mercredi 28 septembre 2016

Saint LAURENT RUIZ, et ses compagnons,martyrs


Saints Laurent Ruiz et 15 compagnons

martyrs à Nagasaki au Japon ( v. 1635)

A Nagasaki, 16 martyrs, les uns brûlés vifs, d'autres décapités quelques années auparavant et plusieurs autres qui moururent témoins de la foi au Christ.


Saint Laurent Ruiz de Manille et quinze compagnons:

Dominique Ibanez de Erquicia, Jacques Kyushei Gorobioye Tomonaga, Antoine Gonzalez, Michel de Aozaraza, Guillaume Courtet, Vincent Shiwozuka, Luc Alphonse Gorda, Jourdain (Hyacinthe Ansalone) et Thomas Hioji Rokuzayemon Nishi, prêtres dominicains, François Shoyemon, Michel Kurobioye et Matthieu Kohioye, religieux dominicains - Madeleine de Nagasaki, vierge du Tiers-Ordre de Saint-Augustin, Marine de Omura, vierge du Tiers-Ordre dominicain, Lazare de Kyoto, laïc. 

Après avoir semé la foi chrétienne dans les Îles Philippines, Formose et les îles du Japon, ils consommèrent leur martyre pour l’amour du Christ à Nagasaki, en vertu d’un décret du chef suprême Togugawa Yemitsu, à des jours différents, de 1633 à 1637, mais sont commémorés dans une même vénération.



Martyrologe romain


Saint Laurent RUIZ
Nom: RUIZ
Prénom: Laurent (Lorenzo)
Pays: Philippines - Japon

Naissance: Vers 1600  à Binondo (Banlieue de Manille (Philippines)
Mort: 29.09.1637  à Nagasaki

Etat: Laïc - Père de famille  -  Martyr du Groupe des 16 martyrs de Nagasaki (Japon – 1633-37)  2
Note: Éduqué chez les Dominicains. Calligraphe, membre de la Confrérie du Rosaire, père de trois enfants. En 1636 il se joint au groupe de missionnaires qui partent au Japon. Aussitôt arrêté, il passe une année en prison soumis aux tortures et meurt sur le gibet. Il est le protomartyr des Philippines.

Béatification: 18.02.1981  à Manille (Philippines)  par Jean Paul II
Canonisation: 18.10.1987  à Rome  par Jean Paul II
Fête: 28 septembre

Réf. dans l’Osservatore Romano: 1981 n.8  -  1987 n.43
Réf. dans la Documentation Catholique: 1981 p.266-268 ; 333-334  -  1987 p.1066

Notice

Laurent Ruiz naît vers 1600 dans la banlieue de Manille appelée Binondo, Son père est Chinois et sa mère Tagala. Il est instruit à l’école des Dominicains et devient calligraphe au service des Pères pour la tenue des registres paroissiaux. Il est membre de la confrérie du Rosaire. Marié à une Tagala, il est père de deux fils et une fille. En 1636 il est accusé d’être impliqué dans un meurtre. Croyant à son innocence, son supérieur dominicain le joint au groupe de missionnaires qui partent aider les chrétiens du Japon où sévit la persécution. Aussitôt arrêtés dans l’île d’Okinawa ils passent une année en prison soumis aux tortures. Transférés à Nagasaki, il subissent le martyre. Laurent est suspendu au gibet la tête en bas et agonise deux jours


Lawrence Ruiz, layman 

Dominic Ibáñez de Erquicia, O.P.

James Kyushei Tomonaga, O.P. 

and 13 companions, Philippines, martyrs in Japan

1633, (August and October)

DOMINIC IBANEZ DE ERQUICIA: Spanish Dominican priest, born in Regil (San Sebastian) member of the Province of Spain at first, and afterwards of the Holy Rosary Province. Taught at St. Tomas College (Manila) and preached in various parts of the Philippines. In 1623 he went to Japan where he worked incognito. Denounced to the authorities by a Christian apostate, he was subsequently imprisoned and put to death. He played a very important role as Vicar Provincial to the missions. Part of his letters have been conserved. Age 44.

FRANCIS SHOYEMON: Japanese, Dominican Cooperator Brother. He was a companion of Domingo Ibanez in his apostolate. Arrested in 1633, he received the Dominican habit while in prison. He was killed together with this spiritual father.

JAMES KYUSHEI TOMONAGA OF ST. MARY: Japanese, Dominican priest. Born of a noble Christian family of Kyudetsu, he studied at the Jesuits' College at Nagasaki. He was expelled from Japan in 1614, because he was working as a catechist. He preached in Manila and Taiwan, but in 1632 he returned to his native land to help his fellow Christians. He was arrested, tortured and later killed, "because he was a religious and propagated the faith". He was 51 years, the oldest of the group.

MICHAEL KUROBIOYE: Japanese, lay catechist. He was a companion of Fr. James of St. Mary. When he was imprisoned and tortured, he revealed the hiding place of Fr. James. Soon repenting of what he had done, he joined his companion in his martyrdom, confessing his faith.

LUCAS ALONSO OF THE HOLY SPIRIT: Spanish, Dominican priest, born in Carracedo (Astorga) a son of the Spanish Dominican Province, he joined the Holy Rosary Province in 1617, thus becoming a missionary. After teaching at St. Tomas in Manila and preaching in Cagayan,


he went to Japan in 1623 and worked there, encountering great risks and hardships for ten years. He was arrested while in Osaka (1633) and killed in Nagasaki after being tortured. Age 39.


MATTHEW KOHIOYE OF THE ROSARY: Japanese of Arima, Brother of the Dominican Order. Catechist and helper of Blessed Lucas Alonso, he became a Dominican novice. He was arrested at Osaka in 1633, endured horrible torture but remained faithful to Christ until his death. Age 18.

1634, (October-November)

MAGDALENE OF NAGASAKI: Japanese, Augustinian and Dominican tertiary. Daughter of a martyred Christian couple, she consecrated herself to God. Her spiritual director was Fr. Ansalone. When the latter was arrested, she presented herself to the guards, declaring that she was a Christian. She was tortured in a cruel manner, but remained firm in her faith until she was hung on the gibbet where she died after thirteen days.


MARINA OF OMURA: Japanese, Dominican tertiary. Entered the Third Order in 1626 and was very helpful to the missionaries. She was arrested in 1634 and submitted to shameful humiliations, after which she was burned alive.


HYACINTH JORDAN ANSALONE: Italian, Dominican priest. Born at S. Stefano Quisquina (Agrigento), son of the Dominican Province of Sicily, afterwards joining the Holy Rosary Province. In the Philippines, he worked among the poor and the sick. He went to Japan in 1632 and worked there for two years. He was arrested in 1634 and had to undergo various tortures before dying on the gibbet. Age 36.

THOMAS HIOLI NISM OF ST. HYACINTH: Japanese, Dominican priest. Son of martyred Christians of Hirado, student at the Jesuits' college at Nagasaki. He emigrated to Manila in 1614 after being expelled on account of the persecution. Studied at St. Tomas College, then became a Dominican missionary in Taiwan. He returned later to Japan, where he preached for 5 years among great perils. He was then arrested, tortured and put to death. Age 44.


1637, September


In 1636, the Dominicans of Manila organized a missionary expedition with the intention of helping the Christians in Japan. As soon as they arrived in the island of Okinawa they were arrested and kept in prison for a year, after which they were transferred and condemned to death by the tribunal of Nagasaki.

ANTHONY GONZALEZ: Spanish, Dominican priest. Born in Leon (Spain), he became a Dominican in his native country, but, moving to Manila (1631) he joined the Holy Rosary Province. He taught at St. Tomas and later became its rector. In 1636 he led the group of missionaries going to Japan, but was soon arrested with the rest. He was a man of much prayer and penance. After a year he died in prison having endured the tortures inflicted upon him by the persecutors. Age 45.

WILLIAM COURTET OR THOMAS OF ST. DOMINIC: Born of noble parents in Serignan (France). He was a member of the Dominican Reformed Congregation of St. Louis but then joined the Holy Rosary Province and went to the Philippines where he taught at St. Tomas and later went to Japan. He also ended up on the gibbet, after a year of imprisonment, during which he endured horrible tortures. He died singing praise to the Blessed Virgin of the Rosary and psalms in the midst of torture. Age 47.

MICHAEL DE AOZARAZA: Spanish, Dominican priest. He was born in Onate (Spain) and became a member of the Province of Spain, but later joined the Holy Rosary Province. He worked in the mission of Bataan (Luzon - Philippines). He refused to give up his faith and accepted with joy tremendous suffering. Age 39.

VINCENT SCHIWOZUKA OF THE CROSS: Japanese, Dominican priest. Son of a Christian family, he was a student at the Jesuits' College and a catechist. He was expelled from Japan in 1614. He later became a priest in Manila and worked among the Japanese exiles. Before returning to his native land (1636) he received the Dominican habit. After a year of imprisonment the tortures induced him to apostatize, but he soon returned to the faith and died as a martyr on the gibbet.

LAZARO OF KYOTO: Japanese, layman. He contracted leprosy and was deported to the Philippines with other lepers. In 1636 he joined Gonzalez as his guide and interpreter. Not resisting to the tortures Lazaro apostatized for a few hours but then repented and died for Christ together with the others.

LAWRENCE Ruiz: Filipino, layman. Born in Binondo (Manila) of a Chinese Father and a Filipino mother, he received his education from the Dominicans, becoming a member of the Rosary Confraternity. He married and fathered three children. Becoming involved in some obscure incident with bloodshed, he joined the missionary expedition in order to escape. He was arrested and endured all kinds of tortures until his death. He thus becomes the Protomartyr of the Philippines.


Miracle proposed for the Canonization


Occurred in Manila in the year 1983 through the intercession of the group in favour of Cecilia Alegria Policarpio, child - 2 years old, cured completely of brain's paralysis without any effective therapy. The miracle was recognized by John Paul II on 1st June, 1987.

The reason why Christians were persecuted

"The followers of Christ, arriving unexpectedly in Japan, not only came here carrying their goods, but also, without any permission, have spread and propagated their wicked law, destroying the good and legitimate one and plotting to overthrow authority in the country. This is the beginning of great calamity, which we should avoid by all means. Japan is a Shintoist and Buddhist country, which venerates the gods, honours Buddha, and respects the 'way of benevolence' (Confucius).

The followers of the Fathers (the Christians) have all disobeyed the orders already given by the government despising religion ... and destroying the good. They are overjoyed when they see those about to be executed; they run after them wherever they go and adore them ... Such is the supreme ideal of this religion. Unless it is suppressed immediately, endless misfortunes will fall on the State. In all the regions of Japan, all these Christians should be eliminated without any delay ... If anyone dares contravene this order, he will be put to death ......

(Extracts of the 1614 Edict, substantially alike those of 1633, 1636).


IOANNES PAULUS PP. II

LITTERAE APOSTOLICAE

QUOD AIT

DOMINICO IBÁÑEZ DE ERQUICIA, IACOBO KYUSHEI TOMONAGA,
 SACERDOTIBUS ORDINIS FRATRUM PRAEDICATORUM, LAURENTIO RUIZ,
LAICO, ATQUE XIII SOCIIS HONORES BEATORUM DECERNUNTUR

Ad perpetuam rei memoriam. – «Quod ait apostolus Petrus: Christus pro nobis passus est, relinquens nobis exemplum, ut sequamur vestigia eius (cf. 1 Petr. 2, 21), hoc beati martyres ardenti dilectione fecerunt, quia impleverunt ipsi caritatem qua Dominus dixit non posse esse maiorem (cf. Io. 15, 13). Talia enim suis fratribus exhibuerunt, qualia de Domini mensa pariter acceperunt» (Aug. Tract. 84, 1-2; CCL 36, 536-537).

Ita prorsus affirmandum de sexdecim servis Dei, quorum est hic sermo et agitur causa, quorumque, si ad verbi ministerium atque confessionis locum respicias, eadem fuit beata sors, quae sex atque viginti Protomartyrum atque ducentorum quinque Beatorum Taponiensium, quos Pius IX, venerabilis Decessor Noster, glorificavit.

Fidelissimi autem hi Dei famuli, natione quidem Europaei et Asiatici, religione vero fere omnes ex Ordine Fratrum Praedicatorum quamvis alii alia condicione, fidem christianam per Insulas Philippines, Formosam atque Iaponicas disseminarunt, suamque erga caelestem Patrem fidelitatem, a quo descendit omnis veritatis lux (cf. Iac. 1, 17-18), confirmarunt Nagasakii per patibulum atque fossam, iuxta decreta contra christianos facta annis MDCXXXIII-MDCXXXVI a supremo duce illorum Tokugawa Yemitsu.

Primus autem omnium, ratione habita temporis ac dignitatis, venerabilis Dominicus Ibáñez de Erquicia in medium venit, Hispanus, sacerdos ex Ordine Fratrum Praedicatorum, per decem annos Vicarius Provinciales missionis Iaponicae; qui martyrium subiit die quartodecimo mensis Augusti, anno MDCXXXIII, una cum Francisco Shoyemon, Iaponiensi, christianae doctrinae institutore, eodemque novicio atque eiusdem Ordinis fratre adiutore.

Brevi, id est die decimo septimo eiusdem mensis Augusti, eos, quos diximus, secutus est passione ac morte Iacobus Kyushei Gorobioye Tomonaga, item sacerdos, Ordinis Fratrum Praedicatorum sodalis, atque ex omnibus maior natu, qui cum Michaële Kurobioye institutore immolatus est. Horum autem uterque Iaponiensis fuit.

Eodem anno, die decimo nono mensis Octobris, cruciati sunt Lucas Alonso, sacerdos ex Ordine Fratrum Praedicatorum, natione Hispanus, qui decem per annos sacrosanctam fidem nostram ad usque septemtrionalem partem Insulse Honshu strenue praedicavit; Matthaeus Kohioye a Rosario, institutor atque novicius in eodem Ordine adiutor, e laponia, vix duodeviginti annos natus.

Anno vero MDCXXXIV vel duae virgines mortem fortiter oppetierunt, condicione Tertiariae Dominicanae eaedemque Missionariorum adiutrices. Fuerunt autem hae: Magdalena, Nagasakiensis, quae fuisset antes Tertiaria Augustiniana, quaeque medio mense Octobri, post supplicia tredecim dierum obiit; atque Marina, ex urbe Omura, die undecima mensis Novembris lento igne absumpta.

Continuant claram hanc martyrum seriem Iordanus Ansalone, Siculus, atque Thomas Hioji Rokuzayemon Nishi, laponiensis; quorum alter in urbe Manila sex annos curam animorum gesserat, alter vero egregius Evangelii praeco fuerat in superioribus partibus Insulse Formosae atque in regione Nagasakiensi. Sacerdotes Dominicani ambo mortem subierunt die decimo septimo mensis Novembris, anno MDCXXXIV.

Tempore ultimi ex omnibus sex fuere martyres qui, duce Antonio González, ex Ordine Fratrum Praedicatorum, sacerdote Hispano eodemque theologiae doctore ac rectore Collegii a S. Thoma, e quo Studiorum Universitas Manilensis exorta est, relictis Insulis Philippinis anno MDCXXXVI, Iaponiam petierunt; ubi mox capti – haec fuit eorum fortuna – ultra annum in carcere languerunt in Insula Okinawa, postes Nagasakium ad iudicium translati sunt. Quorum profecto Antonius González, cruciatibus atque febri interfectus, in carcere enectus est, die quarto et vicesimo mensis Septembris, anno MDCXXXVII; ceteri, excruciati tormentis, die septimo et vicesimo eiusdem mensis patibulum subierunt, qua fine Christi amore mortem occubuerunt. Iuvat sane et eorum subicere nomina, in Dei laudem perpetuam. Sunt ergo: Villelmus Courtet, Gallus, doctor theologiae, atque virtute paenitentiae illustris; Michaël de Aozaraza, ex pago Hispanico Oñate, minister animarum fidelissimus; atque Vincentius Shiwozuka, Iaponiensis, qui sacrum ministerium in Philippinis Insulis exercuerant: omnes Dominicani Sacerdotes. Quos non satis fuit carnificibus supplicie crucis absumi, sed et decapitaci iusserunt. Factum est ergo ut quos una Fratrum Praedicatorum religio agglutinavisset, eorum etiam eadem sors ac fortuna in morte esset.

Horum autem trium, quos diximus, interpres Lazarus fuit ex urbe Kyoto, laicus, olim a suis in exsilium, sic ut Vincentius, pulsus, fidei christianae causa. Qui, tametsi brevissime ambo, cruciatibus heu confecti, cesserunt, statim tamen in Dei gratiam reconciliati, martyrium fecerunt.

Sextus autem et horum omnium ultimus Laurentius Ruiz fuit, Manilensis, pater familias, e Sodalitate Rosarii, atque adiutor Fratrum Praedicatorum degentium Binondi, in Manilae suburbio. Qui, primo dubius, postea vero iter simul cum Missionaries perrexit, atque carcerem, poenas, ac vel ultima fata pro fide implevit.

Iamvero si ad beatum Augustinum revertamur a quo digressi sumus, in haec eius incidimus verba: «Multi patiuntur tribulationes; parem habent poenam: sed parem non habent causam ... non facet martyrem poena, sed causa» (Serm. 327, 1-2). Cum autem nostrorum martyrum causa esset certissima, id est Christi fides ac religio, idcirco de illorum beatificatione statim agitatum est, quamvis primum de sacerdotum tantum. Qua re processus informativi, quos dicunt, instructi sunt Manilae ac Macai, annis videlicet MDCXXXVI-MDCXXXVII, rite. Quorum tamen cum acta periissent, causa stetit ad nostra usque tempora. Actis autem illis luci redditis, anno MCMLIX iterum causa agi coepta est, novis adiunctis documentis, sive sacerdotes illos sive laicos respicientibus ad historicam fidem.

Omnibus ergo apud Sacram Congregationem pro Causis Sanctorum feliciter absolutes, quae sacri canones poscerent, tandem die undecimo m. Octobris, anno MCMLXXX, sollemne decretum a Nobis factum est, quo, probato histories atque theologies ratione martyrio, sexdecim horum Dei servorum, iam iter patuit ad sollemnem illorum beatificationem.

Quae locum habuit Manilae, hac ipsa die, occasione itineris Nostri ad Extremum Orientem: Manilae, inquimus, sic ut Venerabiles Fratres Episcopi Philippini poposcerant, ea praesertim de causa, quod Laurentius Ruiz, primus huius nationis beatus, ac ceteri martyres pastoralia munia in nobilissima hac terra tuiti essent.

Hodie ergo, stipati populi multitudine, inter Sacrum formulam quae sequitur pronuntiavimus, qua illos beatos declaravimus: «In fulfillment of the desires of my brothers, Cardinal Joseph Asajiro Satowaki, Archbishop of Nagasaki, Arquiminio Rodrigues da Costa, Bishop of Macau, and Cardinal Jaime Sin, Archbishop of Manila, and of several other brothers in the Episcopate and of numerous faithful, and after consulting the Sacred Congregation for the Causes of Saints, I, by my apostolic authority, authorize that the venerable Servants of God, Domingo Ibáñez de Erquicia and Jacobo Kyushei Tomonaga, priests of the Order of Preachers, the layman Lorenzo Ruiz, and their thirteen companions be given in future the title of Blessed and that their feast be celebrated annually on the day of their heavenly birth, in the places and in the manner established by law. In the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. Amen».

Post haec et venerati sumus gloriosam hanc militum Christi manum et primi invocavimus, ut Ecclesiae universae sua intercessione prosint.

Hae vero Litterae sive nunc sive in posterum firmae sint suamque vim in perpetuum habeant.

Datum Manilae, sub anulo Piscatoris, die XVIII mensis Februarii, anno MCMLXXXI, Pontificatus Nostri tertio.

AUGUSTINUS Card. CASAROLI, a publicis Ecclesiae negotiis

© Copyright 1981 - Libreria Editrice Vaticana


IOANNES PAULUS EPISCOPUS

SERVUS SERVORUM DEI
AD PERPETUAM REI MEMORIAM

LITTERAE DECRETALES

PRAEDICATORUM FRATRUM

DOMINICUS IBÁÑEZ DE ERQUICIA, O.P., IACOBUS KYUSHEI TOMONAGA,
O.P., LAURENTIUS RUIZ DE MANILA ATQUE XIII SOCII MARTYRES
IN SANCTORUM ALBUM REFERUNTUR

Praedicatorum Fratrum apostolatus iam primo saeculo christiano Iaponiae recensetur, quod quidem S. Franciscus Saverius incohavit. Hi enim anno MDCII missionem instituerunt, quam provinciae Sancti Rosarii demandarunt, de industria ad ultimas nationes orientales evangelizandas destinatae. Eorundem opus in insulis Kyushu et Honshu explicabatur maximeque Nagasakii.

Missionalis actio valde ferbuit et fuit ea frugifera. Varii fuere casus quos Evangelii hi praecones passi sunt ab Europa oriundi, ab Hispania praesertim, sectantibus et adiuvantibus religiosis laicisque Iaponensibus. Hac in consociata opera ad martyrii usque testimonium XVI heroes numerantur hi, hodie inter Sanctos referendi, veluti illius missionis soboles postrema, iam anno MDCXXXVII exstinctae.

Temporis ordine primus, qui pasorali quoque rei praeerat, Vicarius fuit Provincialis, Dominicus scilicet Ibáñez de Erquicia, Regilii ortus in Hispaniae finibus, idemque Manilae in S. Thomae collegio professor missionariusque pariter in insula quam eius accolae Luzón vocant. Anno MDCXXIII in Iaponiam se contulit sodalibus ut opem ferret Ordinis S. Dominici et christianos solaretur. Inibi autem virorum illorum assimilis, qui a Spiritu Sancto aunt laudati (Heb 11, 36-39), decem per annos est operatus. Legis vi anno MDCXXXIII a militum duce proscriptae cui nomen Tokugawa Yemitsu, quique Christi religionem vetuit, die XIV mensis Augusti illius anni immolatus est, supplicio furcae affectus et foveae. Eiusdem adiutor fuit Franciscus Shoyemon catechista, qui veluti socius inter praedicatores erat receptus.

Tribus post diebus idem iisdemque locis duobus aliis contigit Iaponensibus sacerdoti scilicet Iacobo Kyushei Tomonaga O.P., missionario quondam Formosa in insula, atque ipsius catechistae Michaël Kurobioye. Die autem XIX mensis Octobris eadem Lucas Alonsus Gorda seu a Spiritu Sancto passus est, natione Hispanus et sacerdos O.P., et is Evangelii praeco impavidus, qui decem annos ad ultimas usque illius nationis regiones septentrionales peragravit. Eum est comitatus dominicanus novitius ipsiusque catechista Matthaeus Kohioye a Rosario, adulescens vixdum duodeviginti annorum.

Anno vero MDCXXXIV, die XVII mensis Novembris, Ecclesiae Nagasakiensis martyrologio alii duo dominicani annumerantur fratres, Siculus scilicet Hyacinthus Iordanus Ansalone et Iaponensis Thomas Hioji Rokuzayemon Nishi. Alter sacrum ministerium Manilae praestituerat alter in septentrionali parte Formosanae insulae. Praeter furcae foveaeque supplicium, eorum in fide fortitudo acerrime temptata est per aquae tormenta vi exhaustae et deinceps emissae, necnon per arundinum cruciatum, cum eaedem praeacutae subter ungues figerentur.

Nec minus fortiter duae restiterunt virgines adulescentes, alumnae fratrum et sociae, Magdalena videlicet Nagasakiensis, ad S. Augustini pertinens Tertium Ordinem ac deinceps S. Dominici quoque, atque socia in Ordine hoc, Marina scilicet Omurensis, in urbe sua natali viva exusta. Una die XV mensis Octobris passa est, altera die XI mensis Novembris.

Manipulus novissimus qui Manila navem anno MDCXXXVI solvit ut populum illum fidelem levaret vexatum quidem et indigentem, ex quattuor constabat fratribus O.P. duobusque laicis; quem manipulum Antonius Gonzalez moderabatur, natione Hispanus, Leonensis scilicet, qui apud S. Thomae Manilae collegium docebat, quod postea factum est Pontificia studiorum Universitas; alter istorum Michaël de Aozaraza erat, Ognatensis, in regionis finibus quam vocant Guipuzcoa, idemque missionarius in paene insula Bataanensi Philippinarum insularum; item Villelmus Courtet, vel Thomas a S. Dominico, Gallus Serignanensis, theologiae doctor; denique Vincentius Shiwozuka, seu a Cruce, Iaponensis, qui Manilae ordinationem presbyteralem susceperat. In horum numerum ascribuntur, ducis et interpretis fungens munere, Lazarus Byotensis, propter fidem diu patria extorris, atque furtim Laurentius Ruiz, Manilensis ortu, trium liberorum pater, S. Rosarii sodalis atque Dominicanorum in paroecia Binondina adiutor.

Vinculis annum devincti in insula Okinavensi, translati sunt postea Nagasakium, ubi aperte fidem sunt testati ante tribunal, quemadmodum egit Christus coram Pontio Pilato (1 Tim 6, 13), ut eosdem ac alii cruciatus paterentur necnon capitis damnationem. Die vero XXIX mensis Septembris mortui sunt, anno MDCXXXVII, quos autem Antonius Gonzalez antecessit, carcere confectus, die XXIV eiusdem mensis.

Eorum nempe martyrium consequensque fama in annales sunt relata rerum gestarum christianarum Iaponensium, dum processus informativi instituebantur tum Manilae tum Macaunensi in civitate annis MDCXXXVI et MDCXXXVII. Hos post inventos ineunte saeculo XX, repetita est beatificationis Causa, inquisitionibus redintegratis et pervestigationibus quibus «Positio super introductione causae et martyrio» constituta est, quae evulgata est deinceps anno MCMLXXIX. Postquam eorum propter fidem agnita est more die XI mensis Octobris anno MCMLXXX, inter beatos sunt relati die XVIII mensis Februarii anno MCMLXXXI Manilae, cum Nos iter faceremus pastorale in Philippinensi Ecclesia quacum variis de causis nectebantur ipsi, nominatim Laurentius Ruiz, primus huius loci habitus martyr.

Illarum insularum fidelis populus magis magisque Beatum suum venerabatur una simul cum passionis sociis, qui a Deo impetravit mirum sacris canonibus expostulatum ad canonizationem, sanationem scilicet puellae Caeciliae Alegria Policarpio perfectam et stabilem, quae sine medicamentis morbo liberata est paralysis cerebri anatomicae-functionalis. Quod quidem miraculum cum comprobavissemus die I mensis Iunii anno MCMLXXXVII, die XXII eiusdem mensis consistorium celebravimus, in quo, Venerabilibus Fratribus Nostris S.R.E. Cardinalibus faventibus necnon Fratribus Episcopis participantibus, diem canonizationis statuimus, dominicum, XVIII scilicet mensis proximi Octobris.

Tempus illud erat opportunum, cum ageretur dies pro Missionibus universalis occurrente etiam Episcoporum Synodo de Missione laicorum in Ecclesia et huius temporis mundo. De christiano nomine proferendo bene sane sunt meriti, suas quisque secundum facultates, XVI Martyres Nagasakienses, quorum XI religiosi et V laici, ab Europa oriundi et Asia. Unum propositum unumque testimonium ex pluribus.

Die igitur statuta in Petriano foro, rogatione audita Venerabilis Fratris Nostri S.R.E. Petri Cardinalis Palazzini, Congregationis pro Causis Sanctorum Praefecti, inter sacra hanc sumus elocuti formulam:

«Nos, ad honorem Sanctae et Individuae Trinitatis, ad exaltationem fidei catholicae et vitae christianae incrementum, auctoritate Domini Nostri Iesu Christi, beatorum apostolorum Petri et Pauli ac Nostra, matura deliberatione praehabita et divina ope saepius implorata, ac de plurimorum Fratrum Nostrorum consilio, Beatos Laurentium Ruiz de Manila, Dominicum Ibáñez de Erquicia, Iacobum Kyushei Tomonaga et tredecim Socios, Martyres in Iaponia, Sanctos esse decernimus et definimus, ac Sanctorum Catalogo ascribimus, statuentes eos in universa Ecclesia inter Sanctos Martyres pia devotione recoli debere. In nomine Patris et Filii et Spiritus Sancti».

Quod autem decrevimus, volumus et nunc et in posterum tempus vim habere, contrariis rebus minime obsistentibus.

Datum Romae, apud Sanctum Petrum, die duodevicesimo mensis Octobris, anno Domini millesimo nongentesimo octogesimo septimo, Pontificatus Nostri decimo.

EGO IOANNES PAULUS


Catholicae Ecclesiae Episcopus


Eugenius Sevi, Protonot. Apost.

© Copyright 1987 - Libreria Editrice Vaticana

SOURCE : http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/la/apost_letters/1987/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_19871018_praedicatorum-fratrum.html


Santi Lorenzo Ruiz di Manila e 15 compagni


 - Memoria Facoltativa

† Nagasaki, 1633-37

Nella prima metà del secolo XVII (1633-1637) sedici martiri, Lorenzo Ruiz e i suoi compagni, versarono il loro sangue per amore di Cristo nella città di Nagasaki in Giappone. Questa gloriosa schiera di appartenenti o associati all'Ordine di san Domenico, conta nove presbiteri, due religiosi fratelli, due vergini consacrate e tre laici fra cui il filippino Lorenzo Ruiz, padre di famiglia (m. 29 settembre 1637). Invitti missionari del Vangelo tutti quanti, pur di diversa età e condizione, contribuirono a diffondere la fede di Cristo nelle Isole Filippine, a Formosa e nell'Arcipelago Giapponese. Testimoniando mirabilmente la universalità della religione cristiana e confermando con la vita e con la morte l'annunzio del Vangelo, essi sparsero abbondantemente il seme della futura comunità ecclesiale. Giovanni Paolo II ha beatificato questi gloriosi martiri il 18 febbraio 1981 a Manila (Filippine) e li ha iscritti nel catalogo dei santi il 18 ottobre 1987. (Mess. Rom.)

Martirologio Romano: Santi Lorenzo da Manila Ruiz e quindici compagni, martiri, che, preti, religiosi e laici, dopo aver seminato la fede cristiana nelle isole Filippine, a Taiwan e nel Giappone, per ordine del comandante supremo Tokugawa Yemitsu subirono in giorni diversi a Nagasaki in Giappone il martirio per amore di Cristo, ma vengono oggi celebrati tutti in un’unica commemorazione.

SANTI MARTIRI DOMENICANI IN GIAPPONE

Si tratta di uno stuolo di 16 martiri per la fede, uccisi a Nagasaki in Giappone negli anni 1633-37; facendo seguito al numeroso gruppo di 205 martiri che donarono la loro vita, sempre a Nagasaki-Omura, negli anni 1617-32.

Essi furono vittime della persecuzione scatenata il 28 febbraio 1633, dallo “shogun” (supremo capo militare della nazione), Tokagawa Yemitsu; che con il suo (Editto n. 7), colpiva gli stranieri che “predicano la legge cristiana e i complici in questa perversità, che devono essere detenuti nel carcere di Omura”.

I sedici missionari contavano nove padri Domenicani, tre Fratelli religiosi domenicani, due Terziarie domenicane, di cui una anche Terziaria Agostiniana, due laici, di cui uno padre di famiglia.

Avevano svolto apostolato attivo nel diffondere la fede cristiana nelle Isole Filippine, a Formosa e in Giappone; e appartenevano in diverso grado alla Provincia Domenicana del Santo Rosario, allora detta anche delle Filippine, la cui fondazione risaliva alle Missioni in Cina del 1587 e che al principio del 1600, aveva istituito una Vicaria in Giappone.

Essi furono catturati a gruppi o singolarmente, e rinchiusi nel carcere di Nagasaki e in quel quinquennio, in vari tempi ricevettero il martirio.

Dal 1633 era stata introdotta una nuova tecnica crudele di supplizio, a cui venivano sottoposti i condannati e così lasciati morire e si chiamava “ana-tsurushi”, cioè della forca e della fossa: si sospendeva il condannato ad una trave di legno con il corpo e il capo all’ingiù, e rinchiuso in una buca sottostante fino alla cintola, riempita di rifiuti; lasciandolo agonizzare e soffocare man mano per giorni.

Ma dal 1634 i cristiani prima di subire questo martirio, venivano sottoposti ad atroci tormenti come l’acqua fatta ingurgitare in abbondanza e poi espulsa con violenza e poi con la trafittura di punte acuminate tra le unghie ed i polpastrelli delle mani.

Certo la malvagità umana, quando si sfrena nell’inventare forme crudeli da infliggere ai suoi simili, supera ogni paragone con la ferocia delle bestie, che perlomeno agiscono per istinto e per procacciarsi il cibo.

I sedici martiri erano di varie nazionalità: 1 filippino, 9 giapponesi, 4 spagnoli, 1 francese, 1 italiano.
Nel 1633 furono uccisi padre Domenico Ibáñez de Equicia, nato nel 1589 a Régil (Guipuzcoa) in Spagna e il catechista fratello cooperatore giapponese Francesco Shoyemon, ambedue morti il 14 agosto.

Il 17 agosto furono uccisi padre Giacomo Kyushei Gorobioye Tomonaga, giapponese e Michele Kurabioye, catechista cooperatore giapponese.

Il 19 ottobre morirono padre Luca Alonso Gorda, spagnolo nato nel 1594 a Carracedo (Zamora) e Matteo Kohioye, fratello cooperatore catechista giapponese, nato ad Arima nel 1615.

Nell’anno 1634 furono uccise le due Terziarie Domenicane, l’11 novembre Marina di Omura giapponese, ospite dei missionari, bruciata viva a fuoco lento e Maddalena di Nagasaki giapponese, nata nel 1610 (già Terziaria Agostiniana) morta il 15 ottobre.

Il 17 novembre perirono padre Giordano Giacinto Ansalone, italiano della Sicilia, nato nel 1589; padre Tommaso Hioji Rokuzayemon Nishi giapponese, nato a Hirado nel 1590; e padre Guglielmo Courtet, francese.

Nell’anno 1637 furono martirizzati padre Antonio González spagnolo, nato a León, morto il 24 settembre; poi padre Michele de Aozaraza, nato nel 1598 a Oñata (Guipuzcoa) in Spagna e padre Vincenzo Shiwozuka giapponese, morti il 29 settembre; insieme a loro anche i due laici Lorenzo Rúiz, filippino di Manila, padre di famiglia, sacrestano dei Domenicani e Lazzaro di Kyoto, giapponese.

Sul martirio del gruppo si tennero negli anni 1637 e 1638 due processi diocesani, i cui ‘Atti’ ritrovati solo all’inizio del XX secolo, resero possibile la ripresa della Causa presso la Santa Sede.

Essi furono beatificati da papa Giovanni Paolo II il 18 febbraio 1981 a Manila nelle Filippine, essendo Lorenzo Rúiz il protomartire di quella Nazione e canonizzati a Roma dallo stesso pontefice il 18 ottobre 1987.


Il Martyrologium Romanum comemmora questi 16 santi martiri nei rispettivi anniversari della loro morte:

93349 - Domenico Ibanez de Erquicia Pérez de Lete, Sacerdote domenicano, 14 agosto

93349 - Francesco Shoyemon, Novizio domenicano, 14 agosto

93350 - Giacomo Kyuhei Gorobioye Tomonaga, Sacerdote domenicano, 17 agosto

93350 - Michele Kurobioye, Laico, 17 agosto

93351 - Luca Alonso Gorda, Sacerdote domenicano, 19 ottobre


93351 - Matteo Kohioye, Novizio domenicano, 19 ottobre

90173 - Maddalena da Nagasaki, Terziaria domenicana ed agostiniana, 15 ottobre

90885 - Marina di Omura, Terziaria domenicana, 11 novembre

77900 - Giacinto Ansalone (Giordano di Santo Stefano) , Sacerdote domenicano, 17 novembre

93352 - Tommaso Hioji Kokuzayemon Nishi, Sacerdote domenicano, 17 novembre

92015 - Antonio Gonzalez, Sacerdote domenicano, 24 settembre

72250 - Guglielmo Courtet (Tommaso di San Domenico) , Sacerdote domenicano, 29 settembre

72250 - Michele di Aozaraza, Sacerdote domenicano, 29 settembre

72250 - Vincenzo Shiwozuka (Vincenzo della Croce) , Sacerdote domenicano, 29 settembre

72250 - Lorenzo Ruiz di Manila, Laico, 29 settembre

72250 - Lazzaro di Kyoto, Laico, 29 settembre

Autore: 
Antonio Borrelli

dimanche 25 septembre 2016

Saint SERGE de RADONÈGE, ermite, moine, higoumène et fondateur


Saint Serge de Radonège

Ermite, fondateur du monastère de la Trinité-Saint-Serge ( 1392)

Né à Rostov au nord de Moscou, le jeune Barthélémy (le futur moine Serge) émigre à Radonège avec les siens, fuyant l'avance des Tatares. Le garçon, peu doué pour les études, ne rêve que de vie monastique. A la mort de ses parents, il se retire avec son frère aîné dans la forêt pour y vivre en ermite au milieu des loups et des ours. Les deux frères bâtissent une chapelle dédiée à la Sainte Trinité. Avec le temps, l'ermitage devient un monastère (le monastère de la Sainte Trinité), peuplé de moines vivant une pauvreté radicale dans une grande liberté. Le patriarche de Constantinople dont dépend alors la Russie, impose à Serge l'adoption de la Règle cénobitique du Studion, qui instaure entre les moines une vie commune plus stricte. Serge se soumet à regret. Il ne reste pas confiné dans son monastère. Il se sent responsable de son pays en pleine ébullition politique. Les princes sollicitent ses conseils et ses prières. En 1380, il bénit le grand-prince Dimitri de Moscou avant la bataille de Koulikovo qui inaugure la fin du joug mongol en Russie. On pourrait la comparer en France à la bataille de Poitiers sur les Musulmans. Il mène encore des missions de conciliation entre les princes russes et fonde de nombreux autres monastères. Le monastère de la Trinité Saint Serge, à 70 km de Moscou, resta, même aux jours les plus sombres du communisme, un grand pèlerinage et l'un des centres théologiques et spirituels de l'Église Russe. 

Il fut canonisé en 1452.

Au monastère de la Sainte Trinité, aux environs de Moscou, en 1392, saint Serge de Radonez, qui vécut d’abord en ermite dans des forêts sauvages, puis pratiqua la vie cénobitique et la propagea, une fois élu higoumène, homme plein de douceur, conseiller des princes et consolateur des fidèles.


Martyrologe romain




Viktor Vasnetsov (1848–1926). Saint Sergius de Radonezh

La Vie du Saint Père Théophore Serge de Radonège, Thaumaturge et Protecteur de la Russie

Saint Serge naquit en 1313 à Rostov. Ses parents, Cyrille et Marie, lui donnèrent au baptème le nom de Barthélémy. Dès le sein de sa mère, Dieu laissa prévoir la gloire future de son serviteur. C'est ainsi qu'une fois, au cours de la liturgie avant la lecture de l'Evangile, l'enfant se mit à crier dans le sein de sa mère, si fort que sa voix fut entendue par d'autres. Au moment de l'hymne des chérubins, la voix de l'enfant se mit encore à retentir, ce qui effraya Marie. Lorsque le prêtre prononça l'ecphonèse : «Ce qui est saint aux saints !», l'enfant poussa un cri pour la troisième fois, et sa mère commença à pleurer. Ceux qui étaient présents à la liturgie souhaitaient voir l'enfant; mais la mère fut contrainte de dire qu'il criait non pas sur ses bras, mais dans son sein. Après cet événement inhabituel, Marie, pendant toute la période de sa grossesse, ne mangeait ni viande ni lait ni poisson; elle se nourrissait exclusivement de pain et d'eau, et vaquait à la prière. Lorsqu'il eut sept ans, on envoya l'enfant ètudier. Or, contrairement à ses frères Etienne et Pierre qui apprenaient bien, Barthélémy éprouvait des difficultés. Le maître le punissait, ses camarades se moquaient de lui, ses parents le réprimandaient; mais Barthélémy, malgré toute sa bonne volonté, ne parvenait pas à apprendre. C'est alors que se produisit le même phénomène qu'avec Saül. Un jour, alors que son père l'avait envoyé au champ chercher des chevaux, Barthélémy aperçut un moine âgé sous un chêne, qui priait en versant des larmes. Le jeune garçon s'approcha doucement, attendant la fin de la prière du staretz, qui lui dit: «Que te faut-il, mon enfant?» Barthélémy répondit: «Je ne puis apprendre malgré mes efforts. Prie Dieu pour moi, saint père, pour que je puisse apprendre les lettres». Le staretz, en prononçant une prière, donna un morceau de prosphore à l'enfant et lui dit: «Ne t'afflige point. A partir de ce jour, le Seigneur te donnera la compréhension des lettres!» Alors que le staretz voulait sortir, Barthélémy tomba à ses pieds et lui demanda de visiter la maison de ses parents. Il ajouta: «Mes parents aiment fort les personnes semblables à toi, Père». L'Ancien, en souriant, se rendit à la maison des parents de l'enfant, qui le reçurent avec grande considération. Ils le prièrent de partager leur repas, puis le staretz entra dans la chapelle familiale. Prenant l'enfant avec lui, le vieux moine lui ordonna de lire les heures. Cependant, Barthélémy, troublé, répondit qu'il ne pouvait pas lire. Le staretz réintima l'ordre, et l'enfant, ayant pris sa bénédiction, commença à lire le psautier correctement et distinctement, à l'étonnement général. A table, les parents racontèrent au moine ce qui s'était produit à l'église quand l'enfant était encore dans le sein de sa mère. Le staretz, avant de se séparer d'eux, dit ces paroles énigmatiques: «Cet enfant va devenir la demeure de la Sainte Trinité, et amènera une multitude à la compréhension de Sa volonté». Après cela, Barthélémy commença à fréquenter avec ardeur l'église et à lire la sainte Ecriture. Après un certain temps, alors qu'il était âgé de douze ans, il se mit à observer une stricte tempérance, s'abstenant de toute nourriture le mercredi et le vendredi et se contentant, les autres jours, de pain sec et d'eau. En raison de certains malheurs qui le frappèrent à Rostov, le père de Barthélémy, Cyrille, partit à Radonège avec sa famille. Là, Barthélémy continua son ascèse. Alors que ses deux frères s'étaient mariés, il demanda à ses parents la permission de s'engager dans la vie monastique. Ceux-ci le prièrent d'ajourner son désir jusqu'à leur mort. Cependant, peu de temps après, ils entrèrent eux-mêmes au monastère et décédèrent bientôt. Pendant quarante jours, Barthélémy pria sur leur tombe, nourrit les pauvres et fit servir des offices de requiem. Ensuite, il fit don de ses biens à son frère cadet Pierre et décida d'accomplir son désir. Son frère aîné Etienne, dont la femme était décédée, effectua sa profession monastique au monastère de Khotov, où ses parents étaient enterrés. Barthélémy, qui souhaitait une profonde solitude, convainquit Etienne de rechercher un endroit qui conviendrait mieux à la vie ascétique. Ils cheminèrent longtemps dans les forêts, puis trouvèrent un endroit approvisionné en eau et éloigné des chemins battus, à dix verstes de Radonège et de Khotov. Ils bâtirent une cellule avec une petite église. Le frère cadet, obéissant à l'aîné, demanda en quel nom serait construite l'église. Barthélémy, se rappelant les paroles du staretz, répondit qu'il convenait de dédier l'église à la Sainte Trinité. Le frère cadet dit alors que telle était aussi sa pensée. L'église fut consacrée avec la bénédiction du métropolite Théognoste. Ayant demandé à l'higoumène Métrophane de venir, Barthélémy reçut la tonsure monastique avec le nom de Serge. Il avait alors vingt-quatre ans (1337). Etienne, quant à lui, parti peu de temps après au monastère de la Theophanie à Moscou.

Et voici que Serge se trouva seul dans cette forêt, où les loups hurlaient près de sa cellule. Les ours aussi s'approchaient du lieu où vivait le saint. Une fois, Serge s'aperçut qu'un ours n'était pas tant féroce qu'affammé, et il commença à éprouver de la pitié pour cet animal, puis lui donna de la nourriture. Le fauve s'éprit du père et vint souvent recevoir de lui sa pitance. Le saint la lui donnait à chaque fois, partageait son dernier morceau de pain avec cet animal, et allait même jusqu'à se priver de nourriture pour lui. Saint Serge resta seul pendant trois ans jusqu'à ce que des zélateurs de la piété commencent à lui demander de vivre sous sa direction spirituelle. Peu à peu, douze fréres se rasemblèrent, et chacun d'entre eux construisit sa propre cellule. L'office de minuit, les matines, les heures, les vêpres et les complies étaient quotidiennement célébrées à l'église. Pour la célébration de la liturgie, les frères appelaient un prêtre de l'extérieur, car il n'y en avait pas encore parmi eux. Enfin, l'higoumène Métrophane, qui avait tonsuré Serge, vint vivre avec eux. Mais, peu de temps après, cet ancien mourut. Quant à Serge, il ne voulait pas, par humilité, devenir higoumène. Les frères se réunirent alors, vinrent voir le saint et lui dirent: «Père, nous ne pouvons vivre sans higoumène, et nous souhaitons que ce soit toi qui remplisses cette fonction. Ainsi, lorsque nous viendrons te révéler nos péchés, nous recevrons des enseignements et l'absolution. Il convient également que la liturgie soit célébrée et que nous recevions les saints Mystères de tes pures mains». Cependant Serge refusa et, quelques jours après, la communauté se réunit de nouveau chez le saint, en le priant d'accepter la charge d'higoumène. «Il ne m'appartient pas d'accomplir le ministère angélique; il m'appartient de pleurer mes péchés», répondit-il. Les frères pleurèrent et dirent enfin: «Si tu ne veux pas prendre soin de nos âmes, nous serons contraints de quitter ce lieu, nous errerons alors comme des brebis égarées, et tu devras en répondre devant Dieu.» «Je préfère me soumettre que de commander, dit Serge; mais, craignant le jugement de Dieu, je laisse ce problème à la volonté du Seigneur». Prenant avec lui deux des moines les plus âgés, il se rendit à Péréïaslavl, chez Athanase, l'évêque de Volynie, auquel S. Alexis, alors à Constantinople, avait remis les affaires du diocèse metropolitain.

En 1354, Serge fut ordonné prêtre et élevé au rang d'higoumène par l'évêque Athanase. Il célébrait quotidiennement la sainte liturgie, et arrivait le premier à l'église pour chaque office. Il fabriquait lui-même les cierges et les prosphores, ne permettant jamais à quiconque de participer à cette dernière tâche. Pendant trois ans, le nombre des moines resta identique, le premier qui fit augmenter ce nombre fut l'archimandrite Simon de Smolensk, qui préférait obéir à S. Serge plutôt que commander ailleurs.

Le soir après les complies, et sauf en cas de besoin urgent, nul n'avait l'autorisation de se rendre dans la cellule d'un autre moine. Car les heures de la nuit devaient être réservées à Dieu seul. Le reste du temps, ils restaient dans le silence à alterner la prière et le travail manuel. A la fin de la prière que les frères devaient accomplir dans leur cellule, le saint faisait secrètement le tour de celles-ci. S'il entendait de vaines conversations ou des rires, il frappait à la fenêtre pour les faire cesser et s'en allait tout triste. Le matin, il réunissait les fautifs, et «de loin», à l'aide de paraboles et sur un ton humble et doux, il les instruisait. Il n'employait une sévérité toute mesurée que pour ceux qui refusaient de faire pénitence et persistaient dans leurs fautes. Il aimait tant la pauvreté qu'il institua comme règle stricte de ne jamais faire de quête au profit du monastère: quels que soient ses besoins. Le dépouillement était extrême dans la communauté: On s'éclairait avec des tisons pour l'office, et les livres étaient faits en écorce de bouleau. Un jour, le monastère se trouva réduit à une si extrême misère qu'on ne pouvait plus y trouver ni pain ni eau. Après avoir passé trois jours sans nourriture, Serge se rendit chez le frère Daniel et lui dit: «J'ai entendu que tu voudrais construire une entrée devant ta cellule. Je te la construirai afin que mes mains ne restent pas oisives. Cela ne te coûtera pas cher, je veux du pain avarié et tu en as.» Daniel lui apporta donc des morceaux de pain moisis qu'il avait chez lui. «Garde-les, lui dit le saint, jusqu'à la neuvième heure; je ne prends pas de salaire avant d'avoir travaillé». Ayant achevé son travail, Serge pria, bénit le pain, en mangea, puis but de l'eau, ce qui constitua son repas. En raison de l'absence de nourriture, les frères commencèrent à manifester leur mécontentement: «Nous mourons de faim», dirent les faibles, «et tu ne permets pas de demander l'aumône. Demain, nous partirons d'ici, chacun de son côté, et nous ne reviendrons plus ! » Le saint les persuada alors de ne pas affaiblir leur espoir en Dieu. «Je crois, dit-il, que Dieu ne délaissera pas les habitants de ce lieu». A ce moment, on entendit quelq'un frapper à la porte. Le portier vit que l'on avait apporté beaucoup de pains. Il accourut tout joyeux, et dit à l'higoumène: «Père, on nous a apporté beaucoup de pains. Donne-nous ta bénédiction afin que nous les prenions! » Le saint ordonna de laisser entrer les bienfaiteurs, et convia tous les frères à table, ayant au préalable célébré un office d'action de grâces. «Où sont ceux qui nous ont apportè ces dons ?» demanda-t-il. «Nous les avons invites à table et leur avons demandé qui les avait envoyés», répondit le moine, «et ils nous dirent que c'était quelqu'un qui aime le Christ, qui les avait envoyés; mais que, ayant une autre tâche accomplir, ils devaient partir».

Une autre fois, le saint, tard dans la soirée, priait pour les frères de son monastère. Soudain, il entendit une voix lui dire: «Serge! » Ayant terminé une prière, il ouvrit la fenêtre et aperçut une lumière inhabituelle qui descendait du ciel, et la voix continua: «Serge ! Le Seigneur a entendu la prière pour tes enfants; vois quelle multitude s'est rassemblée autour de toi au nom de la Sainte Trinité». Alors, le saint vit une multitude d'oiseaux merveilleux, volant non seulement dans le monastère, mais également tout autour. «Ainsi, poursuivit la voix, se multipliera le nombre de tes disciples et il ne te manquera point de successeurs pour marcher sur tes traces».

Peu de temps après, le patriarche Philothée' fit parvenir au saint une croix et encore d'autres présents avec une lettre, dont voici le contenu : «Par la Miséricorde Divine, l'archevêque de Constantinople, patriarche œcuménique, Philothée, à Serge, fils dans le Saint-Esprit et concélébrant de notre humble personne. Que la grâce, la paix et notre bénédiction soient avec vous tous! Nous avons entendu parler de ta vie vertueuse, nous l'approuvons, et nous en glorifions Dieu. Mais il te manque une chose: la vie commune (cénobitique). Tu sais, Père très semblable au Christ, que le parent de Dieu, le prophète David, qui saisissait tout par son esprit, loua la vie commune. «Qu'y a-t-il de meilleur et de plus beau pour des frères gue de vivre ensemble» ? (Ps 132). Pour cela, je vais vous donner un conseil utile: instituez le cénobitisme. Que la miséricorde de Dieu et notre bénédiction soient avec vous! » Suivant le conseil du patriarche, le saint, avec la bénédiction du métropolite Alexis, introduisit la vie commune intégrale dans son monastère. Il construisit les bâtiments nécessaires, définit les devoirs propres à cette vie, et ordonna que toute chose soit commune, interdisant d'avoir sa propriété ou d'appeler quelque chose «sien». Le nombre des disciples s'accrut alors et l'abondance régna au monastère. On introduisit l'hospitalité, on nourrit les pauvres et on donna l'aumône à ceux qui le demandaient. Saint Serge s'était soumis à ce conseil du patriarche par esprit d'obéissance. Bien qu'il demeurât amant de la solitude, il accepta d'assumer cette forme plus rigide de direction, sans cesser pourtant d'être un père et un éducateur plutôt qu'un administrateur. Mais il devait bientôt subir de cruelles épreuves. Un samedi, le saint se trouvait dans le sanctuaire, célébrant les vêpres. Son frère, revenu au monastère, demanda au canonarque: «Qui t'a donné ce livre ?» «L'higoumène», répondit celui-ci. «Qui est higoumène ici ?» répondit à son tour Etienne, avec colère. «N'ai-je pas fondé ce lieu en premier ?» A ceci, il ajouta de violentes paroles. Le saint entendait tout cela dans le sanctuaire, et il comprit que cette manifestation de mécontentement était dûe en fait au nouvel ordre qui régnait dans le monastère. Mécontents du cénobitisme, certains quittèrent en secret le monastère, et d'autres souhaitaient ne plus avoir Serge pour higoumène. Le saint, laissant ceux qui voulaient vivre selon leur volonté face à leur conscience, ne rentra même pas dans sa cellule, mais s'éloigna du monastère. Les meilleurs moines étaient inquiets, mais pensaient encore que Serge reviendrait. Toutefois, leur attente fut déçue. Le saint s'installa à Kirjatch. Sur la demande de certains, saint Alexis dépêcha une délégation auprès de saint Serge,afin qu'il revînt au monastère où il était si utile. Mais saint Alexis, sentant sa mort prochaine, souhaitait trouver en la personne de Serge son successeur. Il le fit venir chez, lui fit cadeau de sa croix épiscopale. Mais saint Serge, par humilité, la refusa en disant: «Pardonne-moi, Seigneur, mais depuis mon enfance je n'ai jamais porté d'or et maintenant, je souhaite d'autant plus rester dans le dépouillement». «Je le sais, bien-aimé, mais accepte par obéissance!» répondit Alexis. Ce faisant, il lui passa la croix autour du cou et lui annonça qu'il le désignait comme son successeur. «Pardonne-moi, vénéré pasteur, mais tu veux me charger d'un fardeau qui dépasse mes forces. Tu ne trouveras pas en moi ce que tu cherches. Je suis le plus pécheur et le pire de tous.»

Lorsque les hordes tatares déferlèrent sur la terre russe, et alors que la population était effrayée, le grand Duc Dimitri Ioannovitch, qui avait une grande foi en saint Serge, lui demanda s'il devait entrer en guerre contre les impies Tatares. Le saint bénit le grand Duc pour entrer en guerre et lui dit: «Avec l'aide de Dieu, tu seras victorieux et tu sortiras de la bataille sain et sauf et couvert d'honneurs.». Au moment de la bataille de Koulikovo*, le saint était en prière avec ses frères et parlait du déroulement heureux des combats. Il citait même les noms de ceux qui tombaient, faisant une prière pour eux. Conformément à la prédiction de saint Serge, le grand Duc remporta la célèbre victoire de Koulikovo, qui constituait le début de la délivrance du joug tatare.

Une nuit, alors que saint Serge chantait l'Acathiste à la Mère de Dieu et lui adressait de ferventes prières pour le monastère devant son icône, il s'interrompit un instant pour dire à son disciple Michée: «Sois vigilant, mon enfant, car nous allons recevoir une visite miraculeuse!» A peine avait-il prononcé ces paroles qu'il entendit une voix: «La Très Pure arrive! » Il se précipita à l'entrée de sa cellule et, soudain, une lumière inhabituelle l'entoura, plus éclatante encore que le soleil. Il vit la Très Sainte Mère de Dieu, accompagnée des Apôtres Pierre et Jean, rayonnante d'une gloire indescriptible. Le saint se prosterna à terre, mais la Mère de Dieu le toucha de sa main et dit: «Ne crains point, mon élu! Je suis venue te visiter, car j'ai entendu ta prière pour tes disciples et pour ce lieu. Dorénavant je ne quitterai pas ton monastère, durant ta vie comme après ta mort, et je le protégerai». Après cela, le saint resta sans sommeil toute la nuit, méditant avec piété sur la miséricorde céleste.

Six mois avant son trépas, le saint, appelant sa communauté, la recommanda à Nicon, et se consacra lui-même à la solitude et à la prière. En septembre, il pressentit la maladie, appela de nouveau les frères et leur donna à tous ses dernières instructions. Il mourut le 25 septembre 1391, à l'âge de 78 ans.

* Bataille décisive pour la Russie, que l'on peut comparer à la bataille de Poitiers en France.

Macaire, moine de Simonos Petras


"Le Synaxaire. Vies des Saints de l'Eglise Orthodoxe"

Editions "To Perivoli tis Panaghias", © S. M. Simonos Petras, Mont Athos



Ermite, fondateur Laure de la Sainte Trinité-Saint-Serge (+ 1392)

Serguiev Posad - Сергиев Посад (appelé Zagorsk - Загорск à l'époque soviétique), à 75 km au nord de Moscou 

Ce monastère fondé dans les années 1340 par saint Serge, eut un rayonnement exceptionnel jusqu'au XXe siècle. 

En 1920, la laure est fermée par les bolchéviques et ne sera réouverte qu'après le IIe guerre mondiale : « cadeau » de Staline à l'Église

Le monastère de la Trinité Saint Serge, resta même aux jours les plus sombres du soviétisme un grand lieu de pèlerinage et l'un des centres théologiques et spirituels de l'Église russe. 

1919 - Profanation des reliques de saint Serge de Radonège YOU TUBE

Né à Rostov au nord de Moscou, le jeune Barthélémy (le futur moine Serge) émigre à Radonège avec les siens, fuyant l'avance des Tatares. Le garçon, peu doué pour les études, ne rêve que de vie monastique. A la mort de ses parents, il se retire avec son frère aîné dans la forêt pour y vivre en ermite au milieu des loups et des ours. 


Les deux frères bâtissent une chapelle dédiée à la Sainte Trinité. Avec le temps, l'ermitage devient un monastère (le monastère de la Sainte Trinité), peuplé de moines vivant une pauvreté radicale dans une grande liberté. Le patriarche de Constantinople dont dépend alors la Russie, impose à Serge l'adoption de la Règle cénobitique du Studion, qui instaure entre les moines une vie commune plus stricte. Serge se soumet à regret. Il ne reste pas confiné dans son monastère. Il se sent responsable de son pays en pleine ébullition politique. Les princes sollicitent ses conseils et ses prières. 


En 1380, il bénit le grand-prince Dimitri de Moscou avant la bataille de Koulikovo qui inaugure la fin du joug mongol en Russie. On pourrait la comparer en France à la bataille de Poitiers sur les Musulmans. Il mène encore des missions de conciliation entre les princes russes et fonde de nombreux autres monastères. 
Il fut canonisé en 1452. 

"Rencontre de Barthélémy avec le moine", par Mikhail Nesterov (1890).
.................................................................. 



В № 82 издаваемой в Москве газеты Российской коммунистической партии "Правда" от 16 апреля 1919 года приведён протокол вскрытия мощей Сергия Радонежского . Произошло это кощунственное святотатство 11 апреля 1919 года, а статья в "Правде"называлась "Святые чудеса". 

Протокол этот, надо заметить, судя по содержанию носит официальный характер и начинается с перечисления всех присутствующих при этом лиц. Всё это большевики, представители партии коммунистов, члены "технической комиссии по вскрытию мощей", представители волостей, уездов и врачей (доктора медицины Ю.А.Гвоздикова и доктора И.П. Попова) представителей духовенства и пр. 

Ровно в 20час.50 мин. По приказанию председателя Сергиевского исполкома - финна Ванханена, один из иеромонахов (Иона) и игумен Лавры, вынуждены были под дулами пистолетов приступить к кощунственному акту вскрытия мощей одного из наиболее чтимых святых угодников Православной церкви. Им пришлось в течении двух часов разбирать покровы и мощи Св.Сергия, который более пятисот лет тому назад благословлял русский народ на борьбу с татарским игом во имя спасения и объединения России. У стен монастыря собралась огромная толпа, а в самом храме народ спешил в последний раз приложиться к святым мощам, слышались возгласы "Мы веровали и будем веровать!". 

В это время в пределе храма устанавливались камеры кинематографа, стали щёлкать фотоаппараты и не смотря на протесты народа, кощунственный акт вскрытия мощей был приведён в исполнение. 

В 22час. 30мин. позорное дело было закончено, а протокол был скреплён 50 подписями. В нём есть отметка, что вскрытие сопровождалось киносъёмкой. 

Мы приводим только один случай подобного вандализма и надругания над святыней, но их множество. В то же время были вскрыты мощи преп. Тихона Задонского в Ельце и Митрофания Воронежского при большом скоплении народа. Красноармейцы эти мощи надевали на штыки, производили кощунства и надругательства. В Ярославле были вскрыты мощи благоверных князей Василия и Константина, а в Спасском монастыре князя Фёдора и его чад Давида и Константина. Всем руководили местные комиссары. Советские "Известия"пишут об извлечении мощей в соборе св.Софии в Новгороде. Священников, отказывавшихся от заявлений, что "якобы кости сгнили", большевики расстреливали на месте.


Rédigé par Parlons d'orthodoxie le 8 Octobre 2013 à 05:30

SOURCE : http://www.egliserusse.eu/blogdiscussion/Saint-Serge-de-Radonege-1392_a304.html



Sergei Kirillov. Saint Sergius de Radonezh


The Life of our Venerable Father Amongst the Saints St. Sergius of Radonezh 

Part 1 Childhood & the Hermitage

    Our holy Father Sergius was born of noble, Orthodox, devout parents. His father was named Cyril and his mother Mary. They found favour with God; they were honourable in the sight of God and man, and abounded in those virtues which are well-pleasing unto God. Cyril had three sons, Stephen, Bartholomew, and Peter, whom he brought up in strict piety and purity.

    Stephen and Peter quickly learned to read and write, but the second boy did not so easily learn to write, and worked slowly and inattentively; his master taught him with care, but the boy could not put his mind to his studies, nor understand, nor do the same as his companions who were studying with him. As a result he suffered from the many reproaches of his parents, and still more from the punishments of his teacher and the ridicule of his companions. The boy often prayed to God in secret and with many tears: "O Lord, give me understanding of this learning. Teach me, Lord, enlighten and instruct me." His reverence for God prompted him to pray that he might receive knowledge from God and not from men.

    One day his father sent him to seek for a lost foal. On his way he met a monk, a venerable elder, a stranger, a priest, with the appearance of an angel. This stranger was standing beneath an oak tree, praying devoutly and with much shedding of tears. The boy, seeing him, humbly made a low obeisance, and awaited the end of his prayers.

    The venerable monk, when he had ended his prayers, glanced at the boy and, conscious that he beheld the chosen vessel of the Holy Spirit, he called him to his side, blessed him, bestowed on him a kiss in the name of Christ, and asked: "What art thou seeking, or what dost thou want, child?" The boy answered, "My soul desires above all things to understand the Holy Scriptures. I have to study reading and writing, and 1 am sorely vexed that 1 cannot learn these things. Will you, holy Father, pray to God for me, that he will give me understanding of book-learning?" The monk raised his hands and his eyes toward heaven, sighed, prayed to God, then said, "Amen."

    Taking out from his satchel, as it were some treasure, with three fingers, he handed to the boy what appeared to be a little bit of white wheaten bread prosphora, saying to him: "Take this in thy mouth, child, and eat; this is given thee as a sign of God's grace and for the understanding of Holy Scriptures. Though the gift appears but small, the taste thereof is very sweet."

    The boy opened his mouth and ate, tasting a sweetness as of honey, wherefore he said, "Is it not written, How sweet are thy words to my palate, more than honey to my lips, and my soul doth cherish them exceedingly?" The monk answered and said, "If thou believest, child, more than this will be revealed to thee; and do not vex thyself about reading and writing; thou wilt find that from this day forth the Lord will give thee learning above that of thy brothers and others of thine own age."

    Having thus informed him of divine favour, the monk prepared to proceed on his way. But the boy flung himself, with his face to the ground, at the feet of the monk, and besought him to come and visit his parents, saying, "My parents dearly love persons such as you are, Father." The monk, astonished at his faith, accompanied him to his parents' house.

    At the sight of the stranger, Cyril and Mary came out to meet him, and bowed low before him. The monk blessed them, and they offered him food, but before accepting any food, the monk went into the chapel, taking with him the boy whose consecration had been signified even before birth, and began a recitation of the Canonical Hours, telling the boy to read the Psalms. The boy said, "I do not know them, Father." The monk replied, "I told thee that from today the Lord would give thee knowledge in reading and writing; read the Word of God, nothing doubting." Whereupon, to the astonishment of all present, the boy, receiving the monk's blessing, began to recite in excellent rhythm; and from that hour he could read.

    His parents and brothers praised God, and after accompanying the monk to the house, placed food before him. Having eaten, and bestowed a blessing on the parents, the monk was anxious to proceed on his way. But the parents pleaded, "Reverend Father, hurry not away, but stay and comfort us and calm our fears. Our humble son, whom you bless and praise, is to us an object of marvel. While he was yet in his mother's womb three times he uttered a cry in church during holy Liturgy. Wherefore we fear and doubt of what is to be, and what he is to do."

    The holy monk, after considering and becoming aware of that which was to be, exclaimed, "O blessed pair, 0 worthy couple, giving birth to such a child! Why do you fear where there is no place for fear? Rather rejoice and be glad, for the boy will be great before God and man, thanks to his life of godliness." Having thus spoken the monk left, pronouncing an obscure saying that their son would serve the Holy Trinity and would lead many to an understanding of the divine precepts. They accompanied him to the doorway of their house, when he became of a sudden invisible. Perplexed, they wondered if he had been an angel, sent to give the boy knowledge of reading.

    After the departure of the monk, it became evident that the boy could read any book, and was altogether changed; he was submissive in all things to his parents, striving to fulfil their wishes, and never disobedient. Applying himself solely to glorifying God, and rejoicing therein, he attended assiduously in Gods church, being present daily at Matins, at the Liturgy, at Vespers. He studied holy scripts, and at all times, in every way, he disciplined his body and preserved himself in purity of body and soul.

    Cyril, devout servant of God, led the life of a wealthy and renowned boyar, in the province of Rostov, but in later years he was reduced to poverty. He, like others, suffered from the invasions of Tatar hordes into Russia, from the skirmishes of troops, the frequent demands for tribute, and from repeated bad harvests, in conjunction with the period of violence and disorder which followed the great Tatar war.

    When the principality of Rostov fell into the hands of the Grand Duke Ivan Danilovich of Moscow, distress prevailed in the town of Rostov, and not least among the princes and boyars. They were deprived of power, of their properties, of honours and rank, of all of which Moscow became the possessor. By order of the Grand Duke they left Rostov, and a certain noble, Vasilii Kochev, with another called Minas, were sent from Moscow to Rostov as voevodas (messengers).

    On arrival in the town of Rostov these two governors imposed a levy on the town and on the inhabitants. A severe persecution followed, and many of the remaining inhabitants of Rostov were constrained to surrender their estates to the Muscovites, in exchange for which they received wounds and humiliations, and went forth empty-handed and really as beggars. In brief, Rostov was subjected to every possible humiliation, even to the hanging, head downward, of their governor, Averkii, one of the chief boyars of Rostov.

    Seeing and hearing of all this, terror spread among the people, not only in the town of Rostov but in all the surrounding country. Cyril, Gods devout servant, avoided further misfortune by escaping from his native town. He assembled his entire household and family and with them removed from Rostov to Radonezh, where he settled near the church dedicated to the Birth of Christ, which is still standing to this day.

    Cyril's two sons, Stephen and Peter, married, but his second son, Bartholomew, would not contemplate marriage, being desirous of becoming a monk. He often expressed this wish to his father, but his parents said to him, "My son, wait a little and bear with us; we are old, poor and sick, and we have no one to look after us, for both your brothers are married." The wondrous youth gladly promised to care for them to the end of their days, and from henceforth strove for his parents' well-being, until they entered the monastic life and went one to a monastery, and the other to a convent. They lived but a few years, and passed away to God. Blessed Bartholomew laid his parents in their graves, mourned for them forty days, then returned to his house.

    Calling his younger brother Peter, he bestowed his share of his father's inheritance on him, retaining nothing for himself. The wife of his elder brother, Stephen, died also, leaving two sons, Clement and Ivan. Stephen soon renounced the world and became a monk in the Monastery of the Theotokis at Khotkov. Blessed Bartholomew now came to him, and begged him to accompany him in the search for some desert place. Stephen assented, and he and the saint together explored many parts of the forest, till finally they came to a waste space in the middle of the forest, near a stream. After inspecting the place they obeyed the voice of God and were satisfied.

    Having prayed, they set about chopping wood and carrying it. First they built a hut, and then constructed a small chapel. When the chapel was finished and the time had come to dedicate it, Blessed Bartholomew said to Stephen, "Now, my lord and eldest brother by birth and by blood, tell me, in honour of whose feast shall this chapel be, and to which saint shall we dedicate it?" Stephen answered: "Why do you ask me, and why put me to the test? You were chosen of God while you were yet in your mother's womb, and he gave a sign concerning you before ever you were born, that the child would be a disciple of the Blessed Trinity, and not he alone would have devout faith, for he would lead many others and teach them to believe in the Holy Trinity. it behoves you, therefore, to dedicate a chapel above all others to the Blessed Trinity." The favoured youth gave a deep sigh and said, "To tell the truth, my lord and brother, I asked you because I felt I must, although I wanted and thought likewise as you do, and desired with my whole soul to erect and dedicate this chapel to the Blessed Trinity, but out of humility I inquired of you." And he went forthwith to obtain the blessing of the ruling prelate for its consecration.

    From the town came the priest sent by Feognost, Metropolitan of Kiev and all Russia, and the chapel was consecrated and dedicated to the the Most Holy Trinity in the reign of the Grand Duke Semion Ivanovich, we believe in the beginning of his reign. The chapel being now built and dedicated, Stephen did not long remain in the wilderness with his brother. He realised soon all the labours in this desert place, the hardships, the all-pervading need and want, and that there were no means of satisfying hunger and thirst, nor any other necessity.

    As yet no one came to the saint, nor brought him anything, for at this time, nowhere around was there any village, nor house, nor people; neither was there road or pathway, but everywhere on all sides were forest and wasteland. Stephen, seeing this, was troubled, and he decided to leave the wilderness, and with it his own brother the saintly desert-lover and desert-dweller. He went from thence to Moscow, and when he reached this city he settled in the Monastery of the Epiphany, found a cell, and dwelt in it, exercising himself in virtue. Hard labour was to him a joy, and he passed his time in ascetic practices in his cell, disciplining himself by fasting and praying, refraining from all indulgence, even from drinking Kvas (a mild russian beer).

Part 2 Hermetic Life

    Aleksei, the future metropolitan, who at this time had not been raised to the rank of bishop, was living in the monastery of the Theotokis in Khotkov, leading a quiet monastic life. Stephen and he spent much time together in spiritual exercises, and they sang in the choir side by side. The Grand Duke Simion came to hear of Stephen and the godly life he led and commanded the Metropolitan Theognost to ordain him priest and, later, to appoint him abbot of the monastery. Aware of his great virtues, the Grand Duke also appointed him as his confessor. Our saint, Sergius, had not taken monastic vows at this time for, as yet, he had not enough experience of monastic life, and of all that is required of a monk. 

    After a while, however, he invited a spiritual elder, who held the dignity of priest and abbot, named Mitrofan, to come and visit him in his solitude. In great humility he entreated him, "Father, may the love of God be with us, and give me the tonsure of a monk. From childhood have I loved God and set my heart on Him these many years, but my parents' needs withheld me. Now, my lord and father, I am free from all bonds, and I thirst, as the hart thirsteth for the springs of living water." The abbot forthwith went into the chapel with him, and gave him the tonsure on the 7th day of October on the feast day of the blessed martyrs Sergius and Bacchus. And Sergius was the name he received as monk. In those days it was the custom to give to the newly tonsured monk the name of the saint whose feast day it happened to be. 

    Our saint was twenty-three years old when he joined the order of monks. Blessed Sergius, the newly tonsured monk, partook of the Holy Sacrament and received the grace of God and the gift of the Holy Spirit. From one whose witness is true and sure, we are told that when Sergius partook of the Holy Sacrament the chapel was filled with a sweet odour; and not only in the chapel, but all around was the same fragrant smell. The saint remained in the chapel seven days, touching no food other than one consecrated loaf given him by the abbot, refusing all else and giving himself up to fasting and prayer, having on his lips the Psalms of David. 

    When Mitrofan bade farewell, St. Sergius in all humility said to him: "Give me your blessing, and pray regarding my solitude; and instruct one living alone in the wilderness how to pray to the Lord God; how to remain unharmed; how to wrestle with the evil one and with one's own temptation to fall into pride, for I am but a novice and a newly tonsured monk." The abbot was astonished and almost afraid. He replied, "You ask of me concerning that which you know no less well than we do, 0 Reverend Father." 

    After discoursing with him for a while on spiritual matters, and commending him to God, Mitrofan went away, leaving St. Sergius alone to silence and the wilderness. Who can recount his labours? Who can number the trials he endured living alone in the wilderness? Under different forms, and from time to time, the devil wrestled with the saint, but the demons beset St. Sergius in vain; no matter what visions they evoked, they failed to overcome the firm and fearless spirit of the ascetic. At one moment it was Satan who laid his snares; at another, incursions of wild beasts took place, for many were the wild animals inhabiting this wilderness. Some of these remained at a distance; others came near the saint, surrounded him and even sniffed him. 

    In particular a bear used to come to the holy man. Seeing the animal did not come to harm him, but in order to get some food, the saint brought a small slice of bread from his but, and placed it on a log or stump, so the bear learned to come for the meal thus prepared for him, and having eaten it went away again. If there was no bread, and the bear did not find his usual slice, he would wait about for a long while and look around on all sides, rather like some moneylender waiting to receive payment of his debt. 

    At this time Sergius had no variety of foods in the wilderness, only bread and water from the spring, and a great scarcity of these. Often, bread was not to be found; then both he and the bear went hungry. Sometimes, although there was but one slice of bread, the saint gave it to the bear, being unwilling to disappoint him of his food. 

    He diligently read the Holy Scriptures to obtain a knowledge of all virtue, in his secret meditations training his mind in a longing for eternal bliss. Most wonderful of all, none knew the measure of his ascetic and godly life spent in solitude. God, the beholder of all hidden things, alone saw it. Whether he lived two years or more in the wilderness alone we do not know; God knows only. The Lord, seeing his very great faith and patience, took compassion on him and, desirous of relieving his solitary labours, put into the hearts of certain god-fearing monks to visit him. The saint inquired of them, "Are you able to endure the hardships of this place, hunger and thirst, and every kind of want?" They replied, "Yes, Reverend Father, we are willing with God's help and with your prayers." 

    Holy Sergius, seeing their faith and zeal, marvelled, and said: "My brethren, I desired to dwell alone in the wilderness and, furthermore, to die in this place. If it be Gods will that there shall be a monastery in this place, and that many brethren will be gathered here, then may God's holy will be done. I welcome you with joy, but let each one of you build himself a cell. Furthermore, let it be known unto you, if you come to dwell in the wilderness, the beginning of righteousness is the fear of the Lord." 

    To increase his own fear of the Lord he spent day and night in the study of God's word. Moreover, young in years, strong and healthy in body, he could do the work of two men or more. The devil now strove to wound him with the darts of concupiscence. The saint, aware of these attacks of the enemy, disciplined his body and exercised his soul, mastering it with fasting, and thus was he protected by the grace of God. 

    Although not yet raised to the office of priesthood, dwelling in company with the brethren, he was present daily with them in church for the reciting of the offices, Nocturnes, Matins, the Hours, and Vespers. For the Liturgy a priest, who was an abbot, came from one of the villages. At first Sergius did not wish to be raised to the priesthood and especially he did not want to become an abbot; this was by reason of his extreme humility. He constantly remarked that the beginning and root of all evil lay in pride of rank, and ambition to be an abbot. The monks were but few in number, about a dozen.
    They constructed themselves cells, not very large ones, within the enclosure, and put up gates at the entrance. Sergius built four cells with his own hands, and performed other monastic duties at the request of the brethren; he carried logs from the forest on his shoulders, chopped them up and carried them into the cells. The monastery, indeed, came to be a wonderful place to look upon. The forest was not far distant from it as now it is; the shade and the murmur of trees hung above the cells; around the church was a space of trunks and stumps; here many kinds of vegetables were sown. But to return to the exploits of St. Sergius. He flayed the grain and ground it in the mill, baked the bread and cooked the food, cut out shoes and clothing and stitched them; he drew water from the spring flowing nearby, and carried it in two pails on his shoulders, and put water in each cell. He spent the night in prayer, without sleep, feeding only on bread and water, and that in small quantifies; and never spent an idle hour. 

    Within the space of a year the abbot who had given the tonsure to St. Sergius fell ill, and after a short while, he passed out of this life. Then God put it into the hearts of the brethren to go to blessed Sergius, and to say to him: "Father, we cannot continue without an abbot. We desire you to be the guide of our souls and bodies." The saint sighed from the bottom of his heart, and replied, "I have had no thought of becoming abbot, for my soul longs to finish its course here as an ordinary monk."

Part 3 His Abbothood

    Within the space of a year the abbot who had given the tonsure to St. Sergius fell ill, and after a short while, he passed out of this life. Then God put it into the hearts of the brethren to go to blessed Sergius, and to say to him: "Father, we cannot continue without an abbot. We desire you to be the guide of our souls and bodies." The saint sighed from the bottom of his heart, and replied, "I have had no thought of becoming abbot, for my soul longs to finish its course here as an ordinary monk."

    The brethren urged him again and again to be their abbot; finally, overcome by his compassionate love, but groaning inwardly, he said: "Fathers and brethren, I will say no more against it, and will submit to the will of God. He sees into our hearts and souls. We will go into the town, to the bishop." Aleksei, the Metropolitan of all Russia, was living at this time in Constantinople, and he had nominated Bishop Afanasii of Volynia in his stead in the town of Pereiaslavl. Our blessed Sergius went, therefore, to the bishop, taking with him two elders; and entering into his presence made a low obeisance.

    Afanasii rejoiced exceedingly at seeing him, and kissed him in the name of Christ. He had heard tell of the saint and of his beginning of good deeds, and he spoke to him of the workings of the Spirit. Our Blessed Father Sergius begged the bishop to give them an abbot, and a guide of their souls. The venerable Afanasii replied, "Thyself, son and brother, God called in thy mother's womb. It is thou who wilt be father and abbot of thy brethren." Blessed Sergius refused, insisting on his unworthiness, but Afanasii said to him, "Beloved, thou hast acquired all virtue save obedience." Blessed Sergius, bowing low, replied-. "May God's will be done. Praised be the Lord forever and forever." They all answered, "Amen." Without delay the holy bishop, Afanasii, led blessed Sergius to the church, and ordained him subdeacon and then deacon.

    The following morning the saint was raised to the dignity of priesthood, and was told to say the holy liturgy and to offer the bloodless Sacrifice. Later, taking him to one side, the bishop spoke to him of the teachings of the Apostles and of the holy fathers, for the edification and guidance of souls. After bestowing on him a kiss in the name of Christ, he sent him forth, in very deed an abbot, pastor, and guardian, and physician of his spiritual brethren.

    He had not taken upon himself the rank of abbot; he received the leadership from God; he had not sought it, nor striven for it; he did not obtain it by payment, as do others who have pride of rank, chasing hither and thither, plotting and snatching power from one another. God himself led his chosen disciple and exalted him to the dignity of abbot.

    Our revered father and abbot Sergius returned to his monastery, to the abode dedicated to the Holy Trinity, and the brethren, coming out to meet him, bowed low to the ground before him. He blessed them, and said: "Brethren, pray for me. I am altogether ignorant, and I have received a talent from the Highest, and 1 shall have to render an account of it, and of the flock committed to me." There were twelve brethren when he first became abbot, and he was the thirteenth. And this number remained, neither increasing nor diminishing, until Simon, the archimandrite of Smolensk, arrived among them. From that time onward their numbers constantly increased. This wondrous man, Simon, was chief archimandrite, excellent, eminent, abounding in virtue. Having heard of our Reverend Father Sergius' way of life, he laid aside honours, left the goodly city of Smolensk, and arrived at the monastery where, greeting our Reverend Father Sergius with the greatest humility, he entreated him to allow him to live under him and his rules in all submission and obedience: and he offered the estate he owned as a gift to the abbot for the benefit of the monastery. Blessed Sergius welcomed him with great joy.

    Simon lived many years, submissive and obedient, abounding in virtue, and died in advanced old age. Stephen, the saint's brother, came with his younger son, Ivan, from Moscow and, presenting him to Abbot Sergius, asked him to give him the tonsure. Abbot Sergius did so, and gave him the name of Theodore; from his earliest years the boy had been taught abstinence, piety, and chastity, following his uncle's precepts; according to some accounts he was given the tonsure when he was ten years old, others say twelve. People from many parts, towns and countries, came to live with Abbot Sergius, and their names are written in the book of life. The monastery bit by bit grew in size.

    It is recorded in the Paterikon -that is to say, in the book of the early fathers of the Church - that the holy fathers in assembly prophesied about later generations, saying that the last would be weak. But, of the later generations, God made Sergius as strong as one of the early fathers. God made him a lover of hard work, and to be the head over a great number of monks. From the time he was appointed abbot, the holy Liturgy was sung every day. He himself baked the holy bread; first he flayed and ground the wheat, sifted the flour, kneaded and fermented the dough; he entrusted the making of the holy bread to no one. He also cooked the grains for the "kutia," and he also made the candles.

    Although occupying the chief place as abbot, he did not alter in any way his monastic rules. He was lowly and humble with all people, and was an example to all. He never sent away anyone who came to him for the tonsure, neither old nor young, nor rich nor poor; he received them all with fervent joy; but he did not give them the tonsure at once. He who would be a monk was ordered, first, to put on a long, black cloth garment and to live with the brethren until he got accustomed to all the monastic rules; then, later, he was given full monk's attire of cloak and hood. Finally, when he was deemed worthy, he was allowed the "schema," the mark of the ascetic.

    After Vespers, and late at night, especially on long dark nights, the saint used to leave his cell and do the rounds of the monk's cells. If he heard anyone saying his prayers, or making genuflections, or busy with his own handiwork, he was gratified and gave thanks to God. If, on the other hand, he heard two or three monks chatting together, or laughing, he was displeased, rapped on the door or window, and passed. on. In the morning he would send for them and, indirectly, quietly and gently, by means of some parable, reprove them. If he was a humble and submissive brother he would quickly admit his fault and, bowing low before St. Sergius, would beg his forgiveness. If, instead, he was not a humble brother, and stood erect thinking he was not the person referred to, then the saint, with patience, would make it clear to him, and order him to do a public penance.

    In this way they all learned to pray to God assiduously; not to chat with one another after Vespers, and to do their own handiwork with all their might; and to have the Psalms of David all day on their lips.

    In the beginning, when the monastery was first built, many were the hardships and privations. A main road lay a long way off, and wilderness surrounded the monastery. Here the monks lived, it is believed, for fifteen years. Then, in the time of the Grand Duke Ivan Ivanovich Christians began to arrive from all parts and to settle in the vicinity. The forest was cut down; there was no one to prevent it; the trees were hewn down, none were spared, and the forest was converted into an open plain as we now see it. A village was built, and houses; and visitors came to the monastery bringing their countless offerings. But in the beginning, when they settled in this place, they all suffered great privations. At times there was no bread or flour, and all means of subsistence was lacking; at times there was no wine for the Eucharist, nor incense, nor wax candles. The monks sang Matins at dawn with no lights save that of a single birch or pine torch.

    One day there was a great scarcity of bread and salt in the whole monastery. The saintly abbot gave orders to all the brethren that they were not to go out, nor beg from the laity, but to remain patiently in the monastery and await God's compassion. He himself spent three or four days without any food. On the fourth day, at dawn, taking an axe, he went to one of the elders, by name Daniel, and said to him: "I have heard tell that you want to build an entrance in front of your cell. See, 1 have come to build it for you, so that my hands shall not remain idle." Daniel replied, "Yes, I have been waiting for it a long while, and am as yet awaiting the carpenter from the village; but I am afraid to employ you, for you will require a large payment from me." Sergius said to him: "I do not require a large sum of money. Have you any mildewed loaves? I very much want to eat some such loaves. 1 do not ask from you anything else. Where will you find another carpenter like me?" Daniel brought him a few mildewed loaves, saying, "This is all I have." Sergius said: "That will be enough, and to spare. But bide it until evening. I take no pay before the work is done." Saying which, and tightening his belt, he chopped and worked all day, cut planks and put up the entrance.

    At the close of day, Daniel brought him the sieveful of the promised loaves. Sergius, offering a prayer and grace, distributed the bread to the brethren, ate his portion of bread and drank some water. He had neither soup nor salt; the bread was both dinner and supper. Several of the brethren noticed something in the nature of a faint breath of smoke issuing from his lips, and turning to one another they said, "Oh, brother, what patience and self-control has this man!" But one of the monks, not having had anything to eat for two days, murmured against Sergius, and went up to him and said: "Why this mouldy bread? Why should we not go outside and beg for some bread? If we obey you we shall perish of hunger. Tomorrow morning we will leave this place and go hence and not return; we cannot any longer endure such want and scarcity."

    Not all of them complained, only the one brother, but because of this one, Sergius, seeing they were enfeebled and in distress, convoked the whole brotherhood and gave them instruction from Holy Scriptures: "God's Grace cannot be given without trials; after tribulations comes joy. It is written, at evening there shall be weeping but in the morning gladness. You, at present, have no bread or food, and tomorrow you will enjoy an abundance." And as he was yet speaking there came a rapping at the gates.

    The porter, peeping through an aperture, saw that a store of provisions had been brought; he was so overjoyed that he did not open the gates but ran first to St. Sergius to tell him. The saint gave the order at once, "Open the gates quickly, let them come in, and let those persons who have brought the provisions be invited to share the meal"; while he himself, before all else, directed that the bell should be sounded, and with the brethren he went into the church to sing a Moleben of Thanksgiving. Returning from church, they went into the refectory, and the newly arrived, fresh bread was placed before them. The bread was still warm and soft, and the taste of it was of an unimaginable strange sweetness, as it were honey mingled with juice of barley and spices.

    When they had eaten, the saint remarked: "And where is our brother who was murmuring about mouldy bread? May he notice that it is sweet and fresh. Let us remember the prophet who said, 'Ashes have I eaten for bread and mixed my drink with tears.' Then he inquired whose bread it was, and who had sent it. The messengers announced, "A pious layman, very wealthy, living a great distance away, sent it to Sergius and his brotherhood." Again the monks, on Sergius' orders, invited the men to sup with them, but they refused, having to hasten elsewhere. The monks came to the abbot in astonishment, saying, "Father, how has this wheaten bread, warm and tasting of butter and spices, been brought from far?"

    The following day more food and drink were brought to the monastery in the same manner. And again on the third day, from a distant country. Abbot Sergius, seeing and hearing this, gave glory to God before al] the brethren, saying, "You see, brethren, God provides for everything, and neither does he abandon this place." From this time forth the monks grew accustomed to being patient under trials and privations, enduring all things, trusting in the Lord God with fervent faith, and being strengthened therein by their holy Father Sergius.

    According to an account by one of the elders of the monastery, Blessed Sergius never wore new clothing, nor any made of fine material, nor coloured, nor white, nor smooth and soft; he wore plain cloth or kaftan; his clothing was old and worn, dirty, patched. Once they had in the monastery an ugly, stained, worn bit of cloth, which all the brethren threw aside; one brother had it, kept it for a white and discarded it, so did another, and a third and so on to the seventh. But the saint did not despise it, he gratefully took it, cut it out and made himself a habit, which he wore, not with disdain but with gratitude, for a whole year, till it was fully worn out and full of holes.

    So shabby were his clothes, worse than that of any of the monks, that several people were misled and did not recognise him. One day a Christian from a nearby village, who had never seen the saint, came to visit him. The abbot was digging in the garden. The visitor looked about and asked, "Where is Sergius? Where is the wonderful and famous man?" A brother replied, "In the garden, digging; wait a while, until he comes in." The visitor, growing impatient, peeped through an aperture, and perceived the saint wearing shabby attire, patched, in holes, and face covered with sweat; and convinced himself that this was not he of whom he had heard. When the saint came from the garden, the monks informed him, "This is he whom you wish to see." The visitor turned from the saint and mocked at him: "I came to see a prophet and you point out to me a needy-looking beggar. I see no glory, no majesty and honour about him. He wears no fine and rich apparel; he has no attendants, no trained servants; he is but a needy, indigent beggar."

    The brethren, reporting to the abbot, said, "We hardly dare tell you, Reverend Father, and we would send away your guest as a good-for-nothing rude fellow; he has been discourteous and disrespectful about you, reproaches us, and will not listen to us." The holy man, fixing his eyes on the brethren and seeing their confusion, said to them: "Do not do so, brethren, for he did not come to see you. He came to visit me." And, since he expected no obeisance from his visitor, he went toward him, humbly bowing low to the ground before him, and blessed and praised him for his right judgement. Then, taking him by the hand, the saint sat him down at his right hand, and bade him partake of food and drink.

    The visitor expressed his regret at not seeing Sergius, whom he had taken the trouble to come and visit; and that his wish had not been fulfilled. The saint remarked, "Be not sad about it, for such is God's Grace that no one ever leaves this place with a heavy heart." As he spoke a neighbouring prince arrived at the monastery, with great pomp, accompanied by retinue of boyars, servants, and attendants.

    The armed attendants, who preceded the prince, took the visitor by the shoulders and removed him out of sight of the prince and of Sergius. The prince then advanced and, from a distance, made a low obeisance to Sergius. The saint gave him his blessing and, after bestowing a kiss on him, they both sat down while everyone else remained standing. The visitor thrust his way through, and going up to one of those standing by, asked, "Who is the monk sitting on the princes right hand? Tell me." The man turned to him and said, "Are you then a stranger here? Have you indeed not heard of Blessed Father Sergius? It is he who is speaking with the prince." Upon hearing this, the visitor was overcome with remorse, and after the prince's departure, taking several of the brethren to intercede for him, and making a low obeisance before the abbot, he said: "Father, 1 am but a sinner and a great offender. Forgive me and help my unbelief." The saint readily forgave, and with his blessing and some words of comfort, he took leave of him.

    From henceforth, and to the end of his days, this man held a true, firm faith in the Holy Trinity and in St. Sergius. He left his village a few years later, and came to the saint's monastery, where he became a monk, and there spent several years in repentance and amendment of life before he passed away to God.

Part 4 His Miracles and the Ceonobitic Monastery

    We shall now turn to the miracles God performs through his elect. Owing to lack of water near the monastery, the brotherhood suffered great discomfort, which increased with their numbers and having to carry water from a distance. Some of the monks even complained to the abbot, "When you set out to build a monastery on this spot, why did you not observe that it was not near water?" They repeated this query with vexation, often. The saint told them: "I intended to worship and pray in this place alone. But God willed that a monastery such as this, dedicated to the Holy Trinity, should arise."

    Going out of the monastery, accompanied by one of the brethren, he made his way through a ravine below the monastery, and finding a small pool of rainwater, he knelt down and prayed. No sooner had he made the sign of the cross over the spot, than a bubbling spring arose, which is still to be seen to this day, and from whence water is drawn to supply every need of the monastery. Many cures have been granted to the faithful from the waters; and people have come from long distances to fetch the water and carry it away and to give it to their sick to drink. From the time it appeared, and for a number of years, the spring was named after Sergius. The wise man, not seeking renown, was displeased, and remarked: "Never let me hear that a well is called by my name. 1 did not give this water; God gave it to us unworthy men."

    A certain devout Christian living close by the monastery, who believed in the sanctity of St. Sergius, had an only son, a child, who fell ill. The father brought the boy to the monastery, and entreated the saint to pray for him: but while the father was yet speaking the boy died. The man, with his last hope gone, wept and bemoaned, "It would have been better had my son died in my own house." While he went to prepare a grave, the dead child was laid in the saint's cell. The saint felt compassion for this man, and falling on his knees prayed over the dead child. Suddenly the boy came to life, and moved. His father, returning with preparations for the burial, found his son alive, whereupon, flinging himself at the feet of God's servant, gave him thanks. The saint said to him, "You deceive yourself, man, and do not know what you say. While on your journey hither your son became frozen with cold, and you thought he had died. He has now thawed in the warm cell, and you think he bas come to life. No one can rise again from the dead before the Day of Resurrection." The man however insisted, saying, "Your prayers brought him to life again." The saint forbade him to say this; "If you noise this abroad you will lose your son altogether." The man promised to tell no one and, taking his son, now restored to health, he went back to his own home. This miracle was made known through the saint's disciples.

    Living on the banks of the Volga, a long distance away from the Lavra, was a man who owned great possessions, but who was afflicted incessantly, day and night, by a cruel and evil spirit. Not only did he break iron chains, but ten or more strong men could not hold him. His relatives, hearing tell of the saint, journeyed with him to the monastery, where dwelt the servant of the Lord. When they came to the monastery the madman broke loose from his bonds, and flung himself about, crying, I will not go, I will not. I will go back from whence I came.' They informed the saint, who gave the order to sound the bell and when the brethren were assembled they sang the Moleben for the sick. The madman grew calmer little by little, and when he was led into the monastery, the saint came out of church, carrying a cross, whereupon the sufferer, with a loud cry, fled from the spot, and flung himself into a pool of rainwater standing nearby, exclaiming, "O horrible, O terrible flame." By the grace of God and the saint's prayers he recovered, and was restored to his right mind. When they inquired what he meant by his exclamation, he told them, "When the saint wanted to bless me with the cross, 1 saw a great flame proceeding from him, and it seized hold of me. So I threw myself into the water, fearing that I should be consumed in the flame."

    One day the saint, in accordance with his usual rule, was keeping vigil and praying for the brotherhood late at night when he heard a voice calling, "Sergius!" He was astonished, and opening the window of the cell he beheld a wondrous vision. A great radiance shone in the heavens; the night sky was illumined by its brilliance, exceeding the light of day. A second time the voice called: "Sergius! Thou prayest for thy children; God has heard thy prayer. See and behold great numbers of monks gathered together in the name of the Everlasting Trinity, in thy fold, and under thy guidance." The saint looked and beheld a multitude of beautiful birds, flying, not only on to the monastery, but all around; and he heard a voice saying, "As many birds as thou seest by so many will thy flock of disciples increase; and after thy time they will not grow less if they will follow in thy footsteps." Anxious to have a witness of this vision the saint called aloud for Simon, he being the nearest. Simon ran to him with all haste, but he was not found worthy to behold this vision; he saw no more than a ray of its light, but even so was greatly astonished. Filled with awe and wonder at this glorious vision, they rejoiced together.

    One day some Greeks arrived from Constantinople, sent by the patriarch to visit the saint. Making a deep obeisance they said to him, "The all-powerful Patriarch of Constantinople, Philotheus, sends you his blessing" and they presented him with gifts from the patriarch, a cross and a "paramand," and also handed him a letter from him. The saint asked: "Are you sure you have not been sent to someone else? How can I, a sinner, be worthy of such gifts from the most illustrious patriarch They replied, "We have indeed been sent to you, holy Sergius." The elder went then to see the metropolitan, Aleksei and took with him the epistle brought from the patriarch. The metropolitan ordered the epistle to be read to him. It ran. "By the Grace of God, the Archbishop of Constantinople, the Ecumenical Patriarch Philotheus, by the Holy Spirit, to our son and fellow servant Sergius. Divine grace and peace, and our blessing be with you. We have heard tell of your godly life dedicated to God, wherefore we greatly praise and glorify God. One thing, however, has not been established: you have not formed a community.

    Take note, Blessed One, that even the great prophet and our father in God, David, embracing all things with his mind, could not bestow higher praise than when he said, 'But now, however good and however perfect, yet, above all, is abiding together in brotherly love.' Wherefore I counsel you to establish a community. That God's blessing and his grace be always upon you." The elder inquired of the metropolitan, "Revered teacher, what would you have us do?" The metropolitan replied, "With all our heart we approve, and return thanks." From henceforth life on the basis of community was established in the monastery.

    The saint, wise pastor, appointed to each brother his duties, one to be cellarer, others to be cooks and bakers, another to care for the sick, and for church duties, an ecclesiarch, and a subecclesiarch, and sacristans, and so forth. He further announced that the ordinances of the holy fathers were to be strictly observed; all things were to be possessed in common, no monk was to hold property of his own. His community having been established with much wisdom, the numbers of his followers soon increased. Also, the larger the supply of offerings to the monastery, the more hospitality‚ was extended.

    No person in need ever left the monastery empty-handed; and the saint gave orders that the poor and all strangers were to be allowed to rest in the monastery, and no suppliant to be refused, adding, "If you will follow my precepts and continue in them faithfully, God will reward you, and when I leave this life our monastery will prosper and continue to stand with the Lord's blessing for many years." And to the present day it has remained standing.

Part 5 Monastery Life

    Before long dissension arose; the devil, hating the propitiation of goodness amongst mankind, put the idea of disputing the authority of Sergius into several of the monks. One Saturday, white Vespers were being sung, and the Abbot Sergius, wearing his vestments, was at the altar, his brother, Stephen, who was standing by the choir, on the left, asked the canonarch, "Who gave you that book?" The canonarch replied, "The abbot gave it to me." The other said, "What has the abbot to do with it? Did not I sit in that place before?" and adding other silly remarks. Although the saint was standing by the altar, he heard what was said, but kept silence. When they all came out of church he did not go to his cell; he walked away from the monastery, unknown to all. When he arrived at the monastery of Makrishch, he asked the abbot, Stephen, if one of his monks could lead him to some desert place.

    Together they searched and finally discovered a beautiful spot close to a river called the Kerzhach. The brotherhood, hearing about the saint, took to visiting him, in two's and three's, and more. Our Father Sergius sent two of his followers to the Metropolitan Aleksei, with the request for his blessing and permission to erect a church. Aided by divine favour, a church was erected in a short while, and many brethren gathered there.

    Soon several monks from the Holy Trinity, unable any longer to bear the separation from their spiritual father, went to the metropolitan and said: "Holy Lord, we are living like sheep without a shepherd. Command our abbot to return to his monastery, that he may save us from perishing and dying of grief without him." The metropolitan dispatched two archimandrites, Gerasim and Paul, to the abbot with the message: "Your father, Aleksei the Metropolitan, sends you his blessing. He has rejoiced exceedingly to hear that you are living in a distant wilderness. But, return now to the monastery of the Holy Trinity; those persons who were dissatisfied with you shall be removed from the monastery." Whereupon, hearing this, the saint sent reply, "Tell my lord the metropolitan, all from his lips, as from those of Christ, I receive with joy and do disobey in nothing."

    The metropolitan, glad at his prompt obedience, instantly dispatched a priest to consecrate the church to the Annunciation of the Immaculate and Blessed Virgin, Theotokis. Sergius selected one of his followers, called Roman, to be the abbot of the new monastery, and sent him to the metropolitan to be raised to the priesthood. The saint then returned to the monastery of the Holy Trinity. When the news reached the monastery that the saint was returning, the brethren went out to meet him. On beholding him it appeared as if a second sun were shining; and they were so filled with joy that some of the brethren kissed the fathers hands, others his feet, while others seized his clothing and kissed that. There was loud rejoicing and glorifying God for the return of their spiritual father. And what of the father? He rejoiced with his whole heart at seeing this gathering of his flock.

    Now Bishop Stephen, a god-fearing and devout man, had for St. Sergius a deep spiritual affection. One day he was travelling from his episcopacy of Perm to the capital, Moscow. The road along which the bishop journeyed lay about seven miles from St. Sergius' monastery. When the godly bishop came opposite the saint's monastery, he stopped and said, bowing low toward the direction of the saint, "Peace be with thee, brother in God!" The saint, at this hour, was seated at the trapeza table with his brethren. Perceiving in spirit what Bishop Stephen was doing, he rose from the supper table, stood for an instant in prayer, then bowing said aloud, "Be joyful, thou shepherd of Christ's flock; the peace of God be always with thee."

    At the end of supper his disciples inquired of him what he meant. He openly told them, "At that hour Bishop Stephen, going on his way to Moscow, did reverence to the Holy Trinity, and blessed us humble folk." He pointed out to them, also, where this had taken place.

    One time, when Theodore, son of Stephen, was with Blessed Sergius in the monastery, he was taking part in the divine liturgy which was being sung by the saint, and with the aforenamed Stephen, the saint's brother. Of a sudden Isaac, who had taken the vow of silence, saw a fourth person serving at the altar with them, of a bright, shining appearance, and in dazzling apparel. Isaac inquired of Father Makary, who was standing by his side, "What miraculous apparition is this?" Makary replied: "I do not know, brother; I see a fearful and ineffable vision. But I think, brother, that someone came with the prince." (Prince Vladimir was at this time in the monastery.) One of the prince's attendants was asked whether a priest had come with him; but, no, they knew of no one.

    When the divine Liturgy was at an end, seizing a favourable moment, one of the brethren approached St. Sergius and questioned him. But he, anxious not to disclose the secret, asked, "What wonder did you see, brother? My brother, Stephen, was saying the Liturgy; also his son, Theodore and I, unworthy as I am. No other priest whatever was serving with us." His disciples insisted, entreating the saint to reveal the mystery to them, whereupon he said, "Beloved brethren, what the Lord God has revealed can I keep secret? He whom you beheld was an angel of the Lord, and not only this time but every time I unworthy as I am, serve with this messenger of the Lord. That which you have seen tell no one, so long as I am on this earth." And his disciples were astonished beyond measure.

Part 6 St. Sergius & Russia

    A rumour spread that Khan Mamai was raising a large army as a punishment for our sins and that with all his heathen Tatar hordes he would invade Russian soil. Very great fear prevailed amongst the people at hearing this report. The puissant and reigning prince, who held the sceptre of all Russia, great Dimitry having a great faith in the saint, came to ask him if he counselled him to go against the heathen in battle. The saint, bestowing on him his blessing, and strengthened by prayer, said to him: "It behoveth you, Lord, to have a care for the lives of the flock committed to you by God. Go forth against the heathen; and upheld by the strong arm of God, conquer; and return to your country sound in health, and glorify God with loud praise." The grand duke replied, "If indeed God assist me, Father, I will build a monastery to the Immaculate Theotokos." And with the saint's blessing he hurriedly went on his way.

    Assembling all his armies, he marched against the heathen Tatars to meet them on the field of battle at
Kulikova, where the rivers of Don and Nepryadva meet. Prince Dimitry and his generals, upon seeing the multitudes of the Horde, began to doubt of obtaining victory. The generals were perplexed, not knowing what to do, when of a sudden, a courier from the Monastery of the Holy Trinity arrived in all haste with a message from the saint stating: "Be in no doubt, Prince Dimitry; go forward with faith and confront the enemy's ferocity; and fear not, for God will be on your side." Forthwith, the Grand Duke Dimitry and all his armies, were filled with a spirit of temerity; and went into battle against the pagans. They fought, and many fell, but God was with them and helped the great and invincible Dimitry, who vanquished the ungodly Tatars.

    In that same hour the saint, with his brethren, was engaged before God in prayer for victory over the pagan Hordes. Within an hour of the final defeat of the ungodly, the saint, who was a seer, announced to the brotherhood what had happened, the victory, the courage of the Grand Duke Dimitry, and the names, too, of those who had died at the hands of the pagans; and he made intercession for them to all-merciful God.

    The Grand Duke Dimitry returned to his country with great joy in his heart, and hastened to visit the holy, venerable Sergius. Rendering thanks for the prayers of the saint and of the brotherhood, he gave a rich offering to the monastery and, in fulfilment of his vow, expressed his wish to build at once the monastery of the Immaculate Theotokos.

    After searching for a favourable place, venerable Sergius fixed upon one by the banks of the river Dubenka, and with the consent of the grand duke a church to the Dormition of our Blessed Virgin Theotokos was established by St. Sergius. As abbot, the saint appointed one of his followers, Sabbas by name, a man of exceeding great virtue.

    A community was formed, and many brethren joined it. Once again the Grand Duke Dimitry entreated St. Sergius to come to Kolomna, to consecrate a site for the building of a monastery to be dedicated to the Holy Theophany of our Lord.

    It was the saint's custom to go everywhere on foot. Obedient to the grand duke, he went to Kolomna, consecrated the site, and a church was erected and, at the grand duke's request, he sent him one of his disciples for the founding of the monastery, a priest-monk, Gregory, a devout man and of great virtue. In time a stone church was built, which is standing to this day.

    Another time the illustrious Prince Vladimir begged St. Sergius, likewise, to come to his part of the country, to the town of Serpukhov, and consecrate a place by the river Nar, and dedicate a church to the Conception of the Theotokos. Once again the saint obeyed the request. This god-fearing prince also begged him to send one of his disciples, Afanasii by name. Although the saint found it hard to grant this request, love prevailed, and he consented. Afanasii being a man of rare virtue, exceedingly learned in Holy Scriptures-many valuable writings by his hand bear witness to him to the present day-the saint loved him dearly. To him the saint entrusted the founding of the monastery, and the forming of the community. Aided by the prayers of the saint, the monastery was built, wonderful and beautiful, and named "On the Heights."

    But why pursue further the saint's planting of ecclesiastical fruit? It is well known how many monasteries were founded by God's own chosen servant. And, offspring of his offspring, burning bright as stars, they are everywhere radiating a serene and wondrous life, and a blessing to all.

    The Metropolitan Aleksei, being old, and seeing his weakness increasing, sent for St. Sergius. While they conversed, the metropolitan asked to have a certain cross with the "paramand" that was adorned with gold and precious stones brought to him, to give it to the saint; but he, bowing low in great humility, refused it, saying, "Forgive me, Lord, 1 have worn no gold ornaments since childhood, wherefore all the more do 1 wish in old age to continue in poverty." The bishop insisted, and said I know, beloved, that thou art fulfilling a vow, but be obedient, and take this which we offer thee with a blessing." Further, he said to the saint: "Dost know why I sent for thee? I desire, while I yet live, to find a man able to feed Christ's flock. I have doubted of them all; thee alone have I chosen as worthy. I know with all certainty that, from the highest prince to the lowliest of his people, thou art the one they want."

    On hearing this the saint was deeply grieved, regarding honour for himself as a thing of naught, he pleaded with the bishop: "Forgive me, Lord, but this of which you speak is beyond my powers, and you never will find it in me. What am 1 but a sinner, and the least of men?"

    The bishop quoted many sayings from Holy Scriptures, but the saint, unyielding in his humility, said, "Gracious Lord, if you do not wish to drive away my poverty from your Holiness, speak no more about my poor self, nor permit anyone else, for no one can make me otherwise."

    The bishop, understanding that the saint would not yield, allowed him to return to his monastery. Before long the Metropolitan Aleksei left this life, in the year 1378 (6885); and once more the princes implored the saint to accept the rank of bishop; but, firm as adamant, he would in no way consent.

    Then a certain archimandrite, Michael, was raised to the bishopric; but this man, with great presumption, not only invested himself with the episcopal robes but also proceeded to plot against the saint, in the belief that the venerable Sergius would put a check on his audacity, wishing to occupy the episcopal throne himself. Blessed Sergius, hearing of Michael's threats against him, remarked to his disciples that Michael, vaunting himself of his sacred appointment, would not obtain his wish, for, overcome by pride, he would not reach the imperial city.

    The saint's prophecy was fulfilled. On his way by boat to Constantinople, Michael fell ill and died. Thereupon everyone regarded St. Sergius as one of the prophets.



Part 7 St. Sergius's Repose and Miracles

    One day the blessed father was praying, as was his wont, before the image of the Mother of our Lord Jesus Christ. Having sung "Meet it is" to the Blessed Virgin, he sat down to rest a while, saying to his disciple, Micah, "Son, be calm and be bold, for a wonderful and fearful event is about to happen." Instantly a voice was heard, "The Blessed Virgin is coming."

    Hearing this the saint hurried from his cell into the corridor. A dazzling radiance shone upon the saint, brighter than the sun, and he beheld the Blessed Virgin, with the two Apostles Peter and John, in ineffable glory. Unable to bear so resplendent a vision, the saint fell to the ground.

    The Blessed Virgin, touching the saint with her hand, said: "Be not afraid, mine own elect, I have come to visit thee. Thy prayers for thy disciples for whom thou prayest, and for thy monastery, have been heard. Be not troubled; from henceforth it will flourish, not only during thy lifetime but when thou goest to the Lord, I will be with thy monastery, supplying its needs lavishly, providing for it, protecting it." Having thus spoken, she vanished.

    The saint, in ecstasy, stood in trembling awe and wonder. Returning slowly to his senses, he saw his disciple, terror-struck, lying on the ground, whereupon he raised him up; but the other flung himself down at the feet of the elder, saying, "Tell me, Father, for Gods sake what miraculous vision was this? For my spirit almost loosed its bonds with the flesh from so resplendent a vision." The saint, so filled with ecstasy that his face glowed therewith, was unable to answer other than a few words, "Wait a white, son, for I, too, am trembling with awe and wonder at this miraculous vision."

    They continued in silent adoration until, finally, the saint said to his disciple, "Son, call hither Isaac and Simon." When these two came, he recounted to them all that had happened, how he bad beheld the Blessed Virgin with the Apostles, and what a wonderful promise she had given him. Hearing this their hearts were filled with indescribable joy, and they all sang the "Magnificat," and glorified God.

    All night long the saint remained in meditation on this ineffable vision. After a while, a Greek bishop came from Constantinople to Moscow, but, although he had heard a great deal about the saint, his doubt about him prevailed, for, he reasoned, "How can such a light have appeared in this savage land, more especially in these latter days?" He therefore resolved to go to the monastery and see the saint. When he drew near to the monastery, fear entered his soul, and as soon as he entered the monastery and beheld the saint, blindness fell upon him.

    The venerable Sergius took him by the hand and led him to his cell. The bishop, with tears, confessed his doubts to the saint, and prayed for the recovery of his sight. The gentle lover of humility touched his blinded pupils, and, as it were, scales fell from his eyes, and instantly he recovered his sight. The bishop proclaimed to all that the saint was indeed a man of God and that in God's mercy he himself had been deemed worthy to behold a celestial man and an earthly angel.

    A moneylender, living near the saint's monastery, and who, like the strong in all ages, oppressed the poor, ill-treated a certain poor orphan, and, moreover, carried off his pig which was being fattened, and without paying for it had it killed. The ill-used orphan went to the saint in great distress and, weeping, begged for help. The saint, moved by compassion, sent for the offender, convicted him of wrongdoing, and said, "My son, do you believe that God is a judge of the righteous and of sinners; a father to widows and orphans; that he is quick to avenge and that it is a fearful thing to come under the wrath of God?" Having reproached him and told him he must pay what he owed to the orphan, he added, "Above all, do not oppress the poor." The man, overcome by fear, promised to amend and to pay the orphan, then returned to his own house.

    Little by little the effect of the saint's rebuke grew faint, and he decided not to pay his debt to the orphan. And, thinking it over in his mind, he went as usual into his larder, where he found the pig half devoured and swarming with maggots, although it was midwinter. He was stricken with fear, and without delay paid the debt; and ordered the pig to be thrown to the dogs and birds to eat, but they would not touch it and clear the usurer of his offence.

    Now, again, one day, the saint was reciting the divine liturgy with one of his disciples, venerable Simon, the ecclesiarch, of whom we have already spoken, when a wonderful vision was vouchsafed to Simon. While the saint was saying the liturgy, Simon saw a flame pass along the altar, illuminating it and surrounding the holy table; as the saint was about to partake of the Blessed Sacrament the glorious flame coiled itself and entered the sacred chalice; and the saint thus received Communion. Simon, who saw this, trembled with fear.

    The saint, when he moved away from the altar, understood that Simon had been deemed worthy of this miraculous vision, and telling him to approach, asked, "Son, why are you fearful?" The other replied, "Master, I beheld a miraculous vision; the grace of the Holy Spirit operating with you." The saint forbade him to speak of it: "Tell no one of this which you have seen, until the Lord calls me away from this life."

    The saint lived a number of years, continually chastening himself with fasting, and working unceasingly. He performed many unfathomable miracles, and reached an advanced age, never failing from his place at divine service; the older his body grew, the stronger grew his fervour, in no way weakened by age.

    He became aware of his approaching end six months before, and assembling the brotherhood he appointed his dearest disciple to take his place, one perfect in all virtue, following his master in all things, small of stature, but in mind a 'continual blossoming, whose name was Nikon. The saint exhorted him to guide Christ's flock with patient care and justice.

    The great ascetic soon began to lose strength and in September was taken seriously ill. Seeing his end, he again assembled his flock and delivered a final exhortation. He made them promise to be steadfast in orthodoxy and to preserve amity amongst men; to keep pure in body and soul; to love truth; to avoid all evil and carnal lusts; to be moderate in food and drink; above all, to be clothed with humility; not to forget love of their neighbour; to avoid controversy, and on no account to set value on honour and praise in this life, but rather to await reward from God for the joys of heaven and eternal blessings.

    Having instructed them in many things, he concluded, "I am, by God's will, about to leave you, and 1 commit you to Almighty God and the Immaculate Virgin, Mother of God, that they may be to you a refuge and rock of defence against the snares of your enemies." his soul was about to leave his body, he partook of the sacred Body and Blood, supported in the arms of his disciples raising his hands to heaven, with a prayer on his lips, he surrendered his pure, holy soul to the Lord, in the year 1393 (6900), September 25th, as was supposed, at the age of seventy-eight. After his death an ineffable sweet odour flowed from the saint's body.

    The entire brotherhood gathered around him and, weeping and sobbing, laid on its bier the body of him who in life had been so noble and unresting, and accompanied him with psalms and funeral orisons. The saint's face, unlike that of other dead, glowed with the life of the living, or as one of Gods angels, witnessing to the purity of his soul, and God's reward for all his labours. His body was laid to rest within the monastery of his own creation.

    Many were the miracles that took place at his death and after, and still are taking place, giving strength to weaker members of the community, deliverance from the crafts and wiles of evil spirits, and sight to the blind. The saint had no wish during his life for renown, neither in death, but by God's Almighty Power he was glorified. Angels were present at his passing into the heavens, opening for him the gates of paradise and leading him toward the longed-for blessings, into the peace of the righteous, the ever-looked-for glory of the Blessed Trinity.

SOURCE : http://www.st-sergius.org/life1.html


1890, 160 X 211, Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow


San Sergio di Radonez Eremita, egumeno


Rostov, Russia, 1314 c. - Monastero della Trinità, Serghiev Posad, Russia, 25 settembre 1392

Sergio e i suoi genitori furono scacciati dalla loro casa dalla guerra civile e dovettero guadagnarsi da vivere facendo i contadini a Radonez, a nord-est di Mosca. A vent'anni Sergio inizia un'esperienza di eremitaggio, insieme al fratello Stefano, nella vicina foresta. Presto altri uomini si uniscono a loro e nel 1354 si trasformano in monaci, conducendo vita comune. Nasce così il monastero della Santa Trinità (Troice-Lavra), punto di riferimento per il monachesimo della Russia settentrionale. Sergio fonda anche altre case religiose, direttamente o indirettamente. Nel 1375 rifiuta la sede metropolitana di Mosca, ma continua a usare la sua influenza per mantenere la pace fra i principi rivali. È stato uno dei primi santi russi a cui furono attribuite visioni mistiche. Attraverso il suo discepolo Nil Sorskij si diffuse l'esicasmo, la preghiera del cuore resa celebre dai «Racconti di un pellegrino russo»: «Signore Gesù Cristo, figlio di Dio, abbi pietà di me». Il monastero della Trinità di Serghiev Posad è ancora oggi meta di pellegrinaggi. Fu canonizzato in Russia prima del 1449. (Avvenire)

Etimologia: Sergio = che salva, custodisce, seminatore, dal latino

Martirologio Romano: Nel monastero della Santissima Trinità a Mosca in Russia, san Sergio di Radonez, che, dopo aver condotto vita eremitica in foreste selvagge, abbracciò la vita cenobitica e, eletto egúmeno, la propagò, mostrandosi uomo mite, consigliere di príncipi e consolatore dei fedeli.

Sergio e i suoi genitori furono scacciati dalla loro casa dalla guerra civile e dovettero guadagnarsi da vivere facendo i contadini a Radonezh, a nord-est di Mosca. A vent'anni Sergio iniziò una vita da eremita, insieme a suo fratello Stefano, nella vicina foresta; in seguito altri uomini si unirono a loro, e ciò che ci vien detto di questi eremiti ricorda i primi seguaci di san Francesco d'Assisi, specialmente per quanto riguarda il loro atteggiamento verso la natura selvaggia - nonostante le differenze climatiche e di altro genere fra l'Umbria e la Russia centrale. Uno scrittore russo ha detto che il loro capo "odora di fresco legno d'abete". 

Nel 1354 essi si trasformarono in monaci che conducevano una vera e propria vita comune; questo cambiamento provocò dei dissensi che avrebbero potuto spaccare per sempre la comunità se non fosse stato per la condotta disinteressata di san Sergio. Questo monastero della Santa Trinità (Troice-Lavra) divenne per il monachesimo della Russia settentrionale quello che le Grotte di san Teodosio erano state per la provináa di Kiev nel sud. Sergio fondò altre case religiose, direttamente o indirettamente, e la sua fama si diffuse moltissimo; nel 1375 rifiutò la sede metropolitana di Mosca, ma usò la sua influenza per mantenere la pace fra i prinápi rivali. Quando (secondo la tradizione) Dimitrij Donskoj, principe di Mosca nel 1380, lo consultò per chiedere se doveva continuare la sua rivolta armata contro i signori tartari, Sergio lo incoraggiò ad andare avanti: ciò portò alla grande vittoria di Kulikovo. San Sergio è il più amato di tutti i santi russi, non soltanto per l'influenza che ebbe in un periodo critico della storia russa, ma anche per il tipo d'uomo che era. Per il carattere, se non per l'origine, era un tipico "santo contadino": semplice, umile, serio e gentile, un "buon vicino". Insegnò ai suoi monaci che servire gli altri faceva parte della loro vocazione, e le persone che indicò loro come modelli erano gli uomini dell'antichità che avevano fuggito il mondo ma aiutavano il loro prossimo; veniva posta un'enfasi particolare sulla povertà personale e comune e sullo sradicamento dell'ostinazione. 

San Sergio fu uno dei primi santi russi a cui furono attribuite visioni mistiche (visioni della Beata Vergine connesse con la liturgia eucaristica) e, come in san Serafino di Sarov, talvolta compariva in lui una certa trasfigurazione fisica attraverso la luce. Il popolo lo vedeva come un uomo scelto da Dio, sul quale riposava visibilmente la grazia dello Spirito; ancor oggi molta gente va in pellegriaggio al suo santuario nel monastero della Trinità di Serghiev Posad.
Fu canonizzato in Russia prima del 1449.

Autore: Donald Attwater