc de la fidélité. Il nous a donné l’ultime témoignage de la croix. Le pèlerinage de Paul fut de l’aveuglement de la persécution au feu de la proclamation. Il a rendu vivante la Parole de Dieu aux nations.
Être avec Pierre signifie préserver l’unité de l’Église chrétienne. Parler avec Paul c’est proclamer la pure Parole de Dieu. Leur passion était de proclamer l’Évangile du Christ. Leur engagement était de créer une place pour chacun dans l’église du Christ. Leur loyauté envers le Christ mena à la mort. Pierre et Paul sont pour nous une fondation solide; ils sont les piliers de notre église.
À Césarée de Philippe, affirmation, identité et intention
Le récit de l’évangile d’aujourd’hui (Matthieu 16, 13-19) tourne autour de l’affirmation, d’identité et d’intention. Jésus et ses disciples viennent d’arriver dans la région de Césarée de Philippe, loin de leur environnement familier. Césarée de Philippe, bâtie par Philippe, était une garnison romaine, pleine d’architecture, d’imagerie, et de styles de vie de la civilisation urbaine gréco-romaine. Cette place était étrangère aux apôtres qui étaient plus habitués à des bourgs et des alentours du lac.
Sexualité et violence marchaient fort dans ces sanctuaires religieux de la ville, connus pour leur culte au dieu grec Pan. Dans ce centre de pouvoir, de sophistication et d’exubérance du culte païen, Jésus se tourne vers ses disciples et leur demande ce que les gens disent de lui Comment voient-ils son travail? Qu’ont-ils à l’esprit? Probablement pris de court par cette question, les disciples font appel à leurs souvenirs: des remarques surprises lors de conversations, des opinions qui circulaient dans les villes de pêcheurs des environs du lac. Jésus lui-même est au courant de quelques-unes des histoires à son sujet. Il ne connaît que trop bien l’attitude de sa propre ville de Nazareth et ce souvenir le blesse profondément.
Les disciples établissent une liste d’étiquettes appliquées à Jésus. Et ces noms révèlent leurs différentes attentes au sujet de Jésus. Certains ont pensé au flamboyant Élie, travaillant à une réelle confrontation avec les puissances. D’autres le considèrent plus comme Jérémie se lamentant, centré plus sur l’itinéraire intérieur, le côté privé de la vie. Par-dessus tout, la question posée aux disciples fait écho à travers les temps, en tant que tournant décisif pour tout chrétien.
À un certain moment, chacun doit vivre ce qui s’est passé à Césarée de Philippe et répondre à la question provocatrice de Jésus: «Pour vous, qui suis-je? » Selon notre propre déclaration de foi en Jésus, quels sont les responsabilités et les engagements que nous percevons?
Sur la route de Damas, la conversion de Paul
En l’an 35 avant JC, Saül apparaît comme un jeune pharisien très droit, presque anti-chrétien à l’extrême. Nous lisons dans les Actes au chapitre 7 qu’il était présent, bien que ne prenant pas part, à la lapidation d’Étienne. Très vite après, Paul fait l’expérience de la révélation qui a transformé sa vie. Sur la route vers Damas, ville de Syrie, où il allait continuer les persécutions contre les Chrétiens, il est frappé d’aveuglement. Avec enthousiasme, Paul a accepté la mission de prêcher l’évangile du Christ, mais comme beaucoup d’autres appelés à une grande tâche, il sentit son indignité et disparut du monde pour passer trois ans en « Arabie » à méditer et prier avant de commencer sa mission.
Ses voyages terrestres et par mer nous sont racontés dans ses lettres dans le Nouveau Testament. Paul lui-même nous dit qu’il fut lapidé, fouetté trois fois, naufragé trois fois, qu’il a enduré la faim et la soif, des nuits sans sommeil, des périls; à côté de ces épreuves physiques, il a souffert de beaucoup de déceptions et d’angoisses presque constantes au sujet des communautés chrétiennes faibles et disséminées.
Les derniers moments sur terre de Pierre et Paul
Selon l’ancienne tradition, au matin du 29 juin, Pierre et Paul sont tirés de leur cellule commune de la prison Mamertime de Rome et séparés. Pierre est transféré au cirque Néron où il est crucifié la tête en bas, alors que Paul est emmené à l’est de Rome à l’endroit maintenant connu sous le nom de «Tre Fontane». Le nom rappelle la légende de la décapitation du saint quand sa tête rebondit trois fois, créant ainsi trois fontaines. A travers les âges, les artistes ont peint leur adieu, méprisant souvent la dernière accolade des deux amis. La légende dorée se souvient de leurs paroles de séparation :
Paul à Pierre: «Paix sur toi, Pierre de fondation des églises et berger des brebis et des agneaux du Christ !»
Et Pierre à Paul: «Va en paix, prêcheur de la vie vertueuse, médiateur et meneur du salut du droit!»
Le lien entre les deux saints est aussi évident dans leur basilique respective. L’empereur Constantin a construit les six premières églises chrétiennes de 313 à 328, et parmi celles-ci furent la basilique St-Pierre et celle «hors les murs» de St-Paul. Cinq de ces églises font face à l’Est, orientation commune des églises de ce temps. Celle de St-Paul est orientée vers l’Ouest, afin qu’à travers la ville, les deux basiliques veillent sur les brebis et les agneaux de leur cité.
Un texte de saint Jean Chrysostome est très approprié en cette fin d’année consacrée à saint Paul. Il est tiré de sa dernière homélie sur l’épître de Paul aux Romains. Après avoir exprimé son désir ardent de visiter le tombeau de saint Paul à Rome et d’y voir même la poussière du corps de saint Paul, Jean Chrysostome s’exclame:
Qui me donnera donc d’embrasser le corps du glorieux Paul, de demeurer attaché à son tombeau, de voir les cendres de ce corps qui suppléait dans sa chair à ce qui manquait aux souffrances de Jésus-Christ, qui portait les stigmates du Sauveur, qui répandait partout l’Évangile? … la poussière de cette bouche qui faisait parler le Christ …
Non, ce n’est pas de cette bouche seulement, mais de ce grand cœur aussi que je voudrais voir la poussière; on dirait, la vérité, en appelant ce coeur, le cœur de toute la race humaine, la source inépuisable des biens, le principe et l’élément de notre vie….. de ce cœur plus élevé que le plus haut des cieux, plus large que la terre, plus resplendissant que les rayons du soleil, plus ardent que le feu, plus solide que le diamant, de ce cœur qui versait des eaux vives… ce cœur qui mérita d’aimer Jésus-Christ plus que nul antre ne l’aima jamais. »
Je voudrais voir la poussière de ces mains chargées de fers, dont l’imposition donnait l’Esprit; de ces mains qui écrivaient cette lettre (aux Romains) …
« Je voudrais voir la poussière de ces yeux frappés d’une cécité bienfaisante, dont les regards embrassèrent ensuite le salut du monde, de ces yeux qui ont eu la gloire de contempler le corps du Christ, de ces yeux qui voyaient les choses de la terre et étui ne les voyaient pas, qui apercevaient ce qu’on ne peut apercevoir, qui ne connaissaient pas le sommeil, qui veillaient au milieu des nuits…
Je voudrais voir la poussière de ces pieds qui ont parcouru la terre, sans ressentir la fatigue, qu’on a liés contre le bois de la prison, quand il secoua et fit trembler les murailles; la poussière de ces pieds qui franchissaient et les lieux habités et les déserts, de ces pieds toujours en voyage… »
« Je voudrais voir la tombe où reposent les armes de la justice, les armes de la lumière, les membres maintenant vivants, et qui étaient morts … membres du Christ, revêtus du Christ, temple de l’Esprit, demeure sainte, où tout était cimenté par l’Esprit, cloué, rivé par la crainte de Dieu, empreint des stigmates de Jésus-Christ. »
St Jean Chrysostome, «Homélie 32 sur l’Épître aux Romains,dans la Lettre aux Romains,» Migne, Patrologia Graeca 60, 678-80).
Ensemble, ils bâtirent l’Église
Comme des hommes ordinaires, Pierre et Paul se seraient peut-être éviter par moment. Pierre était un pêcheur de la Mer de Galilée et Paul un intellectuel ayant reçu une éducation grecque. Mais Jésus les a pris ensemble pour être un signe pour son église dans laquelle le spectre entier de l’humanité trouverait une place nouvelle qu’on appelle chez soi. Ensemble, ils travaillèrent à construire l’église. Ensemble ils ont témoigné du Christ. Tous deux ils ont enduré la mort du Seigneur, mort de mains meurtrières. Paul est mort par l’épée et Pierre fut crucifié la tête en bas. Leur unité a transcendé toutes les différences. Ils nous enseignent la profondeur de l’engagement chrétien. Par Pierre et Paul, la révélation de la véritable identité de Jésus apporta des nouvelles exigences et responsabilités.
En proclamant cette année de saint Paul qui maintenant se termine, le pape Benoît XVI a invité chaque catholique de regarder dans le miroir de sa vie et de se demander: «Suis-je déterminé et prêt à annoncer la foi catholique comme saint Paul l’a fait? Ai-je le souci de répandre la foi par mon exemple et mes conversations avec mes amis, collègues et connaissances? Qu’est ce que je perçois comme responsabilités en déclarant ma foi en Jésus?
Sts Pierre et Paul, apôtres
Dom Lefebvre, Missel
L’Église tout entière est en fête, car « Dieu a consacré ce jour par le martyre des Apôtres Pierre et Paul » (Or.). Et dans les deux grandioses basiliques élevées à Rome sur les tombeaux de ces deux Princes qui ont conquis par la croix et l’épée leur place au sénat éternel » [1], on célébrait autrefois un double sacrifice. Plus tard, à cause de la grande distance qui séparait ces deux églises, on divisa cette fête en honorant plus spécialement Saint Pierre le 29 Juin et Saint Paul le 30.
Saint Pierre, évêque de Rome, est le vicaire, c’est-à-dire le lieutenant, le remplaçant visible du Christ. Comme le montrent la Préface, l’Alléluia, l’Évangile, l’Offertoire et la Communion, les Juifs avaient rejeté Jésus, ils firent de même à l’égard de son successeur (Ép.). Déplaçant alors le centre religieux du monde, Pierre quitta Jérusalem pour Rome qui devint la ville éternelle et le siège de tous les Papes.
Saint Pierre, premier Pape, parle au nom du Christ qui lui a communiqué son infaillibilité doctrinale. Aussi n’est-ce pas la chair et le sang qui le guident, mais le Père céleste qui ne permet pas non plus que les portes de l’enfer prévalent contre l’Église, dont il est le fondement (Év.).
S. Pierre en recevant les clefs est préposé au « royaume des cieux » sur terre, c’est-à-dire à l’Église, et règne au nom du Christ qui l’a investi de sa puissance et de son autorité suprême (Ev.). Les noms de S. Pierre et de S. Paul ouvrent la liste des apôtres au Canon de la Messe. (lre liste). Avec l’Église qui ne cessait d’adresser des prières à Dieu pour Pierre (Ep.), prions pour son successeur, le serviteur de Dieu, notre Saint Père le Pape (Canon de la Messe).
The Acts of Peter and Paul
It came to
pass, after Paul went out of the island Gaudomeleta, that he came to Italy; and it was heard of by the Jews who were in Rome, the elder of the cities, that Paul demanded to come to Cæsar. Having fallen,
therefore, into great grief and much despondency, they said among themselves:
It does not please him that he alone has afflicted all our brethren and parents in Judæa and Samaria, and in all Palestine; and he has not been pleased with these, but, behold, he comes
here also, having through imposition asked Cæsar to destroy us.
Having
therefore made an assembly against Paul, and having considered many
proposals, it seemed good to them to go to Nero the emperor, to ask him not to allow Paul to come to Rome. Having therefore got in readiness
not a few presents, and having carried them with them, with supplication they
came before him, saying: We beseech you, O good emperor, send orders into all the
governments of your worship, to the effect that Paul is not to come near these parts; because this Paul, having afflicted all
the nation of our fathers, has been seeking to come hither to destroy us also.
And the affliction, O most worshipful emperor, which we have from Peter is enough for us.
And
the Emperor
Nero, having heard these things, answered them: It is according to your wish. And we write to all our governments that he
shall not on any account come to anchor in the parts of Italy. And they also informed Simon the Magian, having sent for him, that, as has been said, he should not come
into the parts of Italy.
And
while they were thus doing, some of those that had repented out of the nations, and that had beenbaptized at the preaching of Peter, sent elders to Paul with a letter to the following effect: Paul, dear servant of our
Lord Jesus Christ, and brother of Peter, the first of the apostles, we have heard from the rabbis of theJews that are in this Rome, the greatest of
the cities, that they have asked Cæsar to send into all his governments, in order that, wherever you may be
found, you may be put to death. But we have believed, and do believe, that as God does not separate the two great
lights which He has made, so He is not to part you from each other, that is,
neither Peter from Paul, nor Paul from Peter; but we positively believe in our Lord Jesus Christ, into whom we have been baptized, that we have become
worthy also of your teaching.
And Paul, having received the
two men sent with the letter on the
twentieth of the month of May, became eager to go, and gave thanks to the Lord and Master Jesus
Christ. And having sailed from Gaudomeleta, he did not
now come through Africa to the parts of Italy, but ran to Sicily, until he came to the
city of Syracusewith the two men who had been sent from Rome to him. And having sailed thence,
he came to Rhegium of Calabria, and from Rhegium he crossed to Mesina, and there ordained a bishop, Bacchylus by name. And when he came out of Mesina he sailed to Didymus, and remained there one night. And having sailed thence, he came
to Pontiole on the second day.
And Dioscorus the shipmaster, who brought him to Syracuse, sympathizing with Paul because he had delivered his son from death, having left his own ship in Syracuse, accompanied him to Pontiole. And some of Peter'sdisciples having been found there, and having received Paul, exhorted him to stay
with them. And he stayed a week, in hiding, because of the command of Cæsar. And all the toparchs were watching
to seize and kill him. But Dioscorus the shipmaster, being himself also bald, wearing his shipmaster's dress, and speaking boldly, on the first day went out into
the city of Pontiole. Thinking therefore that
he was Paul, they seized him, and beheaded
him, and sent his head to Cæsar.
Cæsar
therefore, having summoned the first men of the Jews, announced to them, saying:
Rejoice with greatjoy, for Paul your enemy is dead. And he showed them the head. Having therefore made great rejoicing on that day, which was the fourteenth of
the month of June, each of the Jews fully believed it.
And Paul, being in Pontiole, and having heard that Dioscorus had been beheaded, being grieved with great grief, gazing into the
height of the heaven, said: O Lord Almighty in heaven, who hast appeared to me in
every place whither I have gone on account of Your only-begotten Word, our Lord Jesus Christ, punish this city, and
bring out all who have believed in God and followed His word. He said to them therefore: Follow me: And going
forth from Pontiole with those who had believed in the word of God, they came to a place calledBaias; and looking up with their eyes, they all see that city called Pontiole sunk into the sea-shore about one
fathom; and there it is until this day, for a remembrance, under the sea.
And
having gone forth from Baias, they went to Gaitas, and there he taught the word of God. And he stayed there
three days in the house of Erasmus, whom Peter sent from Rome to teach the Gospel of God. And having come forth from Gaitas, he came to the castle called Taracinas, and stayed there seven days in the house ofCæsarius the deacon, whom Peter had ordained by the laying
on of hands. And sailing thence, he came by the river to a place called Tribus Tabernes.
And
those who had been saved out of the city of Pontiole that had been swallowed up, reported to Cæsar inRome that Pontiole had been swallowed up, with all its multitude. And the emperor, being in
great grief on account of the city, having summoned the chief of the Jews, said to them: Behold,
on account of what I heard from you, I have caused Paul to be beheaded, and on account of this the city has been swallowed up.
And the chief of the Jews said to Cæsar: Most worshipful emperor, did we not say to you that
he troubled all the country of the East, and perverted our fathers? It is
better therefore, most worshipful emperor, that one city be destroyed, and not the seat of your empire;
for this had Rome to suffer. And the emperor, having heard their words, was appeased.
And Paul stayed in Tribus Tabernes four days. And departing thence, he
came to Appii Forum, which is calledVicusarape; and having slept there that night, he
saw one sitting on a golden chair, and a multitude of blacks standing beside him, saying: I have today made a son murder his father. Another said: And I have made a house fall, and kill parents with children. And they reported to him many evil
deeds— some of one kind, some of another. And another coming, reported to
him: I have managed that the bishop Juvenalius, whom Peterordained, should
sleep with the abbess Juliana. And having heard all these things when sleeping in that AppiiForum, near Vicusarape, straightway
and immediately he sent to Rome one of those who had followed him from Pontiole to the bishop Juvenalius, telling him this same thing which had just been done. And on the following
day, Juvenalius, running, threw himself at the feet of Peter, weeping and lamenting, and saying what had just befallen; and he recounted to him
the matter, and said: I believe that this is the light which you were awaiting. And Peter said to him: How is it possible
that it is he when he is dead? And Juvenalius thebishop took to Peter him that had been sent by Paul, and he reported to him that he
was alive, and on his way, and that he was at Appii Forum. And Peter thanked and glorified the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ.
Then
having summoned his disciples that believed, he sent them to Paul as far as Tribus Tabernes. And the distance from Rome to Tribus Tabernes is thirty-eight miles. And Paul seeing them, having given thanks to our
Lord Jesus Christ, took courage; and departing thence, they slept
in the city called Aricia.
And
a report went about in the city of Rome that Paul the brother of Peter was coming. And those thatbelieved in God rejoiced with great joy. And there was great consternation
among the Jews; and having gone to Simon the Magian, they entreated him, saying: Report to the emperor that Paul is not dead, but that he is alive, and has come. And Simon said to the Jews: What head is it, then,
which came to Cæsar from Pontiole? Was it not bald also?
And Paul having come to Rome, great fear fell upon the Jews. They came together therefore to
him, and exhorted him, saying: Vindicate the faith in which you were born; for it is not right that you, being a Hebrew, and of the Hebrews, should call
yourself teacher of Gentiles, and vindicator of the uncircumcised; and, being yourself circumcised, that you should bring
to nought the faith of the circumcision. And when you see Peter, contend against
his teaching, because he has destroyed all the bulwarks of our law; for he has prevented the keeping of Sabbaths and new moons, and the holidays appointed by the law. And Paul, answering, said to
them: That I am a true Jew, by this you can prove; because also you
have been able to keep the Sabbath, and to observe the true circumcision; for assuredly on the
day of the Sabbath God rested from all His works. We have
fathers, and patriarchs, and the law. What, then, does Peter preach in the kingdom of the Gentiles? But if he shall wish
to bring in any new teaching, without any tumult, and envy, and trouble, send him
word, that we may see, and in your presence I shall convict him. But if his
teaching be true, supported by the book and
testimony of the Hebrews, it becomes all of us to
submit to him.
Paul saying these and such like things, the Jews went and said to Peter: Paul of the Hebrews has come, and entreats you to come to him, since those who have brought
him say that he cannot meet whomsoever he may wish until he appear before Cæsar. And Peter having heard, rejoiced with great joy; and rising up, immediately went to him. And
seeing each other, they wept for joy; and long embracing each other,
they bedewed each other with tears.
And
when Paul had related to Peter the substance of all his doings, and how, through the disasters of the ship, he had
come, Peter also told him what he had suffered from Simon the Magian, and all his plots. And having told these things, he went away
towards evening.
And
in the morning of the following day, at dawn, behold, Peter coming, finds a multitude of the Jews beforePaul's door. And there was a great uproar between the Christian Jews and the Gentiles. For, on the one hand, the Jews said: We are a chosen race, a royal priesthood, the friends of Abraham, and Isaac, and Jacob, and all the prophets, with whom God spoke, to whom He showed His own mysteries and His great wonders. But you of the Gentiles are no great thing in your lineage; if otherwise, you have become
polluted and abominable byidols and graven images.
While
the Jews were saying such things, and such-like, those of the Gentiles answered, saying: We, when we heard the truth, straightway followed
it, having abandoned our errors. But you, both knowing the mighty deedsof your fathers, and seeing the signs of the prophets, and having received
the law, and gone through the sea with dry feet, and seen your enemies sunk
in its depths, and the pillar of fire by night and of cloud by day shining upon you, and manna having been given to you out of heaven, and water flowing to you out of a rock—after all these things
you fashioned to yourselves the idol of a calf, and worshipped the graven image. But we, having seen none of the signs, believe to be a Saviour the God whom you have forsaken in unbelief.
While
they were contending in these and such-like words, the Apostle
Paul said that they ought not to make
such attacks upon each other, but that they should rather give heed to this,
that God had fulfilled His promises which He
swore to Abraham our father, that in his seed he should inherit all the nations. For there is no respect of persons with God. As many as have sinned in law shall be judged according to law, and as many as have sinned without law shall perish without law. Romans 2:12 But we, brethren, ought to thank God that, according to His mercy, He
has chosen us to be a holy people to Himself: so that in this we ought to boast, whether Jews or Greeks; for you are all one in the belief of His name.
And Paul having thus spoken, both the Jews and they of the Gentiles were appeased. But the rulers of theJews assailed Peter. And Peter, when they accused him of having renounced their synagogues, said: Hear, brethren,
the holy Spirit about the patriarch David, promising, Of the fruit of
your womb shall He set upon your throne. Him therefore to whom the Father said, You are my Son, this day have I
begotten You, the chiefpriests through envy crucified; but that He might accomplish the salvation of the world, it was allowed that He should suffer all these things. Just as, therefore, from the side of Adam Eve was created, so also from the side of Christ was created the Church, which has no spot nor blemish. In
Him, therefore, God has opened an entrance to all the sons of Abraham, and Isaac, and Jacob, in order that they may be in
the faith of profession towards Him, and have life and salvation in His name. Turn, therefore, and enter into the joy of your fatherAbraham, because God has fulfilled what He promised to
him. Whence also the prophet says, The Lord hassworn, and will not repent: You are a priest for ever, after the order of Melchizedec. For a priest He became upon the cross, when He offered the whole burnt-offering of His own body and blood as a sacrifice for all the world.
And Peter saying this and such-like, the most
part of the people believed. And it happened also that Nero'swife Libia, and the yoke-fellow of Agrippa the prefect, Agrippina by name, thus believed, so that also they went
away from beside their own husbands. And on account of the teaching of Paul, many, despising
military life, clung to God; so that even from the emperor's
bed-chamber some came to him, and having becomeChristians, were no longer willing
to return to the army or the palace.
When,
consequently, the people were making a seditious murmuring, Simon, moved with zeal, rouses himself, and began to say
many evil things about Peter, saying that he was a wizard
and a cheat. And they believedhim, wondering at his miracles; for he made a brazen serpent move itself, and stone statues to laugh and move themselves, and himself to run and suddenly to be raised into the air. But as a set-off to
these, Peterhealed the sick by a word, by praying made the blind to see, put demons to flight by a command; sometimes he even raised the dead. And he said to the people
that they should not only flee from Simon's deceit, but also that they should expose him, that they might not seem
to be slaves to the devil.
And
thus it happened that all pious men abhorred Simon the Magian, and proclaimed him impious. But those who adhered to Simon strongly affirmed Peter to be a magian, bearing false witness as many of them as were with Simon the Magian; so that the matter came even to the ears of Nero the Cæsar, and he gave order to bring Simon the Magian before him. And he,
coming in, stood before him, and began suddenly to assumedifferent forms, so that on a
sudden he became a child, and after a little an old man, and at other times a
young man; for he changed himself both in face and stature into different forms, and was in a frenzy, having the devil as his servant. And Nero beholding this, supposed him to be truly the son of God; but the ApostlePeter showed him to be both a liar and a wizard, base and impious and apostate, and in all things opposed
to the truth of God, and that nothing yet remained
except that his wickedness, being made apparent by the
command of God, might be made manifest to them
all.
Then Simon, having gone in to Nero, said: Hear, O good emperor: I am the son of God come down fromheaven. Until now I
have endured Peter only calling himself an apostle; but now he has
doubled the evil: forPaul also himself teaches the same things, and having his mind turned against me, is said to
preach along with him; in reference to whom, if you shall not contrive their
destruction, it is very plain that your kingdomcannot stand.
Then Nero, filled with concern,
ordered to bring them speedily before him. And on the following day Simon the Magian, and Peter and Paul the apostles of Christ, having come in to Nero, Simon said: These are the disciplesof the Nazarene, and it is not at all well that they should be of the people of
the Jews, Nero said: What is aNazarene? Simon said: There is a city of Judah which has always been opposed to us, called Nazareth, and to it the teacher
of these men belonged. Nero said: God commands us to love every man; why, then, do you persecute them? Simon said: This is a race of men who have turned aside all Judæa from believing in me.Nero said to Peter: Why are you thus
unbelieving, according to your race? Then Peter said to Simon: You have been able to impose upon all, but upon me never; and
those who have been deceived, God has through me recalled from their error. And since you have
learned by experience that you can not get the better of me, I wonder with what
face you boast yourself before the emperor, and supposest that through your magic art you
shall overcome the disciples of Christ. Nero said: Who is Christ? Peter said: He is what this Simon the Magianaffirms himself to be; but this is a most wicked man, and his works are of the devil. But if you wish to know, O good emperor, the things that have been
done in Judæa about Christ, take the writings of Pontius
Pilatesent to Claudius, and thus you will know all. And Nero ordered them to be brought, and to be read in their presence; and they
were to the following effect: —
Pontius
Pilate to Claudius, greeting. There has lately happened an event which I myself was
concerned in. For the Jews through envy have inflicted on themselves, and those coming after them, dreadful
judgments. Their fathers had promises that their God would send them his holy one from heaven, who according to reasonshould be called their king, and he had promised to send him to
the earth by means of a virgin. He,
then, when I was
procurator, came into
Judæa. And they saw
him enlightening the blind, cleansing
lepers,
healing paralytics, expelling
demons from
men, raising the
dead, subduing the winds, walking upon the waves of the sea, and doing many
other wonders, and all the people of the
Jews calling him
Son of God. Then the chief
priests, moved with
envy against him, seized him, and delivered him to me; and
telling one
lie
after another, they
said that he was a wizard, and did contrary to their
law. And I, having
believed that these things were so, gave him up, after scourging
him, to their
will;
and they crucified
him, and after he was
buried
set guards over him. But he, while my soldiers were
guarding him, rose on the third day. And to such a degree was the
wickedness of the
Jews inflamed against him, that they gave money to the soldiers,
saying, Say his
discipleshave
stolen
his body. But they,
having taken the money, were not able to keep silence as to what had happened;
for they have testified that they have seen him (after he was)
risen, and that they
have received money from the
Jews. These
things, therefore, have I reported, that no one should
falsely speak otherwise, and that you should not suppose that the
falsehoods
of the
Jews are to be
believed.
And the letter having been read,
Nero said: Tell me,
Peter, were all
these things thus done by him?
Petersaid: They
were, with your permission, O
good
emperor. For this
Simon
is full of
lies
and
deceit, even if it
should seem that he is what he is not— a god. And in
Christ
there is all
excellent victory through
God
and through man,
which that
incomprehensible
glory assumed
which through man
deigned to come to the assistance of
men. But in this
Simon
there are two
essences, of man and of
devil, who
through man endeavours to ensnare
men.
Simon said: I wonder, O
good
emperor, that you
reckon this man of any
consequence— a man
uneducated, a fisherman of the
poorest, and endowed
with power neither in word nor by rank. But, that I may not long endure him as
an enemy, I shall immediately order my
angels to come and avenge me upon him.
Peter
said: I am not
afraid
of your
angels; but
they shall be much more
afraid
of me in the power and trust of my
Lord
Jesus Christ,
whom you
falsely declarest
yourself to be.
Nero said: Are you not
afraid,
Peter, of
Simon, who
confirms
his godhead by
deeds?
Peter
said:
Godhead
is in Him who
searches the hidden things of the heart.
Now then, tell me what I am thinking about, or what I am
doing. I disclose to your servants who are here what my thought is, before he
tells
lies
about it, in order
that he may not dare to
lie
as to what I am thinking about.
Nero said: Come hither, and tell me what you are thinking about.
Peter
said:
Order
a barley loaf to be
brought, and to be given to me secretly. And when he ordered it to be brought,
and secretly given to
Peter,
Peter
said: Now tell us,
Simon, what has been thought about, or what said, or what
done.
Nero said: Do you mean me to
believe that
Simon
does not
know these things, who both
raised
a dead man, and
presented himself on the third day after he had been beheaded, and who has done
whatever he said he would do?
Peter
said: But he did not do it before me.
Nero said: But he did all these before me. For assuredly he
ordered
angels to come to him, and they came.
Peter
said: If he has done
what is very great, why does he not do what is very small? Let him tell what I
had in my
mind, and
what I have done.
Nero said: Between you, I do not
know myself.
Simon
said: Let
Peter
say what I am thinking of, or what I am doing.
Peter
said: WhatSimon
has in his
mind
I shall show that I
know, by my
doing what he is thinking about.
Simon
said:
Know
this, O emperor, that no one
knows the thoughts of
men, but
God
alone. Is not,
therefore,
Peter
lying?
Peter
said: you, then, who
sayest that you are the
Son of God, tell what I have in my
mind; disclose, if you can, what I have
just
done in secret. For
Peter, having
blessed
the barley loaf which he had received, and
hawing broken it with his right hand and his left, had
heaped it up in his sleeves. Then
Simon, enraged that
he was not able to tell the secret of the
apostle, cried out, saying: Let great dogs come forth, and
eat him up before
Cæsar. And suddenly
there appeared great dogs, and rushed at
Peter. But
Peter, stretching
forth his hands
to
pray, showed to the dogs the loaf
which he had
blessed; which the dogs seeing, no longer appeared. Then
Petersaid to
Nero: Behold, I have shown you
that I
knew what
Simon
was thinking of, not by words, but by
deeds; for
he, having promised that he would bring
angels against me, has brought dogs, in order that he might show
that he had not god-like but
dog-like
angels.
Then
Nero said to
Simon: What is it,
Simon? I think we have got the worst of it.
Simon
said: This man, both
inJudæa
and in all
Palestine
and
Cæsarea, has done
the same to me;
and from very often striving with me, he has learned that
this is adverse to them. This, then, he has learned how to escape from me; for
the thoughts of
men
no one
knows but
God
alone. And
Peter
said to
Simon: Certainly you
feign yourself to be a god; why, then, do you not
reveal
the thoughts of
every man?
Then
Nero, turning
to
Paul, said:
Why do you say nothing,
Paul?
Paul answered and said:
Know
this, O emperor, that if you permit this magician to do
such things, it will bring an access of the greatest mischief to your country,
and
will
bring down your
empire from its position.
Nero said to
Simon: What do you
say?
Simonsaid: If I do not manifestly hold myself out to be a
god, no one
will
bestow upon me due
reverence.
Nerosaid: And
now, why do you delay, and not show yourself to be a god, in order that these
men
may be punished?
Simon
said: Give orders to
build for me a lofty tower of wood, and I, going up upon it,
will
call my
angels, and order them to take me,
in the sight of all, to my father in
heaven; and these
men, not being able to do this, are put to shame as
uneducated
men. And
Nero said to
Peter: Have you
heard,
Peter, what has been said by
Simon? From this will appear how much power either he or
your god has.
Peter
said: O mostmighty
emperor, if you were willing, you might perceive that he is full of
demons.
Nero said: Why do you make to me
roundabouts of
circumlocutions?
Tomorrow
will
prove
you.
Simon said: Do you
believe, O
good
emperor, that I who
was dead, and rose again, am a magician? For it had been brought about by his
own cleverness that the unbelieving
Simon
had said to
Nero:
Order
me to be beheaded in
a dark place, and there to be left
slain; and if I do
not
rise
on the third day,
know that I am a magician; but if I
rise
again,
know that I am the
Son of God.
And
Nero having ordered this, in the dark, by his magic art he
managed that a ram should be beheaded. And for so long did the ram appear to be
Simon
until he was
beheaded. And when he had been beheaded in the dark, he that had beheaded him,
taking the head, found it to be that of a ram; but he would not say anything to
the emperor, lest he should scourge him, having ordered this to be done in
secret.
Thereafter, accordingly.Simon
said that he had
risen
on the third day, because he took away the head of the ram
and the
limbs— but the blood had been there
congealed— and on the third day he showed himself to
Nero, and
said:
Cause
to be wiped away my
blood that has been poured out; for, behold, having been beheaded, as I
promised, I haverisen
again on the third
day.
And when
Nero said,
Tomorrow
will
prove
you, turning to
Paul, he says: You,
Paul, why do
you say nothing? Either who taught you, or whom you have for a master, or how
you have taught in the cities, or what things have happened through your
teaching? For I think that you have not any wisdom, and art not able to
accomplish any work of power.
Paul answered: Do you suppose that I ought to speak against a
desperate man, a magician, who has given his
soul up to death, whose destruction and perdition will come
speedily? For he ought to speak who pretends to be what he is not, and
deceives
men
by magic art. If you consent to hear his words, and to
shield him, you shall destroy your
soul and your
kingdom, for he is a
most base man. And as the
Egyptians
Jannes
and
Jambres
led
Pharaoh and his army astray until they were swallowed up in the
sea, so also he, through the instruction of his father the
devil,
persuades
men
to do many
evils to themselves, and thus
deceives
many of the
innocent, to the peril of your
kingdom. But as for
the word of the
devil, which
I see has been poured out through this man, with groanings of my heart I am
dealing with the
Holy Spirit, that it may be
clearly shown what it is; for as far as he seems to raise himself towards
heaven, so far
will
he be sunk down into the depth of
Hades, where there is weeping and gnashing of teeth. But
about the teaching of myMaster, of which you asked me, none attain it except
the pure, who allow
faith to come into their heart.
For as many things as belong to peace and
love, these
have I taught.
Round
about from
Jerusalem, and as far as
Illyricum,
Romans 15:19 I have fulfilled the word of peace. For I have taught that
in
honour they should prefer one another;
Romans 12:10 I have taught those that are eminent and
rich
not to be lifted up,
and
hope
in uncertainty of
riches, but to place their
hope
in
God;
1 Timothy 6:17 I have taught those in a middle station to be content with
food and covering;
I have taught the
poor
to
rejoice in their own
poverty; I have
taught fathers to teach their children instruction in the
fear of the
Lord, children to
obey their
parents in wholesome admonition;
I have taught wives to
love their own husbands, and to
fear them as masters, and husbands to observe fidelity to their
wives; I have taught masters to treat their
slaves
with clemency, and
slaves
to serve their own
masters faithfully;
Colossians 3:18-22 I have taught the
churches
of the
believers to reverence one almighty, invisible, and incomprehensible
God. And this teaching has been given me, not from
men, nor through
men, but through
Jesus Christ,
Galatians 1:1 who spoke to me out of
heaven, who also has sent me to preach, saying to me, Go
forth, for I will be with you; and all things, as many as you shall say or do,
I shall make
just.
Nero said: What do you say,
Peter? He answered and said: All that
Paul has said is
true.
For when he was a persecutor of the
faith of
Christ, a voice called him out of
heaven, and taught him the
truth; for he
was not an adversary of our
faith from
hatred, but from
ignorance.
For there were before us
false
Christs, like
Simon,
false
apostles, and
false prophets,
who, contrary to the
sacred
writings, set themselves to make void the
truth; and
against these it was
necessary
to have in readiness this man, who from his youth up set
himself to no other thing than to search out the
mysteries of the divine
law, by which
he might become a
vindicator
of
truth and a persecutor of
falsehood.
Since, then, his
persecution was not on account of
hatred, but
on account of the vindication of the
law, the very
truth out of
heaven
held intercourse with him, saying, I am the
truth which youpersecutest; cease persecuting
me. When, therefore, he
knew that this was so, leaving off that which he was
vindicating, he began to vindicate this way of
Christ
which he was
persecuting.
Simon said: O
good
emperor, take notice
that these two have conspired against me; for I am the
truth, and
they purpose
evil against me.
Peter
said: There is no
truth in you; but all you say is
false.
Nero said:
Paul, what do you say?
Paul said: Those things which you have heard from
Peter,
believe to have been spoken by me also; for we purpose the same
thing, for we have the same
Lord
Jesus
the
Christ.
Simonsaid: Do you
expect me, O
good
emperor, to hold an
argument with these
men, who have come
to an agreement against me? And having turned to the
apostles of
Christ, he said: Listen,
Peter
and
Paul: if I
can do nothing for you here, we are going to the place where I must
judge
you.
Paul said: O
good
emperor, see what threats he holds out against us.
Peter
said: Why was it
necessary
to keep from
laughing outright at a foolish man, made the sport of
demons, so as
to suppose that he cannot be made manifest?
Simon said: I spare you until I
shall receive my power.
Paul said: See if you will go out hence safe.
Peter
said: If you do not
see,
Simon, the power of
our Lord Jesus Christ,
you will not
believe yourself not to be
Christ.Simon
said: Most
sacred
emperor, do not
believe them, for they are
circumcised knaves.
Paul said: Before we
knew the
truth, we had the
circumcision of the flesh; but when the
truth appeared, in the
circumcision of the heart we both are
circumcised,
and
circumcise.
Peter
said: If
circumcision be a disgrace, why have you been
circumcised,
Simon?
Nero said: Has, then,
Simon
also been
circumcised?
Peter
said: For not
otherwise could he have deceived
souls, unless he feigned himself
to be a
Jew, and made a show of teaching the
law
of
God.
Nero said:
Simon, you, as I
see, being carried away with
envy,
persecutest
these
men. For, as it seems, there is great
hatredbetween
you and their
Christ; and I am
afraid
that you will be worsted by them, and involved in great
evils.Simon
said: You are led astray, O emperor.
Nero said: How am I led astray? What I see in you, I say. I see
that you are manifestly an enemy of
Peter
and
Paul and their master.
Simon said:
Christ
was not
Paul's master.
Paul said: Yes; through
revelation
He taught me also. But tell me what I asked you— Why were
you
circumcised?
Simon
said: Why have you
asked me this?
Paul said: We have a
reason
for asking you this.
Nero said: Why are you
afraid
to answer them?
Simon
said: Listen, O emperor. At that
time
circumcision was enjoined by
God when I received it. For this reason was I
circumcised.
Paul said: Do you hear, O
good
emperor, what has
been said by
Simon? If, therefore,
circumcision be a
goodthing, why have
you,
Simon, given up those who have been
circumcised,
and forced them, after being condemned, to be
put to death?
Nero said: Neither about you do I perceive anything
good.
Peter
and
Paulsaid: Whether this thought
about us be
good
or
evil has no reference to the
matter; but to us it wasnecessary
that what our
Master
promised should come to pass.
Nero said: If I should not be willing?
Petersaid: Not as you will, but as He promised to us.
Simon said: O
good
emperor, these
men
have reckoned upon
your clemency, and have bound you.
Nero said: But neither have you yet made me sure about yourself.
Simon
said: Since so many
excellent
deeds and
signshave been shown
to you by me, I wonder how you should be in
doubt.
Nero said: I neither
doubt nor favour any of you; but answer me rather what I ask.
Simon said:
Henceforward
I answer you
nothing.
Nero said: Seeing that you lie, therefore you say this. But if
even I can do nothing to you,
God, who can, will do it.
Simon
said: I no longer
answer you.
Nero said: Nor do I consider you to be anything: for, as I
perceive, you are a
liar
in everything. But why do I say so much? The three of you
show that your reasoning is uncertain; and thus in all things you have made me
doubt, so
that I find that I can give credit to none of you.
Peter said: We preach one
God
and Father of
our Lord Jesus Christ,
that has made the
heaven
and the earth and the sea, and all that therein is, who is
the
true King; and of His
kingdom
there shall be no end.
Luke 1:33Nero said: What king is lord?
Paul said: The
Saviour
of all the nations.
Simon
said: I am he whom
you speak of.
Peter
and
Paul said: May it never be well with you,
Simon, magician, and full of bitterness.
Simon said: Listen, O
Cæsar
Nero, that you may
know that these
men
are
liars, and that I
have been sent from the heavens: tomorrow I go up into the heavens, that I may
make those who
believe in me
blessed, and show my
wrath upon those who have denied me.
Peter
and
Paul said: Us long ago
God
called to His own
glory; but you, called by the
devil,
hastenest to punishment.
Simon
said:
Cæsar
Nero, listen to me. Separate
thesemadmen
from you, in order that when I go into
heaven
to my father, I may
be very merciful to you.
Nero said: And whence shall we
prove
this, that you go
away into
heaven?
Simon
said:
Order
a lofty tower to be
made of wood, and of great beams, that I may go up upon it, and that my
angels may find me in the air; for they cannot come to me upon
earth among the sinners.
Nero said: I will see whether you will fulfil what you say.
Then
Nero ordered a lofty tower to be made in the
Campus
Martius, and all the
people and the dignities to be present at the spectacle. And on the following
day, all the multitude having come together,
Nero ordered
Peterand
Paul to be present, to whom also he said: Now the
truth has to be made manifest.
Peter
and
Paul said: We do not expose him, but
our Lord Jesus Christ,
the
Son of God,
whom he has
falsely declared himself to be.
And
Paul, having
turned to
Peter, said: It is my part to bend the knee, and to
pray to
God; and yours to produce the
effect, if you should see him attempting anything, because you were first taken
in hand
by theLord. And
Paul, bending his knees,
prayed. And
Peter, looking steadfastly upon
Simon, said:
Accomplish what you
have begun; for both your exposure and our call is at hand: for I see my
Christ
calling both me and
Paul.
Nero said: And where
will
you go to against my
will?
Peter
said:
Whithersoever
our
Lord
has called us.
Nerosaid: And who is your lord?
Peter
said:
Jesus
the
Christ, whom
I see calling us to Himself.
Nero said: Do you also then
intend
to go away to
heaven?
Peter
said: If it shall seem
good
to Him that calls
us.
Simon
said: In order that
you may
know, O
emperor, that these are deceivers, as soon as ever I
ascend
into
heaven, I will send my
angels to you, and will make you come to me.
Nero said: Do at once what you say.
Then
Simon
went up upon the
tower in the face of all, and, crowned with laurels, he stretched forth his
hands, and began to fly. And when
Nero saw him flying, he said to
Peter: This
Simon
is
true; but you and
Paul are deceivers. To whom
Peter
said: Immediately
shall you
know that we are
true disciples of
Christ; but that he
is not
Christ, but a magician, and a malefactor.
Nero said: Do you still persist? Behold, you see him going up
into
heaven. Then
Peter, looking
steadfastly upon
Paul, said:
Paul, look up
and see. And
Paul, having
looked up, full of tears, and seeing
Simon
flying, said:
Peter, why are you
idle? Finish what you have begun; for already
our Lord Jesus Christ is calling us. And
Nero hearing them, smiled a little, and said: These
men
see themselves worsted
already, and are gone
mad.
Peter
said: Now you shall
know that we are not
mad.
Paulsaid to
Peter: Do at once what you do.
And
Peter, looking steadfastly against
Simon, said: I
adjure you, you
angels of
Satan, who are carrying him into
the air, to deceive the hearts of the unbelievers, by the
God
that
created
all things, and by
Jesus Christ,
whom on the third day He
raised
from the dead, no longer from this hour to keep him up, but
to let him go. And immediately, being let go, he fell into a place called Sacra
Via, that is,
Holy
Way, and was divided
into four parts, having perished by an
evil fate.
Then
Nero ordered
Peter
and
Paul to be put in irons, and the body of
Simon
to be carefully kept
three days, thinking that he would
rise
on the third day. To whom
Peter
said: He will no
longer
rise, since he is
truly dead, being condemned to everlasting punishment. And
Nero said to him: Who commanded you to do such a dreadful
deed?
Peter
said: His reflections and
blasphemy against my
Lord
Jesus Christ have brought him into this gulf of destruction.
Nero said: I will destroy you by an
evil taking off.
Peter
said: This is not in your power, even if it should seem
good
to you to destroy
us; but it is
necessary
that what our
Master
promised to us
should be fulfilled.
Then
Nero, having
summoned
Agrippa
the
proprætor, said to him: It is
necessary
that
men
introducing
mischievous
religious
observances should
die. Wherefore I order them to take iron clubs,
and to be
killed
in the
sea-fight.
Agrippa
the
proprætor
said: Most
sacred
emperor, what you
have ordered is not fitting for thesemen, since
Paul seems innocent beside
Peter.
Nero said: By what
fate, then, shall they die?
Agrippa
answered and said:
As seems to me, it is
just
that
Paul's head should be cut off, and that
Peter
should be
raised
on across
as the
cause of the
murder.
Nero said: You have most excellently
judged.
Then both
Peter
and
Paul were led away from the presence of
Nero. And
Paul was beheaded on the
Ostesian road.
And
Peter, having come to the
cross, said:
Since my
Lord
Jesus Christ, who came down from
the
heaven
upon the earth, was
raised
upon the
cross
upright,
and He has deigned to call to
heaven
me, who am of the
earth, my
cross
ought to be fixed
head down most, so as to direct my feet towards
heaven; for I am not worthy to be crucified like my
Lord. Then, having reversed the
cross, they
nailed his feet up.
And the multitude was assembled
reviling
Cæsar, and wishing to
kill
him. But
Peter
restrained them,
saying:
A few days ago, being exhorted by the brethren, I was going
away; and my
Lord
Jesus Christ met me, and having
adored
Him, I said,
Lord, whither are
You going? And He said to me, I am going to
Rome to be crucified. And I said to Him,
Lord, were You not crucified once for all? And the
Lord
answering, said, I
saw you fleeing from death, and I wish to be crucified instead of you. And I
said,
Lord, I go; I fulfil Your command. And He said to me,
Fear
not, for I am with
you.
On this account, then, children, do not hinder my going;
for already my feet are going on the road to
heaven. Do not grieve, therefore, but rather
rejoice with me, for today I receive the fruit of my labours. And
thus speaking, he said: I thank You,
good
Shepherd, that the sheep which You have entrusted to me,
sympathize with me; I ask, then, that with me they may have a part in
Yourkingdom.
And having thus spoken, he gave up the ghost.
And immediately there appeared
men
glorious and strange in appearance; and they said: We are here, on
account of the
holy and chief
apostles, from
Jerusalem. And they, along with
Marcellus, an illustrious man, who, having left
Simon, had
believed in
Peter, took up his
body secretly, and put it under the
terebinth
near the place for the exhibition of sea-fights in the
place called the
Vatican.
And the
men
who had said that
they came from
Jerusalem
said to the people:
Rejoice, and be exceeding glad, because you have been deemed worthy to have
great champions. And
know that
Nero himself, after these not many days, will be utterly
destroyed, and his
kingdom
shall be given to another.
And after these things the people
revolted against him; and when he
knew of it, he fled into desert places, and through hunger and
cold he gave up the ghost, and his body became food for the wild beasts.
And some devout
men
of the regions of
the
East
wished to carry off
the
relics
of the
saints, and
immediately there was a great earthquake in the city;
and those that dwelt in the city having become aware of it,
ran and seized the
men, but they fled.
But the
Romans
having taken them,
put them in a place three miles from the city, and there they were guarded a
year and seven months, until they had built the place in which theyintended
to put them. And after these things, all having assembled
with
glory and singing of praise, they put them in the place built for
them.
The Story
of Perpetua
And
as Paul was being led away to be beheaded at a place about three miles from the
city, he was in irons. And there were three soldiers guarding him who were of a
great family. And when they had gone out of the
gate about the length of a bow-shot, there met them a God-fearing woman; and she, seeing Paul dragged along in irons, had compassion on him, and wept bitterly. And
the name of the woman was called Perpetua; and she was one-eyed. And Paul, seeing her weeping, says to her:
Give me your handkerchief, and when I turn back I shall give it to you. And
she, having taken the handkerchief, gave it to him willingly. And the soldiers
laughed, and said to the woman: Why do you wish, woman, to lose your
handkerchief? Do you not know that he is going away to be beheaded? And Perpetua said to them: I adjure you by the health of Cæsar to bind his eyes with this handkerchief when you cut off his head. Which
also was done. And they beheaded him at the place called Aquæ; Salviæ, near the pine tree. And as God had willed, before the soldiers
came back, the handkerchief, having on it drops of blood, was restored to the woman. And as she was
carrying it, straightway and immediately her eye was opened.
And
the three soldiers who had cut off the head of Saint Paul, when after three hours they came
on the same day with the Bulla bringing it to Nero, having met Perpetua, they said to her: What is it, woman? Behold, by your
confidence you have lost your handkerchief. But she said to them: I have both
got my handkerchief, and my eye has recovered its sight. And as the Lord, the God of Paul, lives, I also have entreated him
that I may be deemed worthy to become the slave of his Lord. Then the soldiers who had the Bulla, recognising the handkerchief, and seeing that her eye had been
opened, cried out with a loud voice, as if from one mouth, and said: We too are
the slaves of Paul's master. Perpetua therefore having gone away, reported in the palace of the Emperor
Nero that the soldiers who had beheaded Paul said: We shall no longer go into the city, for webelieve in Christ whom Paul preached, and we are Christians. Then Nero, filled with rage, ordered Perpetua, who had informed him of
the soldiers, to be kept fast in irons; and as to the soldiers, he ordered one to be beheaded outside
of the gate about one mile from the city, another to be cut in two, and the
third to bestoned. And Perpetua was in the prison; and in this prison there was kept Potentiana, a noble maiden, because she had said: I forsake my parents and all the substance of my father, and I wish to become aChristian. She therefore joined
herself to Perpetua, and ascertained from her
everything about Paul, and was in much anxiety about the faith in Christ. And the wife of Nero was Potentiana's sister; and she
secretly informed her about Christ, that those who believe in Him see everlasting joy, and that everything here is
temporary, but there eternal: so that also she fled out of the
palace, and some of the senators' wives with
her. Then Nero, having inflicted many tortures
upon Perpetua, at last tied a great stone to her neck, and ordered her to be
thrown over a precipice. And her remains lie at the Momentan gate. And Potentiana also underwent many torments; and
at last, having made a furnace one day, they burned her.
Source. Translated by Alexander Walker. From Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. 8. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A.
Cleveland Coxe. (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing
Co., 1886.) Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight.<http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0815.htm>.
SOURCE :
http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0815.htm
Anonyme espagnol. Saint Pierre, 1617, 78 × 95, Quadreria
dei Girolamini, Napoli
Jose
Ribera, San Paul, 1616-1617, 78x95, Quadreria dei Girolamini, Napoli
Petitions to St. Peter and St. Paul
O holy Apostles, Peter and Paul, I choose you this day and forever to be my special patrons and advocates; thee, Saint Peter, Prince of the Apostles, because thou art the Rock, upon which Almighty God hath built His Church; thee, Saint Paul, because thou wast fore-chosen by God as the Vessel of election and the Preacher of truth in the whole world. Obtain for me, I pray you, lively faith, firm hope, and burning love; complete detachment from myself, contempt of the world, patience in adversity, humility in prosperity, attention in prayer, purity of heart, a right intention in all my works, diligence in fulfilling the duties of my state of life, constancy in my resolutions, resignation to the will of God and perseverance in the grace of God even unto death; that so, by means of your intercession and your glorious merits, I may be able to overcome the temptations of the world, the flesh and the devil, and may be made worthy to appear before the chief and eternal Shepherd of souls, Jesus Christ, Who with the Father and the Holy Ghost liveth and reigneth for endless ages, to enjoy His presence and love Him forever. Amen.
Our Father, Hail Mary, Glory be.
V. Thou shalt make them princes over all the earth.
R. They shall be mindful of Thy name, O Lord.
Let us pray:
O God, Whose right hand raised up blessed Peter, when he walked upon the water and began to sink, and thrice delivered his fellow-Apostle Paul from the depths of the sea, when he suffered shipwreck: graciously hear us and grant, by the merits of them both, that we also may attain unto everlasting glory: Who livest and reignest world without end. Amen
(An Indulgence of 500 days.)
Prayer to Sts. Peter and Paul for the Holy Catholic Church
Defend, O Lord, thy servants, we beseech thee, from all dangers both of body and soul; and, by the intercession of the blessed and glorious Virgin Mary, Mother of God, of the blessed Apostles Peter and Paul, of blessed N., and of all thy saints, mercifully grant us the blessings of peace and safety ; that all adversities and errors being removed, thy Church may freely and securely serve thee; through Christ Our Lord. Amen.
Prayer to St. Paul
Thou art the Vessel of election, Saint Paul the Apostle, the Preacher of truth in the whole world.
V. Pray for us, Saint Paul the Apostle,
R. That we may be made worthy of the promises of Christ.
Let us pray:
Almighty and everlasting God, Who, of Thy divine mercy, didst instruct Thy blessed Apostle Paul what he should do that he might be filled with the Holy Ghost; by his admonitions directing us and his merits interceding for us, grant that we may serve Thee in fear and trembling and so be filled with the comfort of Thy heavenly gifts. Through Christ our Lord, Amen.
(An Indulgence of 500 days)
Invocations
Defend, O Lord, Thy people: and as they put their trust in the patronage of Thy holy Apostles, Peter and Paul, keep them ever by Thy protection. Through Christ our Lord. Amen (Roman Missal).
(An Indulgence of 300 days)
Saint Peter and Saint Paul, Apostles
(from the Liturgical Year, 1904)
After the great solemnities of the movable cycle, and the Feast of St. John the Baptist, none is more ancient, nor more universal in the Church, than that of the two Princes of the Apostles. From the beginning, Rome celebrated their triumph on the very day itself which saw them go up from earth to heaven, June 29th. Her practice prevailed, at a very early date, over the custom of several other countries, which put the Apostles' feast towards the close of December. It was, no doubt, a fair thought which inspired the placing of these Fathers of the Christian people in the cortege of Emmanuel at his entry into this world. But, as we have already seen, today's teachings have intrinsically an important preponderance in the economy of Christian dogma; they are the completion of the whole Work of the Son of God; the cross of Peter fixes the Church in her stability, and marks out for the Divine Spirit the immutable centre of his operations. Rome, therefore, was well inspired when, leaving to the Beloved Disciple the honour of presiding over his brethren at the Crib of the Infant God, she maintained the solemn memory of the Princes of the Apostles upon the day chosen by God Himself to consummate their labours and to crown, at once, both their life and the whole cycle of mysteries.
Fully today, do the heavens declare the glory of God, as David expresses it, today do they show us the course of the Spouse completed on the eternal hills (Ps. xviii. 2-6). Day unto day uttereth speech, and night unto night revealeth the deep secret (Ibid. 3). From north and south of the new Sion, from either side of her stream, Peter and Paul waft one to other, as a farewell song, as a sacred Epithalamium, the good Word (Ps. xliv. 2); sublime that echo, sonorous its power, vocal still throughout the whole earth (Ibid. xviii. 4, 5), and yet to resound as long as the world lasts. These two torches of salvation blend their flames above the palaces of ancient Rome; the passing darkness of their death, that night of which the Psalmist sings, now concentrates light, forever, in the midst of the queen city. Beside the throne of the Bridegroom fixed forever and ever on yonder seven hills (Ps. xliv. 7-10), the Gentile world, now become the Bride, is resplendent in glory (Eph. v. 27), all fair in that peerless purity which she derives from their blood united as it is to that of the Son of God.
But seemly is it, not to forget, on so great a day, those other messengers sent forth by the divine householder, and who watered earth's highways with their sweat and with their blood, the while they hastened the triumph and the gathering in of the guests invited to the Marriage feast (St. Matth. xxii. 8-10). To them is it due, if now the law of grace is definitively promulgated throughout all nations, and if in every language and upon every shore the good tidings have been sounded (Ps. xviii. 4, 5). Thus the festival of St. Peter, completed by the more special memory of St. Paul his comrade in death, has been from earliest times regarded as the festival likewise of the whole Apostolic college. In those primitive times it seemed impossible to dream of separating from their glorious leader any of those whom Our Lord had so intimately joined together in the responsibility of one common work. But in course of time, however, particular solemnities were successively consecrated to each one of the Apostles, and so the feast of June 29th was more exclusively attributed to the two Princes whose martyrdom rendered this day illustrious. More than this; as we shall presently see, the Roman Church, thinking it impossible fittingly to honour both of these on the same day, deferred till the morrow her more explicit praises of the Doctor of the Gentiles.
The Antiphons and Capitulum of First Vespers take us back to the opening days of the apostolic ministry. They place us in the midst of those which immediately follow the Descent of the Holy Ghost. Peter and John go up together to the temple of Jerusalem. Calvary's sacrifice has put an end to its figurative oblations; but it, nevertheless, still continues to be a place of prayer, pleasing to heaven, on account of its grand memories. At the door of the sacred edifice, a man, lame from his birth, begs an alms of the Apostles. Peter, lacking both silver and gold, exerts in his favour the power of healing which he possesses in the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth. The Synagogue yields no more to the miracles of the disciple than she did to those of the Master; she will not be converted; and presently a new Herod, wishing to please the Jews, finds no better means of doing so than the putting to death of James the brother of John, and the imprisoning of Peter.
But the angel of the Lord comes down into the prison where he is sleeping, on the eve of the day fixed for his death; the angel bids him arise, put on his garments, and follow him. The Apostle, set free, proclaims the reality of that which at first he thought but a dream. He departs from Jerusalem, now hopelessly the accursed city; and on all sides of the gentile world into whose midst he has entered, is verified the prophecy: Tu es Petrus: Thou art Peter, and upon this Rock I will build my Church (St. Matth. xvi. 18).
Ant. Peter and John went up to the temple at the ninth hour of prayer.
Ant. Silver and gold I have none; but what I have, I give unto thee.
Ant. The Angel said to Peter: Cast thy garment about thee, and follow me.
Ant. The Lord hath sent his Angel, and hath delivered me out of the hand of Herod. Alleluia.
Ant. Thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build my Church.
Capitulum. (Acts, xii.)
Herod the king stretched out his hand to afflict some of the church; and he killed James the brother of John with the sword. And seeing that it pleased the Jews, he proceeded to take up Peter also.
Decorum lux
Lo! beauteous Light Eternal floods, with sacred fires, this golden day which crowns the Princes of Apostles and opens out unto the guilty a free path to Heaven.
The Teacher of the whole earth, as well as the Doorkeeper of Heaven, both of them Fathers of Rome, and Judges of nations, each a victor of death, the one by the sword, the other by the cross, laurel-crowned, both take their seats in the Senate of Eternal Life.
O happy Rome, by noble gore of Princes twain art thou now consecrated; empurpled by the blood of such as these, thou alone in beauty dost surpass all the rest of earth.
To the Trinity in Unity that governeth all things through ages of ages, may there be eternal glory, honour, power, and jubilation. Amen.
V. Their sound hath gone forth into all the earth.
R. And their words unto the ends of the world.
Antiphon of the Magnificat
Thou art the Shepherd of the sheep, O Prince of the sheep, O Prince of the Apostles, to thee were delivered the keys of the kingdom of heaven.
Prayer:
O God, who hast consecrated this day by the martyrdom of thine Apostles Peter and Paul; grant to thy Church that she may in all things follow their instruction by whom she received the Faith. Through our Lord, &c.

The sun is bending towards the horizon. The Church is about to resume her chants, and to begin the sacred Vigil which will be continued until morning with all the pomp and continuity of the greatest solemnities. In heart, at least, let us keep watch with her. This night is the last during which the visible Head given to her by the Spouse, is fulfilling his ministry of prayer and suffering in Nero's dungeons; so much the less, therefore, will she leave him, and so much the more eager is she to spend herself in extolling his greatness. When once again the day-star shall appear in the east, gilding with his rays those seven hills whereon the Queen of nations is seated, the hour of sacrifice will have sounded for the Vicar of the Man-God. Let us, then, prepare to form a part of his cortege, by representing to ourselves in thought the historic details of this glorious drama, and the facts which led to it.
Since the terrible persecution of the year 64, Rome had become for Peter a sojourn fraught with peril, and he remembered how his Master had said to him, when appointing him Shepherd of both lambs and sheep: Follow thou me (St. John, xxi). The Apostle, therefore, awaited the day when he must mingle his blood with that of so many thousands of Christians, whom he had initiated into the faith, and whose Father he truly was. But before quitting earth, Peter must triumph over Simon the Magician, his base antagonist. This heresiarch did not content himself with seducing souls by his perverse doctrines; he sought even to mimic Peter in the prodigies operated by him. So he proclaimed that on a certain day, he would fly in the air. The report of this novelty quickly spread through Rome, and the people were full of the prospect of such a marvelous sight. If we are to believe Dion Chrysostom, Nero seems even to have entertained at his court this wondrous personage, who pledged himself to soar aloft in mid-air. More than that, the emperor would even with his own presence honor this rare sight (Orat. xxi). The imperial lodge was reared upon the Via Sacra, where the scene was to be enacted.
But cruel for the impostor did this deception prove. "Scarce had this Icarus begun to poise his flight," says Suetonius, "than he fell close to Nero's lodge which was bathed in his blood." The gravest writers of Christian antiquity are unanimous in attributing to the prayer of Peter this humiliation inflicted on the Samaritan juggler in the very midst of Rome, where he had dared to set himself up as the rival of Christ's Vicar.
The disgrace, as well as the blood of the heresiarch, had fallen on the emperor himself. Curiosity and ill-will but needed, therefore, to be combined, in order to attract personally upon Peter an attention that might prove disastrous. Moreover, be it remembered, there was yet another danger, and to this Saint Paul alludes, namely, the peril of false brethren. To understand this term and justly to appreciate the situation, we must bear in mind how inevitable are the clashings of certain characters in a society so numerous as was already that of the Christians in Rome; and how discontent is necessarily caused to vulgar minds when existing circumstances sometimes demand higher interests to be exclusively consulted, in the always difficult question of choosing persons to offices of trust, or to special confidence. These things well borne in mind, it will be easy to account for what Saint Clement, an eye-witness of the Apostle's martyrdom, attests in a letter to the Corinthians, viz., that "rivalries and jealousies" had a large share in the tragic end brought about, through the suspicions at last conceived by the authorities against "this Jew."
The filial devotedness of the Christians of Rome took alarm, and they implored Saint Peter to elude the danger for a while, by instant flight. "Although he would have much preferred to suffer," says Saint Ambrose (Contra Auxent), Peter set out along the Appian Way. Just as he reached the Capuan gate, Christ suddenly presented Himself, seemingly about to enter the city. " Lord, whither goest thou? cried out the Apostle. " To Rome," Christ replied, "to be there crucified again." The disciple understood his Master; he at once retraced his steps, having now no thought but to await his hour of martyrdom. This Gospel-like scene expresses the sequel of our Lord's designs upon the venerable old man. With a view to founding the Christian Church in unity, He had extended to his disciple his own prophetic name of the "Rock," or " Stone," Petrus; now, even unto the Cross itself, was He about to make him His participator. Rome having replaced Jerusalem must likewise have her Calvary.
In his flight, Peter dropped from his leg a bandlet which a disciple picked up, with much respect. A monument was afterwards raised on the spot where this incident occurred: it is now the Church of Saints Nereus and Achilles, anciently called Titulus fascioloe, the Title of the bandlet. According to the designs of Providence the humble fasciola was to recall the memory of that momentous meeting at the gates of Rome, where Christ in person stood face to face with His Apostle, the visible Head of His Church, and announced that the hour of his sacrifice on the cross was at hand.
From that moment Peter set everything in order with a view to his approaching end. It was at this time he wrote his Second Epistle, which is, as it were, his last testament and loving farewell to the Church. Therein he declares that the close of his life is near, and compares his body to a temporary shelter, a tent which one takes down to journey further on. The laying away of this my tabernacle is at hand, according as our Lord Jesus Christ also hath signified to me (2 St. Pet. i. 14). These his words are evidently an allusion to the apparition on the Appian Way.
On the day fixed by God's decree, pagan power gave orders for the Apostle's arrest. Details are wanting as to the judicial procedure which followed, but the constant tradition of the Roman Church is that he was incarcerated in the Mamertine Prison. By this name is known the dungeon constructed at the foot of the Capitoline hill, by Ancus Martius, and afterwards completed by Servius Tullus, whence it is also called Carcer Tullianus. Two outer staircases, called the steps of sighs, led to this frightful den. An upper dungeon gave immediate entrance to that which was to receive the prisoner and never to deliver him up alive, unless he were destined to a public execution. To be put into this horrible place, he had to be let down by cords, through an opening above, and by the same was he finally drawn up again, whether dead or alive. The vaulting of this lower dungeon was high and its darkness was utter and horrible, so that it was an easy task to guard a captive detained therein, specially if he were laden with chains.
On the twenty-ninth of June, in the year sixty-seven, Peter was at length drawn up to be led to death. According to Roman law, he must first be subjected to the scourge, the usual prelude to capital punishment. An escort of soldiers conducted the Apostle to his place of martyrdom, outside the city walls, as the laws required. Peter was marched to execution, followed by a large number of the Faithful, drawn by affection along his path, and for his sake defying every peril.
Beyond the Tiber, facing the Campus Martins, there stretches a vast plain, which is reached by the bridge named the Triumphal, whereby the city is put in communication with the Via Triumphalia and the Via Cornelia, both of which roads lead to the North. On its further side from the river, the plain is bounded on the left by the Janiculum, and beyond that, in the background, by the Vatican hills whose chain continues along to the right in the form of an amphitheatre. Along the bank of the Tiber the land is occupied by immense gardens, which three years previously had been made by Nero the scene of the principal immolation of the Christians, just at this same season also. To the west of the Vatican Plain and beyond Nero's gardens was a circus of vast extent, usually called by his name, although in reality it owes its origin to Caligula, who placed in its centre an obelisk which he had transported from Egypt. Outside the Circus, towards its furthest end, rose a temple to Apollo, the protector of the public games. At the other end, the declivity of the Vatican hill begins, and about the middle, facing the Obelisk, was planted a turpentine tree well known to the people. The spot fixed upon for Peter's execution was close to this said turpentine tree. There, likewise, was his tomb already dug. No other spot in all Rome could be more suitable for so august a purpose. From remotest ages, something mysterious had hovered over the Vatican. An old oak, said by the most ancient traditions to be anterior to the foundation of Rome, was there held in great reverence. There was much talk of oracles heard in this place. Moreover, where could a more choice resting-place be found for this old man who had just conquered Rome, than a mound beneath this venerated soil, opening upon the " Triumphal Way " and the " Cornelian Way," thus uniting the memories of victorious Rome and the name of the Cornelii, which had now become inseparable from that of Peter?
There is something supremely grand in the taking possession of these places by the Vicar of the Man-God. The Apostle, having reached the spot and come up to the instrument of death, implored of his executioners to set him thereon, not in the usual way, but head downwards, in order, said he, that the servant be not seen in the same position once taken by the Master. His request was granted; and Christian tradition, in all ages, renders testimony to this fact which adds further evidence to the deep humility of so great an Apostle. Peter, with outstretched arms, prayed for the city, prayed for the whole world, the while his blood flowed down upon that Roman soil the conquest of which he had just achieved. At this moment Rome became forever the new Jerusalem. When the Apostle had gone through the whole round of his sufferings, he expired; but he was to live again in each one of his Successors, unto the end of time.
Prayer:
O Peter, we also hail thy glorious tomb! Well does it behove us, thy chosen sons of the West, to celebrate with faith and love the glories of this day. If all nations are moved at the tidings of thy triumphant death; if all tongues proclaim that from Rome perforce must the law of the Lord come forth, unto the whole world; is it not because this death of thine has turned Babylon into that city of divine oracles hailed by the son of Amos, in his prophecy (Is. ii. 1. 5)? is it not because the mountain prepared, in distant ages, to bear the house of the Lord, begins to peer from out the mist, and now stands forth in full day-light to the eyes of the nations. The site of the new Sion is forever fixed; for on this day, is the corner-stone laid (Ibid. xxviii. 16), and Jerusalem is to have no other foundation, than this tried and precious Stone.
O Peter, on thee must we build; for fain are we to be dwellers in the Holy City. We will follow our Lord's counsel (St. Matth. vii. 24-27), by raising our structure upon the rock, so that it may resist the storm, and may become an eternal abode. Our gratitude to thee, who hast vouchsafed to uphold us, is all the greater, since this our senseless age, pretends to construct a new social edifice, which it would fix on the shifting sands of public opinion, and hence realizes naught save downfall and ruin! Is the stone rejected by our modern architects any the less, head of the corner? And does not its strength appear in the fact (as it is written) that having rejected and cast it aside, they stumble against it and are hurt, yea broken?
Standing erect, amid these ruins, firm upon the foundation, the rock against which the gates of hell cannot prevail,--we have all the more right to extol this day, on which the Lord hath, as our Psalm says established the earth (Ps. xcii. 1). The Lord did indeed manifest His greatness, when He cast the vast orbs into space, and poised them by laws so marvelous, that the mere discovery thereof does honour to science; but His reign, His beauty, His power, are far more stupendous when He lays the basis prepared by him to support that temple of which a myriad worlds scarce deserve to be called the pavement. Of this immortal day, did Eternal Wisdom sing, when divinely foretasting its pure delights, and preluding our gladness, he thus led on our happy chorus: "When the mountains with their huge bulk were being established, and when the earth was being balanced on its poles, when He established the sky above, and poised the fountains of waters, when he laid the foundations of the earth, I was with Him, forming all things; and was delighted every day playing before him at all times ; playing in the world, for my delights are to be with the children of men (Prov.viii).

The Commemoration of St. Paul Apostle
(from the Liturgical Year, 1904)
On the Twenty fifth of January, we beheld Stephen leading to Christ's mystic crib, the once ravenous wolf of Benjamin (Gen. xlix. 27), tamed at last, but who in the morning of his impetuous youth, had filled the Church of God with tears and bloodshed. His evening did indeed come when as Jacob had foreseen, Saul, the persecutor, would outstrip all his predecessors among Christ's disciples, in giving increase to the Fold, and in feeding the Flock, with the choicest food of His heavenly doctrine.
By an unexampled privilege, Our Lord though already seated at the Right Hand of His Father, vouchsafed not only to call, but personally to instruct this new disciple, so that he might one day be numbered amongst His Apostles. The ways of God can never be contradictory one to another; hence, this creation of a new apostle may not be accomplished in a manner derogatory to the divine constitution already delivered, to the Christian Church by the Son of God. Therefore, as soon as the illustrious convert emerges from those sublime contemplations, during which the Christian dogma has been poured into his soul, he must needs go to Jerusalem to see Peter, as he himself relates to his disciples in Galatia. "It behoved him," says Bossuet, "to collate his own Gospel with that of the prince of the Apostles." From that moment, aggregated as a co-operator in the preaching of the Gospel, we see him at Antioch (in the "Acts of the Apostles"), accompanied by Barnabas, presenting himself to the work of opening the Church unto the Gentiles, the conversion of Cornelius having been already effected by Peter himself. He passes a whole year in this city, reaping an abundant harvest. After Peter's imprisonment in Jerusalem, at his subsequent departure for Rome, a warning from on high makes known to those who preside over the Church at Antioch, that the moment is come for them to impose hands on the two missionaries, and confer on them the sacred character of Ordination.
From that hour Paul attains the full stature of an apostle, and it is clear that the mission unto which he had been preparing is now opened. At the same time, in St. Luke's narrative, Barnabas almost disappears, retaining but a very secondary position. The new Apostle has his own disciples, and he henceforth takes the lead in a long series of peregrinations marked by as many conquests. His first is to Cyprus, where he seals an alliance with ancient Rome, analagous to that which Peter contracted at Cesarea.
In the year 43, when Paul landed in Cyprus, its pro-consul was Sergius Paulus, illustrious for his ancestry, but still more so for the wisdom of his government. He wished to hear Paul and Barnabas: a miracle worked by Paul, under his very eyes, convinced him of the truth of his teaching; and the Christian Church counted, that day, among her sons one who was heir to the proudest name among the noble families of Rome. Touching was the mutual exchange that took place on this occasion. The Roman Patrician had just been freed by the Jew from the yoke of the Gentiles; in return, the Jew hitherto called Saul received and thenceforth adopted the name of Paul, as a trophy worthy of the Apostle of the Gentiles.
From Cyprus Paul travelled successively to Cilicia, Pamphylia, Pisidia, and Lycaonia, everywhere preaching the Gospel and founding Churches. He then returned to Antioch in the year 47, and found the Church there in a state of violent agitation. A party of Jews, who had come over to Christianity from the ranks of the Pharisees, whilst consenting indeed to the admission of gentiles into the Church, were maintaining that this could only be on condition of their being likewise subjected to Mosaic practices, such as, circumcision, distinction of meats, etc. The Christians, who had been received from among the gentiles, were disgusted at this servitude to which Peter had not subjected them; and thus the controversy became so hot, that Paul deemed it necessary to undertake a journey to Jerusalem where Peter had lately arrived, a fugitive from Rome, and where the Apostolic College was at that moment furthermore represented by John, as well as by James the bishop of the city. These being assembled to deliberate on the question, it was decreed, in the name and under the influence of the Holy Ghost, that the exacting of anything relative to Jewish rites should be utterly forbidden in the case of gentile converts. It was on this occasion, too, that Paul received from these Pillars, as he styles them, the confirmation of this his apostolate superadded to that of the Twelve, and to be specially exercised in favour of the gentiles. By this extraordinary ministry deputed to the nations, the Christian Church definitively asserted her independence of Judaism; and the gentiles could now freely come flocking into her bosom.
Paul then resumed his course of apostolic journeys over all the Provinces he had already evangelized, in order to confirm the Churches. Thence, passing through Phrygia, he came to Macedonia, stayed a while at Athens, and then on to Corinth, where he remained a year and a half. At his departure he left in this city a flourishing Church, whereby he excited against him the fury of the Jews. From Corinth, Paul went to Ephesus, where he stayed two years. So great was his success with the gentiles there, that the worship of Diana was materially weakened; whereupon a tumult ensuing, Paul thought the moment come for his departure from Ephesus. During his abode there he made known to his disciples a thought that had long haunted him: I must needs see Rome: the capital of the gentile world was indeed calling the Apostle of the Gentiles.
The rapid growth of Christianity in the capital of the empire had brought face to face and in a manner more striking than elsewhere, the two heterogeneous elements which formed the Church of that day: the unity of Faith held together in one fold those that had formerly been Jews, and those that had been pagans. Now it so happened, that some of both of these classes, too easily forgetting the gratuity of their common vocation to the faith, began to go so far as to despise their brethren of the opposite class, deeming them less worthy than themselves of that baptism which had made them all equal in Christ. On the one side, certain Jews disdained the gentiles, remembering the polytheism which had sullied their past life with all those vices which come in its train. On the other side, certain gentiles contemned the Jews, as coming from an ungrateful and blinded people, who had so abused the favours lavished upon them by God as to crucify the Messias.
In the year 53, Paul, already aware of these debates, profited of a second journey to Corinth, to write to the Faithful of the Church in Borne that famous Epistle in which he emphatically sets forth how gratuitous is the gift of faith; and maintains how Jew and gentile alike, being quite unworthy of the divine adoption, have been called solely by an act of pure mercy. He likewise shows how Jew and gentile, forgetting the past, have but to embrace one another in the fraternity of one same faith, thus testifying their gratitude to God through whom both of them have been alike prevented by grace. His apostolic dignity, so fully recognized, authorized Paul to interfere in this matter, though touching a Christian centre not founded by him. Whilst awaiting the day when he could behold with his own eyes the queen of all Churches, lately fixed by Peter on the Seven Hills, the Apostle was anxious once again to make a pilgrimage to the City of David. Jewish rage was just at that moment rampant in Jerusalem against him; national pride being more specially piqued, in that he, the former, disciple of Gamaliel, the accomplice of Stephen's murder, should now invite the gentiles to be coupled with the sons of Abraham, under the one same Law of Jesus of Nazareth. The Tribune Lysias was scarce able to snatch him from the hands of these bloodthirsty men, ready to tear him to pieces.
The following night Christ appeared to Paul, saying to him: Be constant, for as thou hast testified of me in Jerusalem, so must thou bear witness also at Rome. It was not, however, till after two years of captivity, that Paul, having appealed to Caesar, landed in Italy at the beginning of the year 56. Then at last the Apostle of the Gentiles made his entry into Rome: the trappings of a victor surrounded him not; he was but a humble Jewish prisoner led to the place where all appellants to Cassar were mustered; yet was he that Jew whom Christ himself had conquered on the way to Damascus. No longer Saul, the Benjamite, he now presented himself under the Roman name of Paul; nor was this a robbery on his part, for after Peter, he was to be the second glory of Rome, the second pledge of her immortality. He brought not the primacy with him indeed, as Peter had done, for that had been committed by Christ to one alone; but he came to assert in the very centre of the gentile world, the divine delegation which he had received in favour of the nations, just as an affluent flows into the main stream, which mingling its waters with its own, at last empties them unitedly into the ocean. Paul was to have no successor in his extraordinary mission; but the element which he had deposited in the Mistress, the Mother Church, was of such value, that in course of ages the Roman Pontiffs, heirs to Peter's monarchical power have ever appealed to Paul's memory as well; pronouncing their mandates in the united names of the " Blessed " Apostles Peter and Paul."
Instead of having to await in prison the day whereon his cause was to be heard, Paul was at liberty to choose a lodging place in the city. He was obliged, however, to be accompanied day and night by a soldier to whom, according to the usual custom, he was chained, but only in such a way as to prevent his escape: all his movements being otherwise left perfectly free, he could easily continue to preach the Word of God. Towards the close of the year 57, in virtue of his appeal to Caesar, the Apostle was at last summoned before the pretoritim; and the successful pleading of his cause resulted in his acquittal.
Being now free, Paul revisited the East, confirming on his Evangelical course the Churches he had previously founded. Thus Ephesus and Crete once more enjoyed his presence; in the one he left his disciple Timothy as bishop, and in the other Titus. But Paul had not quitted Rome for ever: marvelously illumined as she had been by his preaching, the Roman Church was yet to be gilded by his parting rays and empurpled by his blood. A heavenly warning, as in Peter's case, bade him also return to Rome where martyrdom was awaiting him. This fact is attested by St. Athanasius (De fuga sua. xviii): we learn the same also from St. Asterius of Ameseus, who hereupon remarks, that the Apostle entered Rome once more, "in order to teach the very masters of the world; to turn them into his disciples; and by their means to wrestle with the whole human race. There, Paul finds Peter engaged in the same work; he at once yokes himself to the same divine chariot with him, and sets about instructing the children of the Law, within the Synagogues, and the Gentiles outside (Homil. viii.)."
At length Rome possesses her two Princes conjointly: the one seated on the eternal chair, holding in his hands the keys of the kingdom of heaven; the other surrounded by the sheaves he has garnered from the fields of the Gentile world. They shall now part no more; even in death, as the Church sings, they shall not be separated. The period of their being together was necessarily short, for they must needs render to their Master the testimony of blood before the Roman world should be freed from the odious tyranny under which it was groaning. Their death was to be Nero's last crime; after that he was to fade from sight, leaving the world horrorstricken at his end, as shameful as it was tragic.
It was in the year 65 that Paul returned to Rome; once more signalizing his presence there by the manifold works of his apostolate. From the time of his first labours there, he had made converts even in the very palace of the Caesars: being now returned to this former theatre of his zeal, he again finds entrance into the imperial abode. A woman who was living in criminal intercourse with Nero, as likewise a cup-bearer of his, were both caught in the apostolic net, for it were hard indeed to resist the power of that mighty word. Nero, enraged at "this foreigner's" influence in his very household, was bent on Paul's destruction. Being first of all cast into prison, his zeal cooled not, but he persisted the more in preaching Jesus Christ. The two converts of the imperial palace having abjured, together with paganism, the manner of life they had been leading, this twofold conversion of theirs did but hasten Paul's martyrdom. He was well aware that it would be so, as can be seen in these lines addressed to Timothy: "I labour even unto bands, as an evil doer; but the word of God is not bound. Therefore, I endure all things for the sake of the elect. For I am even now ready to be sacrificed, like a victim already sprinkled with the lustral water, and the time of my dissolution is at hand. I have fought the good fight, I have finished my course, I have kept the faith. As to the rest, there is laid up for me a crown of Justice which the Lord, the just Judge, will render to me in that day (2 Tim)."
On the Twenty-ninth of June, in the year 67, whilst Peter, having crossed the Tiber by the Triumphal bridge, was drawing nigh to the cross prepared for him on the Vatican plain, another martyrdom was being consummated on the left bank of the same river. Paul, as he was led along the Ostian Way, was also followed by a group of the Faithful who mingled with the escort of the condemned. His sentence was that he should be beheaded at the Salvian Waters. A two miles' march brought the soldiers to a path leading eastwards, by which they led their prisoner to the place fixed upon for the martyrdom of this, the Doctor of the Gentiles. Paul fell on his knees, addressing his last prayer to God; then having bandaged his eyes, he awaited the death stroke. A soldier brandished his sword, and the Apostle's head, as it was severed from the trunk, made three bounds along the ground; three fountains immediately sprang up on these several spots. Such is the local tradition; and to this day, three fountains are to be seen on the site of his martyrdom, over each of which an altar is raised.
Let us unite our voice of homage to that of preceding ages in honour of this Vessel of Election, whence salvation flows so abundantly over our earth.
Prayer:
Praise then be to thee, O Apostle, now and forever! Eternity itself will not suffice to exhaust the gratitude of us, the "Nations." Accomplish thy work in each one of us during all ages; permit not that, by the falling off of any one amongst those called by Our Lord to complete His mystic Body, the Bride be deprived of one single increase on which she might have counted. Uphold and brace against despondency the preachers of the sacred Word, all those who by the pen or by any title whatsoever, are continuing thy work of light. Multiply those valiant apostles who are ever narrowing upon our globe the boundaries of darkness. Thou didst promise to remain with us, to be ever watchful of faith's progress in souls, and to cause the pure delights of divine union to be ever developing there. Keep thy promise; because of thy going away to Jesus, thy word is none the less plighted to those who, like ourselves, could not know thee here below. For to those who have not seen thy face in the flesh, thou hast left, in one of thine immortal Epistles, the assurance that thou wilt take care that their hearts be comforted, being instructed in charity, and unto all riches of fullness of understanding, unto the knowledge of the mystery of God the Father and of Christ Jesus, in Whom are hid all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge (Coloss. ii. 1-3).
During this season of the sacred cycle, the reign of the Holy Spirit Who formeth saints (Rom. viii), grant that Christians of good will may be brought to understand how, by their very baptism, they are put in possession of that sublime vocation which is too often imagined to be the happy lot of but a chosen few. Oh! would that they could seize this grand yet very simple idea, which thou hast given of the mystery wherein is contained the absolute and universal principle of Christian Life (Ibid. vi); that, having been buried with Jesus under the waters, and thereby incorporated with Him, they must necessarily be bound by every right and title to become saints, to aim at union with Jesus in His Life, since they have been granted union with Him in His Death. Ye are dead, and your life is hidden with Christ in God (Coloss. iii. 3) these were the words addressed by thee to our forefathers: oh! then, repeat them to us likewise, for thou didst give them as a truth intended for all without distinction! Suffer not, O Doctor of us, Gentiles, that the light grow dim among us, to the great detriment of the Lord and of His Bride.
Santi Pietro e Paolo Apostoli
m. 67 d.C.
Due
apostoli e due personaggi diversi, ma entrambi fondamentali per la storia della
Chiesa del primo secolo così come nella costruzione di quelle radici dalle
quali si alimenta continuamente la fede cristiana. Pietro,
nato a Betsaida in Galilea, era un pescatore a Cafarnao. Fratello di Andrea, divenne
apostolo di Gesù dopo che questi lo chiamò presso il lago di Galilea e dopo
aver assistito alla pesca miracolosa. Da sempre tra i discepoli più vicini a
Gesù fu l'unico, insieme al cosiddetto «discepolo prediletto», a seguire Gesù
presso la casa del sommo sacerdote Caifa, fu costretto anch'egli alla fuga dopo
aver rinnegato tre volte il maestro, come questi aveva già predetto. Ma Pietro
ricevette dallo stesso Risorto il mandato a fare da guida alla comunità dei
discepoli. Morì tra il 64 e il 67 durante la persecuzione anticristiana di
Nerone. San Paolo, invece, era originario di Tarso: prima persecutore dei
cristiani, incontrò il Risorto sulla via tra Gerusalemme e Damasco. Baluardo
dell'evangelizzazione dei popoli pagani nel Mediterraneo morì anch'egli a Roma
tra il 64 e il 67.
Martirologio
Romano: Solennità dei santi Pietro e Paolo Apostoli. Simone, figlio di Giona e
fratello di Andrea, primo tra i discepoli professò che Gesù era il Cristo,
Figlio del Dio vivente, dal quale fu chiamato Pietro. Paolo, Apostolo delle
genti, predicò ai Giudei e ai Greci Cristo crocifisso. Entrambi nella fede e
nell’amore di Gesù Cristo annunciarono il Vangelo nella città di Roma e
morirono martiri sotto l’imperatore Nerone: il primo, come dice la tradizione,
crocifisso a testa in giù e sepolto in Vaticano presso la via Trionfale, il
secondo trafitto con la spada e sepolto sulla via Ostiense. In questo giorno
tutto il mondo con uguale onore e venerazione celebra il loro trionfo.
Il
29 di giugno la Chiesa commemora la solennità liturgica degli Apostoli:
San PIETRO
Pietro, scelto da Cristo a fondamento dell'edificio ecclesiale, clavigero del
regno dei cieli (Mt 16,13-19), pastore del gregge santo (Gv 21,15-17),
confermatore dei fratelli (Lc 22,32), è nella sua persona e nei suoi successori
il segno visibile dell'unità e della comunione nella fede e nella carità. Gli
apostoli Pietro e Paolo sigillarono con il martirio a Roma, verso l'anno 67, la
loro testimonianza al Maestro.
San PAOLO
Paolo, cooptato nel collegio apostolico dal Cristo stesso sulla via di Damasco,
strumento eletto per portare il suo nome davanti ai popoli, è il più grande
missionario di tutti tempi, l'avvocato dei pagani, l'apostolo delle genti,
colui che insieme a Pietro far risuonare il messaggio evangelico nel mondo
mediterraneo. Gli apostoli Pietro e Paolo sigillarono con il martirio a Roma,
verso l'anno 67, la loro testimonianza al Maestro.
SOURCE :
http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/20375
Voir aussi :
http://www.traditioninaction.org/SOD/j134sdPeterPaul_6-29.htm