Statue
reliquaire de saint Ludger. Cathédrale Saint-Paul de Münster.
Statue of Liudger in the St.-Pauls-Cathedral in
Münster, Westphalia, Germany
Saint Ludger, évêque
Originaire d'Utrecht, il
fut étudiant à York pour suivre les leçons du célèbre Alcuin et d’Utrecht où il
fut alors le disciple de saint Grégoire d'Utrecht. Missionnaire en Frise et en
Saxe à la demande de Charlemagne, il y fonda un monastère qui donna son nom au
diocèse dont il devint en 804 le premier évêque : Münster, en Westphalie. On
raconte cette anecdote : convoqué un jour par Charlemagne, il disait son
bréviaire en attendant son tour d'audience ; quand il fut appelé, il prit
le temps de finir son office. « - Evêque, lui dit Charlemagne, ce n'est
pas respectueux de m'avoir fait attendre - Dieu n'est-il pas au dessus de votre
majesté ? - C'est vrai », lui répondit alors Charlemagne. Il meurt en 809.
Vita Sancti Liudgeri, Liudger taken by his parents to the school in Utrecht, XIth century, Berlin, Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Theol. lat. fol. 323 fol.5v
Saint Ludger
Premier évêque de Münster
Originaire d'Utrecht, il fut étudiant à York pour suivre les leçons du célèbre Alcuin. Des bagarres ayant éclaté entre Anglais et Frisons, il revint à Utrecht et fut alors le disciple de saint Grégoire d'Utrecht. Missionnaire en Frise et en Saxe à la demande de Charlemagne, mais avec d'autres moyens et d'autres méthodes que l'empereur, il y fonda un monastère qui fut à l'origine de la dénomination de sa ville épiscopale: Münster en Westphalie (Allemagne). On raconte cet épisode de sa vie. Convoqué par Charlemagne, il disait son bréviaire en attendant son tour d'audience. Quand il fut appelé, il répondit: "Attendez, je n'ai pas fini la prière de None. - Évêque, lui dit Charlemagne quand il entra, ce n'est pas respectueux de m'avoir fait attendre - Dieu n'est-il pas au dessus de votre majesté? - C'est vrai" lui répondit alors Charlemagne.
Au monastère de Werden en Saxe, l'an 809, le trépas de saint Ludger, évêque,
qui fut disciple d'Alcuin et annonça l'Évangile en Frise, au Danemark et en
Saxe. Ordonné évêque, il établit son siège à Münster et fonda plusieurs
monastères, comme autant de foyers de rayonnement de la foi.
Martyrologe romain
SOURCE : https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/868/Saint-Ludger.html
Charlemagne
confie à Ludger la direction du monastère de Leuze en Brabant.
Enluminure
tirée de la Vita secunda Ludgeri,
Berliner
Nationalbibliothek ms. theol. lat fol. 233, fol. 8v.
Évêque de Munster
(+ 809)
Saint Ludger, contemporain de Charlemagne, était issu d'une noble famille de la
Frise. Élevé par ses parents dans la vertu et la piété, il ne tarda pas à
donner des marques évidentes d'une vocation extraordinaire; son enfance et sa
jeunesse se passèrent dans un monastère où il reçut de saint Grégoire d'Utrecht
les leçons de la science et de la sainteté. Sa vive intelligence pénétrait les
questions les plus difficiles; les livres saints surtout faisaient ses plus
chers délices; il y puisait cette onction suave qui devait plus tard
caractériser sa parole apostolique et ramener tant d'âmes à Dieu.
Saint Grégoire envoya son jeune disciple en Angleterre auprès du célèbre
Alcuin, pour y compléter ses études. Simple diacre, il reçut la mission d'aller
rétablir l'Église de Deventer, ruinée par les Saxons infidèles; ce qu'il
exécuta avec un tel succès qu'il y abolit les restes du paganisme.
Ordonné prêtre, il devint l'apôtre de la Frise et le digne émule de saint
Wulfran. Ni les fatigues ni les persécutions ne purent l'arrêter: à la place
des idoles renversées, il plantait la Croix et faisait entrer en masse ces
populations barbares dans le sein de l'Église.
Obligé de fuir la persécution du redoutable Witikind, le saint pasteur se
réfugia au monastère du Mont-Cassin, en Italie. Il y étudia la règle de saint
Benoît en compagnie de son frère saint Hildegrin, qui l'y avait suivi, et y
continua sa mission par ses prières et par ses austérités.
Charlemagne, vainqueur des Saxons, ayant demandé à l'infatigable apôtre le
secours de sa parole, afin de conquérir à la foi ce peuple déjà conquis au
royaume de France, Ludger accourut. Un nouveau diocèse est érigé, qui embrasse
toute la Westphalie, et Ludger en est sacré évêque; sa ville épiscopale prend,
dans la suite, le nom de Munster, d'un monastère d'Augustins, qu'il avait
fondé. Mais sa vertu avait trop d'éclat pour être à l'abri de la jalousie et de
la calomnie.
La frugalité de sa table, sa tendresse pour les pauvres, sa modestie, son
humilité, ses austérités excessives déplurent aux hommes mondains, qui le
décrièrent auprès du grand empereur des Francs, et l'accusèrent en même temps
de dissiper les biens de l'Église par ses grandes charités.
Ludger fut mandé à la cour pour avoir à se justifier: appelé près du prince
dans un moment où il récitait son bréviaire, le Saint voulut l'achever et se
fit attendre. "Pourquoi, lui dit Charles, n'être pas venu tout d'abord? --
Prince, répond l'évêque, je priais Dieu; quand vous m'avez choisi pour évêque,
vous m'avez recommandé de préférer toujours le service de ce Roi des rois à
celui des hommes, même de l'empereur."
L'empereur, charmé de cette réponse n'en voulut pas entendre davantage: il
renvoya avec honneur le pasteur vers ses ouailles, l'exhortant à montrer
toujours la même ardeur dans le service du Seigneur et celui de Son Église.
Dieu honora les travaux apostoliques de Son humble serviteur par le don des
miracles. Il rendit la vue à un aveugle en faisant le signe de la Croix sur ses
yeux. Un autre aveugle ayant un jour demandé à lui parler: "Mon frère, que
me voulez-vous, lui dit Ludger? -- Faites, dit-il, que je voie, pour l'amour de
Dieu! -- Que vous voyiez, pour l'amour de Dieu?" reprit Ludger, s'étonnant
de sa demande. Et à l'instant l'aveugle vit.
Il était sur le point de partir pour le Danemark et la Norvège, quand le Ciel
mit un terme à sa course ici bas, le 26 mars 809. Les reliques de saint Ludger
sont conservées au monastère de Werden. A Munster on vénère deux de ses os.
Frères des Écoles Chrétiennes, Vie des Saints, p. 133-134
SOURCE : http://magnificat.ca/cal/fr/saints/saint_ludger.html
Eigenes
Foto nach einer Vorlage aus dem 11. Jahrhundert; gemeinfrei, da Schutzfrist
abgelaufen.
Saint Ludger, d'une des
premières maisons de Frise, naquit vers l'an 743. Son père, pour se conformer à
ses désirs, le mit sous la conduite de saint Grégoire, disciple et successeur
de saint Boniface dans le gouvernement de l'église d'Utrecht. Saint Grégoire
l'ayant reçu dans son monastère, prit un soin particulier de son éducation.
Charmé des progrès qu'il faisait dans les sciences et la vertu, il lui donna la
tonsure cléricale. Ludger, qui voulait se perfectionner dans les connaissances
propres à former l'esprit et le cœur, passa en Angleterre, avec la permission
de saint Grégoire. Il y suivit quatre ans et demi le célèbre Alcuin, qui était
à la tête de l'école d'York. Avare de son temps, il n'en perdait pas la plus
petite partie ; il en partageait tous les moments entre les exercices de la
religion et l'étude de l'Écriture et des Pères. Il retourna dans sa patrie en
773.
Saint Grégoire étant mort en 776, Albéric son successeur éleva Ludger à la
dignité du sacerdoce, et l'employa plusieurs années à prêcher l'évangile dans
la Frise. Le Saint s'acquitta de son ministère avec un grand succès ; il
convertit une multitude innombrable d'infidèles et de mauvais chrétiens, fonda
plusieurs monastères et bâtit des églises de toutes parts. Le ravage de la
Frise par les Saxons l'obligea malheureusement d'interrompre ses travaux
apostoliques ; il fut même forcé de quitter le pays. Se voyant libre, il fit un
voyage à Rome, afin de consulter le Pape Adrien II sur le parti qu'il avait à
prendre pour exécuter la volonté de Dieu ; il se retira ensuite au Mont-Cassin,
où il resta trois ans et demi. Il pratiqua toutes les austérités de cette
maison , dont il portait l'habit, sans y avoir fait toutefois des vœux
monastiques.
Cependant Charlemagne vainquit les Saxons, et fit, en 787, la conquête de la
Frise. Ludger retourna dans le pays qu'il avait été forcé d'abandonner, pour y
continuer ses missions. Il annonça l'évangile aux Saxons, et en convertit un
grand nombre. Il porta aussi la lumière de la foi dans la province de Sudergou,
aujourd'hui la Westphalie ; il fonda ensuite le monastère de Werden, dans le
comté de la Mark[1]. L'Empereur Charlemagne l'estimait beaucoup. Il avait été
instruit de son mérite par Alcuin, qui était passé d'Angleterre en France.
En 802, Hildebaud, archevêque de Cologne, sacra Ludger, évêque de
Mimigardefort, malgré la résistance de ce dernier. La ville de Mimigardefort
prit ensuite le nom de Munster, du monastère que le Saint y bâtit pour les
chanoines réguliers, destinés à faire l'office divin dans la cathédrale. Le
nouvel évêque joignit à son diocèse cinq cantons de Frise, qu'il avait gagnés à
Jésus-Christ. Il fonda encore dans le duché de Brunswick le monastère de
Helmstad, qui fut appelé ensuite Ludger-Clooster, c'està-dire , monastère de
Ludger.
Le saint évêque, qui, comme nous l'avons observé, était fort habile dans la
connaissance de l'Écriture, ne passait aucun jour sans en expliquer quelque
chose a ses disciple. Il mortifiait son corps par des jeûnes rigoureux et par
de longues veilles ; il portait aussi le cilice, mais secrètement, et on ne
s'en aperçut que fort peu de temps avant sa mort. S'il lui arrivait quelquefois
de manger de la viande, par condescendance pour le prochain, il se renfermait
dans les bornes de la tempérance la plus exacte. Lorsqu'il était obligé de se
trouver dans quelque assemblée, il faisait tomber adroitement la conversation
sur des matières spirituelles, et se retirait le plus tôt qu'il lui était
possible. Il était doux et affable envers les pauvres, mais plein de fermeté et
de résolution à l'égard des riches enflés de leurs trésors. Les pécheurs
impénitents le trouvaient armé d'une rigueur inflexible. Une dame de qualité,
coupable d'inceste, en fit l'expérience. En vain elle mit tout en œuvre pour
gagner le saint évêque : il ne voulut rien entendre ; et comme la coupable ne
se corrigeait point, il la retrancha de la communion des fidèles. Il ne prenait
sur son patrimoine et sur les revenus de son évêché, que ce qui lui était
absolument nécessaire pour subsister ; le reste était employé à faire des
aumônes.
La conduite du Saint, toute irréprochable qu'elle était, trouva des censeurs.
On le décria même auprès de Charlemagne ; on le lui représenta comme un homme
qui ruinait son évêché, et qui négligeait l'embellissement des églises de sa
juridiction. Le prince , qui aimait à voir des églises magnifiques, prêta
l'oreille aux accusateurs de Ludger, et lui ordonna de se rendre à la. cour. Le
Saint obéit. Le lendemain de son arrivée, un officier le vint avertir que
l'Empereur l'attendait. Ludger, qui disait son office, répondit qu'il irait
trouver le prince aussitôt qu'il aurait fini. On le vint chercher trois fois de
suite, tant on s'ennuyait de son délai. Ses ennemis ne manquèrent pas de lui en
faire un nouveau crime. Lorsqu'il fut arrivé, l'Empereur lui demanda avec un
peu d'émotion, pourquoi il le faisait attendre si longtemps. « Je sais tout ce
que je dois à Votre Majesté, répondit Ludger ; mais j'ai cru que vous ne
trouveriez pas mauvais que Dieu eût la préférence. Quand on est avec lui, il
faut oublier toutes les autres choses. D'ailleurs, en agissant de la i1 sorte ,
je me suis conformé aux intentions de Votre Majesté, puisqu'après m'avoir
choisi pour évêque , elle m'a commandé de préférer le service de Dieu à celui
des hommes. » Cette réponse fit une telle impression sur l'Empereur, qu'il tint
Ludger pour justifié des accusations formées contre lui. Il le traita avec
distinction, et disgracia tous ceux qui avaient voulu le perdre.
L'amour que saint Ludger avait pour la prière, la lui faisait recommander
fortement aux autres. Un jour qu'il vaquait à ce saint exercice avec ses
clercs, il reprit sévèrement l'un d'entre eux qui avait paru seulement à
l'extérieur occupé d'autre chose que de Dieu ; il lui imposa même une pénitence
de quelques jours. Outre le don des miracles, il avait aussi celui de
prophétie. Il prédit les ravages que les Normands devaient faire dans l'empire
français, et cela dans un temps où il ne paraissait pas qu'on eût rien à
craindre de ces peuples. Il voulut aller travailler à leur conversion; mais il
en fut empêché par Charlemagne, qui le jugeait nécessaire dans la Westphalie.
Quelque temps après, le Saint tomba malade. Il continua d'exercer ses fonctions
malgré les douleurs qu'il ressentait. Le dimanche de la passion de l'année 809
, il prêcha de grand matin , dit la messe sur les neuf heures , et fit le soir
un second sermon ; après quoi il prédit qu'il mourrait la nuit suivante, et
marqua l'endroit du monastère de Werden où il voulait être enterré. La
prédiction se vérifia à minuit, où Dieu l'appela à lui par une mort précieuse.
Ses reliques sont encore à Werden.
Cet esprit de foi et de prière, qui animait continuellement saint Ludger, est
bien rare. Le nombre des vrais adorateurs est infiniment petit ; on en est même
venu jusqu'à ne pas garder la modestie extérieure dans les actes de religion
les plus solennels. Il suffit, pour s'en convaincre, de jeter un coup d'œil sur
ce qui se passe dans nos temples. On dirait que la plupart des chrétiens ont
oublié qu'ils sont dans la maison de Dieu : car quelle autre raison rapporter
de leur peu d'attention et de leur peu de ferveur? Qu'est devenu surtout ce
silence respectueux dont les Saints nous ont donné l'exemple, silence qui prend
sa source dans le sentiment intime de la présence de Dieu, et qui règle tous
les mouvements extérieurs du corps ; silence si essentiel, qu'on ne peut y
manquer sans perdre le fruit de ses prières ; silence dont le Seigneur est si
jaloux, qu'il en fit une loi expresse pour le temple de Salomon , qui n'était
pourtant que la figure des nôtres ? Ne semble-t-il pas que nos temples soient
devenus des lieux profanes, où il est permis de tenir des discours frivoles,
souvent même criminels ? Comment, après cela, voudrions-nous que Dieu nous
exauçât ? Nous l'outrageons par nos prétendues prières ; aussi ne
remportons-nous du temple que des malédictions.
SOURCE : Alban Butler : Vie des Pères, Martyrs et autres principaux
Saints… – Traduction : Jean-François Godescard.
[1] Cette abbaye était située dans la ville du même nom, sur la Ruhr, dans la
province de Cleve-Berg, arrondissement d'Essen, et dont on avait fait dans le
temps une maison de correction. Quelques auteurs l'ont confondue mal à propos
avec l'abbaye de Werden située dans la principauté de Werden, et fondée
également sous Charlemagne, par un moine anglais, nommé Schwibrecht. En 890
l'évêque Wiegbert lui légua tout son patrimoine paternel ; en 994 Bruno, duc de
Saxe et évêque de Werden, fut élu Pape sous le nom de Grégoire V. Par le traité
de Westphalie cette abbaye, devenue le partage des luthériens, fut érigée en
duché, et cédée à la couronne de Suède, qui la posséda à titre de fief
héréditaire en Allemagne. En 1709 le Roi de Suède l'engagea pour deux tonnes
d'or à l'Électeur de Hanovre qui finit par la garder. L'abbé de Werden
appartenait anciennement aux prélats princiers d'Allemagne.
SOURCE : http://alexandrina.balasar.free.fr/ludger_de_munster.htm
Warfhûzen,
Klús fan Us Leaffrou fan de Besletten Tún, byld fan Sint-Liudger
Saint Ludger, premier
évêque de Münster. 809.
26 mars.
- Saint Ludger, premier évêque de Münster. 809.
Pape : Saint Léon III. Empereur : Saint Charlemagne.
" Quis te docuit ? Respondens, ait : Deus me docuit."
" Qui t'a instruit ? Il répondait : Dieu m'a instruit."
Saint Ludger enfant. Vita, apud Bolland. et Pertz, II, 407.
Dans un canton de Frise, où la foi commençait à s'introduire, la femme d'un
chef crétien avait mit au monde une fille. L'aïeule encore païenne, irritée
contre sa bru, qui ne lui donnait pas de petit-fils, ordonna que l'nfant fût
étouffée, comme le permettait les lois, avant qu'elle eût goûté le lait de sa
mère, ou la nourriture des hommes. Un esclave l'emporta pour la noyer, et la
plongea dans un grand vase plein d'eau. Mais l'enfant étendant ses petites
mains, se retenait aux bords. Les cris attirèrent une femme qui l'arracha des
bras de l'esclave, l'emporta dans sa maison et lui mouilla les lèvres d'un peu
de miel ; dès lors, les lois ne permettait pas qu'elle mourût : ce fut la mère
de saint Ludger.
Le signe de Dieu était sur cette maison, et l'on vit de bonne heure ce que
Ludger serait un jour. Ses parents le mirent donc au monastère d'Utrecht, et il
y fit tant de progrès dans les lettres sacrées, qu'on l'envoya aux écoles
d'York, où les leçons d'Alcuin attiraient un grand concours de jeunes gens des
contrées étrangères.
Il y passa quatre ans et revint en Frise avec un grand savoir et beaucoup de
livres. Alors on l'appliqua à la prédication de l'Evangile dans le canton
d'Ostracha. Mais au milieu des païens, il n'oubliait pas ses amis d'Angleterre.
Pendant qu'il bâtissait un oratoire, Alcuin lui adressait des vers pour les
inscrire au porche de l'édifice. Vers le même temps, il recevait de l'un de ses
condisciples d'York une épître qui commençait ainsi :
" Frère, frère chéri de cet amour divin plus fort que le sang, Ludger que
j'aime, puisse la grâce du Christ vous sauver. Prêtre honoré aux rivages
occidentaux du monde, vous êtes savant, puissant par la parole, profond par la
pensée. Tandis que vou sgrandissez dans le bien, ministre de Dieu,
souvenez-vous de moi, et que vos prières recommandent au ciel celui qui vous
célébra dans ses chants trop courts !"
Et le poëte finissait, demandant à son ami un bâton de bois blanc, humble don
pour humble vers.
Ludger travailla sept ans, au bout desquels Witikind ayand soulevé les Saxons,
les païens se jetèrent dans la Frise et chassèrent les prédicateurs de la foi.
Alors Ludger se rendit à Rome, puis au mont Cassin, où il s'arrêta pour étudier
la règle de saint Benoît et la rapporter parmi les moines de sa province. A son
retour, le bienheurex roi Charlemagne, qui venait de vaincre les Barbares, le
chargea d'évangéliser les cinq cantons de la Frise orientale. Ludger les
parcourut, renversant les idoles et annonçant le vrai Dieu. Ensuite, ayant
passé dans l'île de Fositeland, il détruisit les temples qui en faisait un lieu
vénéré des nations du Nord et baptisa les habitants dans les eaux d'une
fontaine qu'ils avaient adorée.
Vers ce temps-là, comme il voyageait de village en village, et qu'un jour il
avait reçu l'hospitalité d'une noble dame, pendant qu'il mangeait avec ses
disciples, on lui présenta un aveugle nommé Bernlef, que les gens du pays
aimaient, parce qu'il savait bien chanter les récits des anciens temps et les
combats des rois ; le serviteur de Dieu le pria de se trouver le lendemain en
un lieu qu'il lui marqua. Le lendemain, quand il aperçut Bernlef, il descendit
de cheval, l'emmena à l'écart, entendit sa confession, et, faisant le signe de
la Croix sur ses yeux, lui demanda s'il voyait. L'aveugle vit d'abord les mains
du prêtre, puis les arbres et les toits du hameau voisin. Mais Ludger exigea
qu'il cachât ce miracle. Plus tard, il le prit à sa suite pour baptiser les
païens, et il lui enseigna les psaumes pour les chanter au peuple.
Cependant le roi Charles, apprenant le grand bien que saint Ludger avait fait,
l'établit à Mimigerford, qui fut depuis Münster, au canton de Suthergau, en
Westphalie, et o, l'ordonna évêque malgré lui. Alors il éleva des églises et
dans chacune il mit un prêtre du nombre de ses disciples. Lui-même instruisait
tous les jours ceux qu'il destinait aux saints autels, et dont il avait choisi
plusieurs parmi les enfants des Barbares. Il ne cessait pas non plus d'exhorter
le peuple, invitant même les pauvres à sa table, afin de les entretenir plus
longtemps.
Ses grandes aumônes vidaient les trésors de l'église, jusqu'au jour où il fut
accusé auprès du bienheureux Charles comme dissipateur des biens du clergé. Il
se rendit donc à la cour, et, comme il s'était mis à prier et à réciter son
bréviaire en attendant l'heure de l'audience, un officier l'appela. Le Saint
voulut achever sa prière et se fit attendre :
" Pourquoi, lui dit Charles, n'être pas venu tout d'abord ?
- Prince, répond l'évêque, je priais Dieu ; quand vous m'avez choisi pour
évêque, vous m'avez recommandé de préférer toujours le service de ce Roi des
rois à celui des hommes, à celui même de l'empereur."
L'empereur, charmé de cette réponse n'en voulut pas entendre davantage. Il
renvoya avec honneur le pasteur vers ses ouailles, l'exhortant à montrer
toujours la même ardeur dans le service du Seigneur et celui de Son Église.
Alors, toute la Westphalie était devenue chrétienne, et le serviteur de Dieu
méditait de porter l'Evangile aux Scandinaves, quand il mourut à Münster, le 26
mars 809.
Le dernier jour de sa vie, il prêcha deux sermons, l'un à Coesfeld, l'autre à
Billerbult (ou Billerbeck) et célébra la sainte messe. La nuit suivante, il
rendit sa sainte âme à Dieu. Selon ce qu'il avait prescrit, il fut enseveli à
Werden, monastère qu'il avait fondé dans le diocèse de Cologne ; et il s'y
opéra beaucoup de miracles.
Signalons que c'est d'un monastère de chanoines réguliers que saint Ludger
avait établi dans sa ville épiscopale, que celle-ci prit le nom de Münster.
Saint Ludger est le patron de Münster, de Werden, de la Frise orientale, de
Helmstadt, de Deventer, de Kaiserwerth, etc.
L'essentiel de ses saintes reliques se trouvent toujours à Werden, même si
Münster et Billerbeck en possèdent des fragments.
On représente saint Ludger :
1. soutenant une église ou s'appuyant dessus : ce symbole rappelant toujours
les fondateurs d'églises ;
2. tenant un livre ou l'ayant à ses côtés : ce livre rappelant son amour rare
pour l'étude dans sa jeunesse ou, mieux encore, la circonstance du bréviaire
qu'il était en train de lire lorsqu'on vint le demander de la part de saint
Charlemagne.
SOURCE : http://www.religion-orthodoxe.com/article-saint-ludger-premier-eveque-de-munster-809-70306364.html
Illustration
from an illuminated manuscript showing Saint Liudger (Ludger, Lüdiger)
Also
known as
Apostle of Saxony
Ludger of Münster
Liudger of….
Ludiger of….
24 April (translation
of relics)
3 October (translation
of relics)
Profile
Son of Thiadgrim and
Liafburg, wealthy Frisian nobles.
Brother of Saint Gerburgis
and Saint Hildegrin;
uncle of Saint Altfried
of Münster. Saw Saint Boniface preach in 753,
and was greatly moved. Studied at Utrecht, Netherlands under Saint Gregory
of Utrecht. Studied three
and a half years in England under Blessed Alcuin. Deacon.
Returned to the Netherlands in 773 as
a missionary.
Sent to Deventer in 775 to
restore a chapel destroyed
by pagan Saxons,
and to recover the relics of Saint Lebwin,
who had built the chapel. Taught school at Utrecht.
Destroyed pagan idols and
places of worship in the areas west of Lauwers Zee after they were Christianized. Ordained in 777 at Cologne, Germany. Missionary to
Friesland, mainly around Ostergau and Dokkum, from 777 to 784,
returning each fall to Utrecht to teach in
the cathedral school.
Left the area in 784 when pagan Saxons invaded
and expelled all priests.
Pilgrim to Rome, Italy in 785.
Met with Pope Adrian
I, and the two exchanged counsel. Lived as a Benedictine monk at Monte
Cassino, Italy from 785 to 787,
but did not take vows. At the request of Charlemagne,
he returned to Friesland as a missionary.
It was a successful expedition, and he built a monastery in Werden, Germany to
serve as a base. Reported to have cured the blindness of,
and thus caused the conversion of
the blind pagan bard Berulef.
Refused the bishopric of Trier, Germany in 793. Missionary to
the Saxons.
Built a monastery at
Mimigernaford as the center of this missionary work,
and served as its abbot. The
word monasterium led to the current name of the city that grew up
around the house – Münster.
Built several small chapels throughout
the region. First bishop of Münster in 804,
being ordained at Westphalia.
Ludger’s health failed in
later years, but he never reduced his work load. No matter how busy or
dangerous his outside life, he never neglected his time of prayer and
meditation, it being a source of the strength to do everything else. The man’s
life can be summed up in two facts –
he was reprimanded and
denounced only once during his bishopric – for spending more on charity than
on church decoration
on the day of his death,
he celebrated Mass –
twice.
Born
c.743 at
Zuilen, Friesland (modern Netherlands)
in the evening of Passion
Sunday, 26 March 809 of
natural causes
relics also
at Münster and
Billerbeck, Germany
bishop holding
a church and a book
bishop with
a swan on
either side
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MLA
Citation
“Saint Ludger of
Utrecht“. CatholicSaints.Info. 25 March 2023. Web. 26 March 2023.
<https://catholicsaints.info/saint-ludger-of-utrecht/>
SOURCE : https://catholicsaints.info/saint-ludger-of-utrecht/
Saint
Ludger rendant la vue à l'aveugle.
Bernlef. Rotterdam.
St. Ludger
(Lüdiger or Liudger)
Missionary among the Frisians and Saxons, first Bishop of Munster in Westphalia, b. at Zuilen near Utrecht about 744; d. 26
March, 809. Feast, 26 March. Represented as
a bishop reciting
his Breviary,
or with a swan at either side. His parents, Thiadgrim and
Liafburg, were wealthy Frisians of noble lineage. In 753 Ludger saw
the greatapostle of Germany, St.
Boniface, and this sight and the subsequent martyrdom of
the saint made
deep impressions on his youthful mind. At his urgent request he was sent
to the school which St.
Gregory [of Utrecht,Abbot (c.
707-c. 775)] had founded at Utrecht,
and made good progress. In 767 Gregory,
who did not wish to receive episcopal consecration himself,
sent Alubert, who had come from England to
assist him in his missionary work, to York to be consecrated bishop.
Ludger accompanied him to receive deaconship and
to study underAlcuin,
but after a year returned to Utrecht. Some time later he was
granted an opportunity to continue his studies in the same school,
and here contracted a friendship with Alcuin which
lasted throughout life. In 773 a friction arose between the Anglo-Saxons and
the Frisians, and Ludger, to provide for his personal safety, left for home,
taking with him a number of valuable books. In 775 he was sent to Deventer to
restore the chapeldestroyed
by the heathen Saxons and
to find the relics of St.
Lebwin (Liafwin), who had laboured there as missionary, had built
the chapel,
and had died there. Ludger was successful in his undertaking, and then taught
in the school of Utrecht.
He and some others were next
sent north to destroy the heathen places of worship west of
the Lauwers Zee.
After Ludger had
been ordained at Cologne in
777 the missions of Ostergau (Ostracha,
i.e., Eastern Friesland) were committed to his charge, and Dokkum,
the place of the martyrdom of St.
Boniface, was made the centre. During each autumn he came to Utrecht to
teach at the cathedral school.
In this manner he toiled for about seven years, until Widukind, the
indomitable leader of the Saxons, induced the Frisians to drive out
themissionaries, burn the churches, and return to the heathen gods.
Ludger escaped with his disciples. In 785 he visited Rome,
was well received by Pope Adrian, and obtained from
him good counsel and special faculties. FromRome he
went to Monte
Cassino, where he lived according to the Rule
of St. Benedict, but did not bind himself byvows.
The news of Widukind's submission, and the arrival of Charlemagne at Monte
Cassino in 787, put an end toLudger's peaceful retirement. He was
appointed missionary to the five districts at the mouth of the Ems, which was
still occupied almost entirely by heathens.
With his usual energy and unbounded confidence in God he
began his work; and, knowing the language and habits of the
people, he was able to turn to advantage many national traits in effecting
their conversion. His zeal knew no
bounds; the island of Bant, long since swallowed by the sea, is mentioned as
the scene of his apostolic work. He
visited Heligoland (Fossitesland), where St.
Willibrord had preached; he destroyed the remaining vestiges of heathenism,
and built a Christian temple.
The well once sacredto the heathen gods
became his baptismal
font. On his return he
met the blind bard Berulef, cured his blindness, and made him a
devout Christian.
In 793
(Hist. Jahrb., I, 282) Charlemagne wished
to make Ludger Bishop of Trier,
but he declined the honour,
while declaring himself willing to undertake the evangelizing of
the Saxons. Charlemagne gladly
accepted the offer, and North-western Saxony was thus added
to Ludger's missionary field. To defray necessary expenses
the income of the Abbey of Leuze, in the present Belgian Province
of Hainaut, was given him, and he was told to pick his fellow-labourers from
the members of that abbey.
As Mimigernaford (Mimigardeford, Miningarvard) had been designated the
centre of the new district, Ludger built a monastery (monasterium)
there, from which the place took its name Munster. Here he lived with
his monks according
to the rule of St.
Chrodegang of Metz,
which in 789 had been made obligatory in
the Frankish territories
(Schmitz Kallenberg, "Monasticon Westphaliae", Munster, 1909, p. 62,
places the date of foundation between
805 and 809). He also built a chapel on
the left of the Aa in honour of
the Blessed
Virgin, besides
the churches of Billerbeck, Coesfeld, Herzfeld, Nottuln,
and others. Near the church of Nottuln he built a home for
his sister, St. Gerburgis, who had consecrated herself
toGod.
Many pious virgins soon
gathered about her, and so arose the first convent in Westphalia (c.
803). At the request of Charlemagne,
Ludger received episcopal consecration some
time between 13 Jan., 802, and 23 April, 805, for on the
first date he is still styled abbot,
while on the latter he is called bishop (Hist. Jahrb.,
I, 283). His principal care was to have a good and efficient clergy.
He, to a great extent, educated his
students personally, and generally took some of them on his missionary tours.
Since his sojourn at Monte
Cassino Ludger had entertained the idea of
founding a Benedictine monastery.
During the past years he had been acquiring propertyand
looking for a suitable location. At
length he decided upon Werden; but it was only in 799 that building began
in earnest, and in 804 that he consecrated the church.
On Passion Sunday, 809, Ludger heard Mass at Coesfeld early in the morning and preached, then went toBillerbeck, where at nine o'clock he again preached, and said his last Mass. That evening he expired peacefully amidst his faithful followers. A dispute arose between Munster and Werden for the possession of his body. His brother Hildegrim being appealed to, after consultation with the emperor, decided in favour of Werden, and here the relics have rested for eleven centuries. Portions have been brought to Munster and Billerbeck. From 22 June to 4 July, 1909, the Diocese of Munster celebrated the eleventh centenary. "Bishop Hermann Dingelstad, the present successor of the apostle, celebrated the Jubilee, uniting it with the golden jubilee of his own priesthood. A most touching scene was witnessed when thousands of men, who had come from far and near, after a stirringsermon of the orator-bishop of Treves, Mgr Felix Korum, renewed their baptismal vows at the same well from which St. Ludgerus had baptized their forefathers. A Benedictine abbot and eleven bishops, among them thearchbishop of the saint's Frisian home, Utrecht, and Cardinal Fischer of Cologne, took part in the sacredcelebrations" ("America", I, 381).
Sources
BUTLER, Lives of the Saints; Revue Benedictine, III, 107; VII, 412;
STADLER, Heiligenlex.; SCHWANE in Kirchenlex.; Geschichtsquellen der
Diozese Munster, IV; PINGSMANN, Der hl. Ludgerus (Freiburg, 1879);
BOSER, Am Grabe des hl. Ludger (Munster, 1908).
Mershman, Francis. "St. Ludger." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol.
9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 5 Jun.
2015 <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09415a.htm>.
Transcription. This
article was transcribed for New Advent by Herman F. Holbrook. O Saint
Ludger, and all ye holy Pastors, pray for us.
Ecclesiastical
approbation. Nihil Obstat. October 1, 1910. Remy Lafort,
Censor. Imprimatur. +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York.
Copyright © 2021 by Kevin Knight.
Dedicated to the Immaculate Heart of Mary.
SOURCE : http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09415a.htm
De H. Ludger geneest Bernlef, J.A.F. Kronenburg, Neerlands heiligen in vroeger eeuwen, deel IV. Belijders en maagden, tweede druk, Amsterdam: F.H.J. Bekker 1904
Ludger of Utrecht, OSB B (RM)
(also known as Liudger)
Born near Zuilen, Frisia, the Netherlands, c. 744; died at Billerbeck,
Westphalia, Germany, 809.
Everything in Ludger's life seems to have worked in favor of his becoming a
great man and a saint: a good family, dedicated to the Church; a fine
education; a native intelligence and a disposition that won him the affection
of all with whom he came in contact. At the age of 14, he met Saint Gregory of
Utrecht, who gave him the monastic habit. When he was 24, he was made a deacon;
at 34, he was ordained a priest.
Ludger was first taught by Saint Gregory (whose vita he wrote), then he went to
England, in 767, as a pupil of Blessed Alcuin of York. He would have stayed
there longer than four years had one of his fellow countrymen not killed an
English merchant and thus stirred up bad blood against the Netherlands.
In 775, Ludger was sent to revive the work begun by Saint Lebuin at Deventer. It
was not until 777 that he was compelled by Gregory's successor Saint Alberic to
be ordained priest. Then was stationed at Dokkum, where Saint Boniface had died
and from where Ludger took the Gospel to the Frieslanders. For seven years he
built churches (including the one at Dokkum for which Alcuin wrote some verses
for the dedication), destroyed idols, and converted many pagans. Then, in 784,
the Saxon leader Widekund invaded, destroying Christian foundations and driving
out all the missionaries.
Ludger took the opportunity to make a pilgrimage to Rome and also spent two
years at the great Benedictine foundation at Monte Cassino, where he planned
the monastery he later established at Werden. There he may have met
Charlemagne, perhaps through Alcuin who had passed over to France. Returning to
Westphalia in 786, the emperor charged him with the spiritual care of five
provinces. Ludger based himself on a place called Mimigerneford, which was
later known as Münster because of the abbey founded there, which followed the
Rule of Saint Chrodegang of Metz. His gentleness did more to attract the Saxons
to Christ than did all the armies of Charlemagne.
He turned down the bishopric of Trier; and later, around 804, when he became
the first bishop of Münster, Ludger himself did missionary work in Heligoland
and Westphalia. Although he was denounced to Charlemagne for excessive
almsgiving to the detriment of the ornamentation of churches, and kept the
emperor waiting for an explanation until he had finished his devotions, he did
not lose favor with the king.
Although in some pain from his final illness, the saint continued to preach
until the very end of his life. In fact, Ludger died while on a preaching tour
and was buried at the Benedictine monastery of Werden, on the Ruhr, which he
had founded. Most of his relics remain in there. His feast is recorded in
liturgical books from the 9th century (Attwater, Benedictines, Bentley,
Encyclopedia, Farmer).
In art, Saint Ludger is portrayed as a bishop with a swan or goose near him
(not to be confused with Saint Hugh). Sometimes he may be shown (1) with two
swans at his feet; (2) saying his breviary; or (3) holding a model church
(Roeder).
SOURCE : http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/0326.shtml
Detail
raam III De komst van het christendom. De vijf gedenkramen in de
aula van het Academiegebouw in Groningen werden tussen 1937 en 1951
gemaakt door de kunstenaar Johan Dijkstra.
St. Ludger, Bishop of Munster, Apostle of Saxony
From his life, written by
Altfrid, one of his successors, and another compiled by a monk of Werden, about
sixty years after the death of St. Ludger, of inferior authority to the former,
both extant in Mabillon, Act. Bened. t. 4. p. 289: also a third life in Surius
and the Bollandists, written by the monks of Werden, perhaps twenty years after
the latter. See Hist. Liter. Fr. t. 5. p. 660
A.D. 809
ST. LUDGER was born in Friseland, about the year 743. His father, who was a
nobleman of the first rank in that country, at the child’s own request,
committed him very young to the care of St. Gregory, the disciple of St.
Boniface, and his successor in the government of the see of Utrecht. Ludger had
the happiness to have seen that holy martyr, and received from him strong
impressions of virtue. Gregory educated him in his monastery, and admiring his
progress in learning and piety, gave him the clerical tonsure. Ludger, desirous
of further improvement, passed over into England, and spent four years and a
half under Alcuin, who was rector of a famous school at York. He was careful to
employ his whole time in the exercises of piety, and the study of the holy scriptures
and fathers. In 773, he returned home, and St. Gregory dying in 776, his
successor, Alberic, compelled our saint to receive the holy order of
priesthood, and employed him for several years in preaching the word of God in
Friseland, where he converted great numbers, both among the Pagans and vicious
Christians, founded several monasteries, and built many churches. This was the
state of affairs, when the pagan Saxons, ravaging the country obliged him to
leave Friseland. Whereupon he travelled to Rome to consult Pope Adrian II. what
course to take, and what he thought God required of him. He then retired for
three years and a half to Mount Cassino, where he wore the habit of the Order,
and conformed to the practice of the rule during his stay, but made no
religious vows. In 787, Charlemagne overcame the Saxons and conquered
Friseland, and the coast of the Germanic ocean as far as Denmark. Ludger
hearing that by this revolution the mission was again opened, returned into
east-Friseland, where he converted the Saxons to the faith; as he also did the
province of Sudergou, now called Westphalia. He founded the monastery of
Werden, 1 in
the county of La Mark, twenty-nine miles from Cologne. His old master Alcuin
being come into France, made his merit known to the Emperor Charlemagne. In
802, Hildebald, archbishop of Cologne, not regarding his strenuous resistance,
ordained him bishop of Mimigardeford, (or ford of the river Mimigard,) a city
which afterwards changed this name for that of Munster, from the great
monastery of regular canons which St. Ludger built there, to serve for his
cathedral. He joined to his diocess five cantons of Friseland which he had
converted, and also founded the monastery of Helmstad, afterwards called
Ludger-Clooster, or Ludger’s cloister, in the duchy of Brunswick.
He was very learned in the Holy Scriptures, and read daily lectures thereon to
his disciples. He fasted and watched much, and always wore a hair shirt, but
secretly, so that no one knew of it till a little before his death. He ate some
flesh at certain times, chiefly to conform to others, but always observing a
strict temperance. When invited to any entertainment, his discourse the whole
time was on religious subjects, and he withdrew immediately after. To the poor
he was affable and courteous, but firm and resolute to the proud rich. He
exerted an episcopal vigour against impenitent sinners, and refused all manner
of presents from an incestuous lady, and at length excommunicated her. Except
what was absolutely necessary for his subsistence, he employed the revenues of
his own estate and those of his bishopric in charities. He was accused to the
emperor Charlemagne, among other things, of wasting his income, and neglecting
the embellishment of churches within his jurisdiction. And this prince, who
loved to see churches magnificent, giving ear to the information, ordered him
to appear at court. The morning after his arrival, the emperor’s chamberlain
brought him word that his attendance was required. The saint, being then at his
prayers, told the officer that he would follow him as soon as he had finished
them. He was sent for three several times before he was ready, which the
courtiers represented as a contempt of his majesty; and the emperor with some
emotion, asked him why he had made him wait so long, though he had sent for him
so often? The bishop answered, that though he had the most profound respect for
his majesty, yet God was infinitely above him; that whilst we are occupied with
him, it is our duty to forget every thing else; and that in this he judged he
had rather obeyed than neglected his majesty’s orders, who, when he was chosen
bishop, had recommended to him ever to prefer the service of God to that of
men. This answer made such an impression on the emperor, in favour of the
saint, that he looked upon it as a complete justification of his conduct as to
every particular that had been laid to his charge: he accordingly dismissed him
with honour, and disgraced his accusers. The saint took this liberty with a
religious prince, that he might condemn the sloth of many who suffer distractions
or earthly trifles to interrupt their commerce with God; but they who leave
prayer for necessary works of charity or obedience, find God still in the
exercises of those virtues. St. Ludger required so devout an attention at
divine service, that being at prayers one night with his clergy, and one of
them stooping down to mend the fire and hinder it from smoking, the saint after
prayer severely rebuked him for it, and inflicted on him a penance for some
days. St. Ludger was favoured with the gift of miracles and prophecy. He
foretold the invasion of the Normans from Denmark and Norway, and what ravages
they would make in the French empire, and this at a time when there was not the
least apprehension of any such thing. His great zeal inclined him to go and
preach the faith to these northern nations, but the king would not allow of it.
His last sickness, though violent, did not hinder him from continuing his
functions to the very last day of his life, which was Passion-Sunday, on which
day he preached very early in the morning, said mass towards nine, and preached
again before night, foretelling withal to those that were about him, that he
should die the following night, and fixing upon a place in his monastery of
Werden where he chose to be interred. He died accordingly on the 26th of March,
at midnight. His relics are still kept at Werden. Joseph, an Englishman, a
disciple of Alcuin, whom he attended into France, wrote, in sixteen verses, an
eulogium of St. Ludger, published by Vossius 2 and
Mabillon, as a specimen of good poetry for that age.
Nothing so much scandalizes the very infidels, or shows the decay of piety, and
loss of all sense of religion among Christians, as their disrespectful
behaviour in the house of God and at the time of prayer. An awful strict
silence, the most profound exterior respect, and penetrating inward devotion of
heart, must essentially accompany our homages when we present them before the
throne of God, in whose presence the highest seraphim annihilate themselves.
This silence we must observe not only with our tongues, but also with our bodies
and all our limbs, both out of respect to the presence of God and his altar,
and also not to give the least occasion of distraction to others. Prayer is an
action so sublime and supernatural, that the Church in her canonical hours
teaches us to begin it by a fervent petition of grace to perform it well. What
an insolence and mockery is it to join with this petition an open disrespect
and a neglect of all necessary precautions against distractions! We ought never
to appear before God, to tender him our homages or supplications, without
trembling, and without being deaf to all creatures, and shutting all our senses
to every object that can distract our minds from God. In the life of F. Simon
Gourdan, a regular cannon of St. Victor’s at Paris, who died in the odour of
sanctity, in the year 1729, the eighty-fifth of his age, it is related that
King Lewis XIV. came to see him, and to recommend himself to his prayers. The
servant of God made him wait till he had finished his thanksgiving after mass,
which edified that great prince, who said, “he does well; for he is employed in
attending on a much greater king.” Though St. Francis of Sales on the like
occasions chose rather to forego or defer his own private devotions, than not
to be ready immediately to wait on others, in order to give them all the
spiritual advice they desired; yet at prayer, at least, he and all truly
religious persons seemed in some degree to rival the heavenly spirits in their
awe and reverence. Silence at that holy time, or place, has always been
esteemed a thing so sacred, that when the temple of Solomon was building, God
commanded that there should not be heard so much as the sound of a hammer, or
any other instrument. Even when we come from conversing with God, we ought to
appear all penetrated with the divine presence, and rather as angels than men.
Sanctity, modesty, and the marks of an heavenly spirit, ought to shine in our
exterior, and to inspire others by our very sight with religious awe and
devotion.
Note 1. Some have, by mistake, confounded this place with Ferden, or
Werden, beyond the Weser. [back]
Note 2. Voss. de histor. lat. l. 2. c. 3. [back]
Rev. Alban Butler (1711–73). Volume III: March. The Lives
of the Saints. 1866.
SOURCE : http://www.bartleby.com/210/3/261.html
Pictorial Lives of the Saints –
Saint Ludger, Bishop
Article
Saint Ludger was born in
Friesland about the year 743. His father, a nobleman of the first rank, at the
child’s own request, committed him very young to the care of Saint Gregory, the
disciple of Saint Boniface, and his successor in the government of the see of
Utrecht. Gregory educated him in his monastery, and gave him the clerical
tonsure. Ludger, desirous of further improvement, passed over into England, and
spent four years and a half under Alcuin, who was rector of a famous school at
York. In 773 he returned home, and Saint Gregory dying in 776, his successor,
Alberic, compelled our Saint to receive the holy order of priesthood, and employed
him for several years in preaching the word of God in Friesland, where he
converted great numbers, founded several monasteries, and built many churches.
The pagan Saxons ravaging the country, Ludger travelled to Rome to consult Pope
Adrian II. what course to take, and what he thought God required of him. He
then retired for three years and a half to Mount Cassino, where he wore the
habit of the order, and conformed to the practice of the rule during his stay,
but made no religious vows. In 787, Charlemagne overcame the Saxons, and
conquered Friesland and the coast of the Germanic Ocean as far as Denmark.
Ludger hearing this, returned into East Friesland, where he converted the
Saxons to the faith; as he also did the province of Westphalia. He founded the monastery
of Werden, twentynine miles from Cologne. In 802, Hildebald, archbishop of
Cologne, not regarding his strenuous resistance, ordained him bishop of
Minister. He joined in his diocese five cantons of Friesland which he had
converted, and also founded the monastery of Helmstad, in the duchy of
Brunswick. Being accused to the Emperor Charlemagne of wasting his income, and
neglecting the embellishment of churches, this prince ordered him to appear at
court. The morning after his arrival, the emperor’s chamberlain brought him
word that his attendance was required. The Saint, being then at his prayers,
told the officer that he would follow him as soon as he had finished them. He
was sent for three several times before he was ready, which the courtiers represented
as a contempt of his majesty, and the emperor, with some emotion, asked him why
he had made him wait so long, though he had sent for him so often. The Bishop
answered that though he had the most profound respect for his majesty, yet God
was infinitely above him: that whilst we are occupied with Him, it is our duty
to forget everything else. This answer made such an impression on the emperor,
that he dismissed him with honor, and disgraced his accusers. Saint Ludger was
favored with the gift of miracles and prophecy. His last sickness, though
violent, did not hinder him from continuing his functions to the very last day
of his life, which was Passion-Sunday, on which day he preached very early in
the morning, said mass towards nine, and preached again before’ night,
foretelling to those that were about him, that he should die the following
night, and fixing upon a place in his monastery of Werden where he chose to be
interred. He died accordingly on the 26th of March, at midnight.
Reflection – Prayer is an
action so sublime and supernatural, that the Church in her canonical hours
teaches us to begin it by a fervent petition of grace to perform it well. What
an insolence and mockery is it to join with this petition an open disrespect
and a neglect of all necessary precautions against distractions! We ought never
to appear before God, to tender Him our homages or supplications, without
trembling, and without being deaf to all creatures, and shutting all our senses
to every object that can distract our minds from God.
MLA
Citation
John Dawson Gilmary Shea.
“Saint Ludger, Bishop”. Pictorial Lives of the
Saints, 1889. CatholicSaints.Info.
6 February 2014. Web. 26 March 2023.
<https://catholicsaints.info/pictorial-lives-of-the-saints-saint-ludger-bishop/>
SOURCE : https://catholicsaints.info/pictorial-lives-of-the-saints-saint-ludger-bishop/
Liudger-Reliquiar
im Ludgerus-Dom in Billerbeck.
Relikwiarz św. Ludgera (Liudgera) w Billerbeck.
Saints of the Order of Saint
Benedict – Saint Ludgerus, Bishop
The father of Saint
Ludgerus was a noble of the highest rank in Friesland, and consigned his son at
an early age to the care of Saint Gregory, O.S.B., who was at the same time
Bishop of Utrecht and Abbot of the monastery in that city. Ludgerus, when quite
a child, had given promise of great genius; being asked one day by a servant
what he had done on that day, he replied: “I have either read, or written, or
composed books.” The boy’s industry at the monastic school amply fulfilled the
promise of his childhood. To still further perfect himself in learning, he
crossed the sea to England to place himself under the teaching of Alcuin, the
greatest scholar of the time, to whom came crowds of disciples from all parts
of the world, not to mention the English, the Irish, and the Scotch. Having
spent more than four years with Alcuin, and having received Holy Orders,
Ludgerus returned to Utrecht. Alberic, the successor of Gregory, who had died
during the absence of Ludgerus, knowing his learning, zeal, and piety,
committed to his charge Deventer in Friesland.
There, even at the risk
of his life, our Saint waged persistent war on idols; but the fruit of all his
labours was, for the moment, destroyed by the conquest of Friesland by
Windekind, Duke of Saxony. Discouraged by the havoc he saw on every side,
Ludgerus went to Rome, and thence sought rest among his own Order in the
tranquil haven of Monte Cassino. But the energy which he had shown in Friesland
and the learning he had acquired in England were known to Pope Leo, who, in
order that these great qualities should not be hidden in a cell at Monte
Cassino, recommended Ludgerus to Charlemagne, just then victorious over
Windekind. The Emperor joyfully received our Saint on his return from Italy,
and assigned to him five provinces of the Frisians. So successful was his
preaching that the barbarians vied with one another in casting out idols and in
accepting the true Faith. He also attempted to introduce Christianity among the
Normans, but that fierce race expelled him from their territories. Next he was
ordered by Charlemagne to nourish the seeds of the Gospel, which had been newly
planted in Saxony. At the bidding of the Emperor he was consecrated by
Hildebald, Archbishop of Cologne, Bishop of a See which has been identified
with the modern Munster. Saxony was not enough for the zeal of Ludgerus. He
also converted Denmark, and was meditating an expedition to Norway, when the
Emperor, through fear of his losing his life among the savage inhabitants of
the North, recalled him.
Having placed
Christianity on a firm basis amongst the Saxons, and having built a cathedral
church at Werden, the Bishops next want was a monastery. The site given him was
in a dense forest on a precipitous mountain. There the trees had grown so huge
and so close that they baffled every effort to clear the ground. In despair the
workmen rushed to Ludgerus. Awake all through that night, the Saint sent up
earnest prayers to the Almighty; not in vain, for suddenly so furious a storm
raged that the very monarchs of the forest were uprooted, a space sufficient
for the building having been cleared.
Good actions are often
misrepresented. An enemy informed the Emperor that Ludgerus, who spent all his
revenues in charity, was neglecting the suitable decoration of his churches. An
officer was sent to summon the Bishop to the monarch’s presence. The Saint,
happening to be at his prayers, told the officer he would follow him when his
devotions were ended. This was construed into another offence. When Charlemagne
asked why he had shown such contempt for his command, Ludgerus answered, that
though he revered his Majesty, he revered God still more, and that while he was
engaged in His service, all earthly duties must wait. This noble and courageous
reply so struck the Emperor, that he instantly acquitted the Bishop of all the
charges brought against him, and punished his accusers.
Many years did Ludgerus
labour among the Saxons, until his health began to give way; yet to the last he
performed all the duties of his high office. On the very day that preceded his
death, he preached twice to his people from his Cathedral throne. Borne from
the church to his cell, he survived only a few hours, dying on the 26th March,
A.D. 809.
– text and illustration
taken from Saints
of the Order of Saint Benedict by Father Aegedius
Ranbeck, O.S.B.
SOURCE : https://catholicsaints.info/saint-ludger-of-utrecht/
Messe
de Saint Liudger dans l'ancienne abbaye d'Essen-Werden,
aujourd'hui
propriété de l'Abbaye de Gerleve
Mar
26 – St Ludger of Münster (742-809)
26
March, 2012
Summary: Following
in the footsteps of the English missionary St Boniface, Ludger, who was a
native Netherlander, brought the faith to the people of Frisia in Holland and
the Saxons of north-west Germany.
Patrick
Duffy tells his story.
A
Frisian of noble descent
Ludger was born at Zuilen, near Utrecht, in the Netherlands about 742. His
parents were wealthy Christian Frisians of noble descent. When he was eleven
years of age, he saw the English missionary St Boniface and this made such an
impression on him that he became a disciple of St Gregory of Utrecht
(friend of St Boniface). He later wrote a Life of St Gregory. He
then went to England to study under Alcuin at York for some years
(767-771). While there he developed a friendship with Alcuin which lasted
through life and was ordained a deacon.
Difficulties
preaching the gospel among Frisians and Saxons
In 775 Ludger was sent to revive the work at Deventer in the Netherlands
begun by St Lebuin (an Englishman and monk of Ripon, who died 773). He restored
the chapel and recovered the relics of St Lebuin. But because of conflict
between the Frisians and the Saxons he withdrew and went to teach at Gregory
school’s in Utrecht. He was ordained a priest at Cologne in
777. Subsequently he preached the gospel at Dokkum in Friesland,
where St Boniface had been put to death.
To
Rome and Monte Cassino
Driven out by the Saxons about 785, Ludger went to Rome where he met with Pope
Adrian I. He spent the next two years in Monte Cassino, planning to found a
Benedictine monastery of his own.
Charlemagne
in Friesland and Saxony
At this time Charlemagne was forcefully converting the Frisians and Saxons to
Christianity, with the Saxon leader Widukind providing serious opposition. When
Ludger returned to the area in 787, Charlemagne entrusted him with
the evangelisation of the Saxons in Westphalia. His preaching of the gospel had
more success than Charlemagne’s repressive measures. He is reported to have
cured the blindness of, and thus caused the conversion of, the blind pagan bard
Berulef.
Canons
regular at Münster
Ludger made his headquarters in the place now called Münster, meaning
“monastery”. Here in 795 he founded a community of canons regular, following
the Rule of St Chordegang of Metz. In 799 he established a monastery
at Werden on the Rhur and became its first abbot. Around 803 he was
consecrated bishop of Münster. He was a gentle pastor who achieved much for
Christianity by his patient persuasion.
Death
and representation
This great missionary died on Passion Sunday 809 while on a preaching tour, and
he was buried at the Benedictine monastery of Werden. To avert a dispute,
relics were taken to the monastery at Münster. He is variously depicted as a
bishop reciting his breviary, or as a bishop holding a cathedral (as above), or
a bishop with a swan on either side.
SOURCE
: https://www.catholicireland.net/saintoftheday/st-ludger-of-munster-742-809/
Standbild
à Haltern représentant Saint Ludgerus et son oie hiératique.
San Ludgero di Munster Vescovo
Frisia, c. 745 - 26 marzo
809
Nato verso il 745 in
Frisia è legato all'evangelizzazione della Germania transrenana, come discepolo
di Gregorio e di Alcuino di York. Dopo l'ordinazione sacerdotale, ricevuta
a Colonia nel 777, si dedicò alla evangelizzazione della regione pagana della
Frisia. Nel 776, durante la prima spedizione in questa zona, Carlo Magno impose
il battesimo a tutti i guerrieri vinti; ma la rivolta di Widukindo fu
accompagnata da un'apostasia generale. Ludgero fuggì e raggiunse Montecassino.
La rivolta di Widukindo venne domata nel 784. Lo stesso Carlo Magno andò a
incontrare Ludgero a Montecassino e lo rimandò in patria, incaricandolo di
riprendere la missione nella Frisia. Prese il posto dell'abate Bernardo nel
territorio della Sassonia. Nel 795 Ludgero vi eresse il monastero, attorno al
quale sorse l'attuale città di Munster. Il territorio apparteneva alla
circoscrizione ecclesiastica di Colonia, poiché Ludgero accettò soltanto
nell'804 di essere consacrato vescovo della nuova diocesi. A lui si deve anche
la fondazione del monastero benedettino di Werden, dove è sepolto. Morì
nell'anno 809. (Avvenire)
Emblema: Bastone
pastorale
Martirologio
Romano: Nel monastero di Werden nella Sassonia, in Germania, transito di
san Liudgero, vescovo, che, istruito da Alcuino, predicò il Vangelo nelle terre
di Olanda, Danimarca e Sassonia, costituì la sede episcopale di Münster e fondò
molti monasteri, veri centri di propagazione della fede.
La storia di S. Ludgero, primo vescovo di Munster, nato verso il 745 in Frisia, da nobile famiglia, è legata a un fatto nuovo nel mondo cristiano: in quell'epoca il cristianesimo valicò le frontiere dell'impero romano, con l'evangelizzazione della Germania transrenana. In quest'opera missionaria, che raggiunse il massimo sviluppo con S. Bonifacio, troviamo impegnato S. Ludgero, discepolo di S. Gregorio e di Alcuino di York. Dopo l'ordinazione sacerdotale, ricevuta a Colonia nel 777, Ludgero si dedicò alla evangelizzazione della regione pagana della Frisia, dove S. Bonifacio aveva subito il martirio.
I metodi usati dall'imperatore Carlo Magno per assoggettare questa zona e cristianizzarla erano ben poco in sintonia con lo spirito del vangelo. Nel 776, durante la prima spedizione, il monarca impose il battesimo a tutti i guerrieri vinti; ma la rivolta di Widukindo fu accompagnata da un'apostasia generale. Ludgero dovette fuggire, e dopo aver sostato a Roma raggiunse Montecassino, dove vestì l'abito monacale senza tuttavia emettere i voti.
La rivolta di Widukindo venne domata nel 784 e la repressione fu pesante.
Il rifiuto del battesimo e la rottura del digiuno quaresimale erano passibili di morte; ma questo regime di terrore, contro il quale si levò la condanna del grande maestro Alcuino, rendeva odioso lo stesso cristianesimo, che tuttavia attecchì e fiorì rigogliosamente, grazie ad autentici banditori del vangelo, come S. Ludgero, che lo stesso Carlo Magno andò ad incontrare a Montecassino e rimandò in patria, incaricandolo di riprendere la missione nella Frisia. Poco dopo, per premiarlo del suo zelo, gli offrì il vescovado vacante di Treviri, ma il santo rifiutò. Non si sottrasse invece al suo compito di missionario, accettando di prendere il posto dell'abate Bernardo nel territorio della Sassonia.
Nel 795 Ludgero vi eresse il monastero, attorno al quale sorse l'attuale città di Munster (in tedesco Munster vuol dire monastero). Il territorio apparteneva alla circoscrizione ecclesiastica di Colonia, poiché Ludgero accettò soltanto nell'804 di essere consacrato vescovo della nuova diocesi. Prima di questa data l'infaticabile missionario non aveva fissa dimora. Costruì chiese e scuole e fondò nuove parrocchie che poi affidò ai sacerdoti che egli stesso aveva formato nella sua scuola presso la cattedrale di Mimigernaeford. A lui si deve anche la fondazione del monastero benedettino di Werden dove ebbe poi sepoltura. Morì il 26 marzo 809 e fu venerato subito come santo. La sua tomba a Werden è mèta di pellegrinaggi.
Autore: Piero Bargellini
SOURCE : http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/47200
La
crypte et la châsse de Saint Ludger, Abbaye de Werden
Châsse
de Ludgerus côté abside, Abbaye de Werden
Den hellige Liudger av
Münster (~744-809)
Minnedag: 26.
mars
Skytshelgen for
bispedømmene Münster og Essen
Den hellige Liudger
(Ludger, lat: Ludgerus) ble født ca 744 i Zuilen ved Utrecht i Nederland i en
fornem frisisk familie, som i steiden mellom frisere og frankere hadde stilt
seg på frankernes side og var blitt kristne. Vi kjenner ikke navnet på hans foreldre,
men bestefaren het Wursing og ble døpt av den hellige Willibrords
frisermisjon ca 721. Hans søster var Heriburg (Gerburgis), som ble første
abbedisse av Nottuln. Hun døde i 834, og hennes ben ble gjenfunnet i 1978.
Som ung mann var Liudger
elev av den hellige Gregor
av Utrecht i byens katedralskole. Gregor var en venn av den
hellige Bonifatius,
og Liudger skrev senere en biografi om sin mester. I 767 kom han til England og
studerte noen år under Alkuin i
York. Alkuin var en av hovedmedarbeiderne i Karl
den Stores utdannelsesreform og ble senere abbed av Saint-Martin i Tours.
Liudger ville sikkert ha blitt lenger enn fire år i York om ikke en av hans
landsmenn hadde drept en engelsk kjøpmann og dermed skapt ondt blod mot
nederlenderne. Han ble i 775 sendt for å få nytt liv i arbeidet som var
påbegynt av den hellige Lebuin i
Deventer, og han bygde opp igjen kirken i Deventer hvor Lebuin lå gravlagt
etter at den var ødelagt av hedninger.
Deretter ble han
stasjonert i Dokkum, og derfra evangeliserte han de avsidesliggende områdene i
Friesland i noen år. Han omvendte mange hedninger og plyndret hedenske
helligdommer av betydelig verdi, og noen av disse verdiene ble gitt til Kirken
av Karl den Store. I 777 ble han presteviet i Köln og bygde deretter flere
kirker, inkludert en i Dokkum, der Bonifatius var blitt martyrdrept i 754. Til
vigslingen av kirken skrev Alkuin noen vers. Men så ble området invadert i 784
av sakserne under hertug Widekund, og de drev ut prestene, ødela kirkene og
prøvde å gjeninnføre hedendommen.
Liudger benyttet
anledningen til å besøke Roma og Monte Cassino, hvor han tilbrakte de neste to
årene i tilbaketrukkethet. Etter at sakserhertugen hadde underkastet seg og
mottatt dåpen, vendte Liudger i 786 tilbake til sitt misjonsarbeid i Friesland.
Karl den Store betrodde ham evangeliseringen av sakserne i Westfalen. Liudger
la sitt hovedkvarter til et sted som het Mimigerneford, som i dag er Münster,
fra monasterium = kloster, etter kommuniteten av kanniker han
organiserte der i 795 etter den hellige Chrodegang
av Metz' regel. Han bygde opp de ødelagte kirkene, og hans milde
overtalelser og forkynnelse av evangeliet hadde mer suksess enn Karl den Stores
tvangsmetoder. I Monte Cassino hadde han planlagt å grunnlegge sitt eget
benediktinerkloster, noe han senere gjennomførte i Werden og Helmstedt ved
Essen i Ruhr. I tillegg grunnla han et kvinnekloster i Nottuln ved Münster og
organiserte førti sogn i sitt bispedømme.
Liudger avslo bispesetet
i Trier, men den 30. mars 804 ble han konsekrert til den første biskop av
Münster, etter å ha ledet det nye bispedømmet i omtrent ti år. Av ydmykhet
hadde han ikke ønsket å motta bispevielsen, men erkebiskop Hildebold av Köln
overtalte ham til slutt. Selv om han ble anmeldt til Karl den Store for å gi
omfattende almisser på bekostning av utsmykning av kirker, og lot keiseren
vente på en forklaring mens han fullførte sine andaktsøvelser, falt han ikke i
unåde.
Denne store misjonæren
var plaget av sykdom på slutten av livet, men til tross for smertene forkynte
han til det siste. Han døde den 26. mars 809 i Billerbeck i Westfalen mens han
var på en forkynnelsesreise, like etter at han hadde holdt to prekener. Han
døde på den dagen som han for lengst hadde forutsett som sin dødsdato. Han ble
etter eget ønske gravlagt i benediktinerklosteret i Werden i Ruhr, som han
hadde grunnlagt, og der befinner de fleste av hans relikvier seg fortsatt.
I Billerbeck har
utgravninger under Johanneskirken med temmelig stor sikkerhet fastslått at der
sto Liudgers opprinnelige grunnleggelse. I dette gudshuset skal han ha holdt
sin siste messe før han døde. Også i Werden ærer man Liudger, og den derværende
tidligere klosterkirken St. Ludger, som biskopen grunnla i 796, er i besittelse
av den såkalte Liudger-kalken fra 788, som Liudger sannsynligvis hadde med seg
på reiser og som er den eldste kalken i Tyskland.
Hans minnedag er 26.
mars. Den finnes i liturgiske bøker fra 800-tallet, og hans navn står i
Martyrologium Romanum. I anledning 1175-årsjubileet for hans dødsdag i 1984 ble
Liudgers skrin overført fra Werden til Münster. Han avbildes som biskop, med
eller uten attributter, mange ganger med kirkemodell. Han kan også ses sammen
med villgjess, fordi han etter legenden skal ha befridd sitt bispedømme fra en
villgåsplage.
Kilder:
Attwater/John, Farmer, Bentley, Schauber/Schindler, Melchers, Schnitzler,
Attwater/Cumming - Kompilasjon og oversettelse: p. Per
Einar Odden - Sist oppdatert: 2000-02-01 21:34
SOURCE : http://www.katolsk.no/biografier/historisk/ludger
eigene
Datei, Ikonenmalerie (2001), nach Vita secunda sancti Liudgeri (um 1100 Essen
Werden)
Ludger von Münster
auch: Liudger, Luitger,
Luitgar
Gedenktag katholisch: 26. März
nicht gebotener Gedenktag im deutschen Sprachgebiet
Hochfest im Bistum Münster
Fest im Bistum Essen
Diözesankalender Hildesheim, Osnabrück
Bestattung in Werden: 24. April
Übertragung der Gebeine: 2. Oktober, 3. Oktober
Gedenktag evangelisch:
26. März
Name bedeutet: der Speer des Volkes (althochdt.)
Mönch, Glaubensbote bei den Friesen, erster Bischof von Münster
* 742 in Zweesen, heute Zuilen, ein Stadtteil von Utrecht in den Niederlanden
† 26. März 809 in Billerbeck in
Nordrhein-Westfalen
Nach der Missionierung Frieslands durch Iroschotten und Angelsachsen mussten
Thiadgrim und Liafburg, die vornehmen Eltern von Ludger, zunächst aus ihrer
Heimat ins Frankenreich fliehen. Ludger hatte als elfjähriger
Junge noch den greisen Bonifatius erlebt,
besuchte dann die Domschule in Utrecht als
Schüler bei Gregor,
wurde Mönch und studierte von 767 bis 772 bei Alkuin in York,
wo er zum Diakon geweiht wurde. Dann war er zum Abschluss seiner theologischen
Ausbildung wieder in Utrecht bis zum Tod von Gregor, dessen Lebensbeschreibung
er dann verfasste. Ab 776 missionierte er in Friesland, dabei baute er die von
Heiden zerstörte Kirche über dem Grab von Lebuinus in Deventer wieder
auf und zerstörte seinerseits heidnische Kultstätten in Friesland.
Ludger wurde 777 in Köln zum
Priester geweiht, um nun nach der Eroberung Frieslands durch
die Franken im Auftrag von Karl Martell als Missionar nach Friesland
zurückzukehren. Er baute verschiedene Kirchen, u. a. die in Dokkum zum
Andenken an Bonifatius.
Von den einfallenden Sachsen unter Widukind im
Jahr 784 vertrieben, unternahm er zusammen mit seinem Bruder Hildegrim von
Châlons-sur-Marne eine Wallfahrt zu
den sieben
Pilgerkirchen in Rom und lebte dann noch zwei Jahre bei den Benediktinern im
Kloster Montecassino;
dort hat er wohl auch Kaiser Karl den
Großen persönlich kennengelernt.
787, nach der Bekehrung
der Sachsen,
erhielt Ludger von Karl dem
Großen den Missionsauftrag in Friesland,
wo er nun zum dritten Mal tätig wurde; seine Reisen führten ihn dabei bis
nach Helgoland,
wo er um 791 wirkte. Ab 792 war er Missionar in Westsachsen, der Gegend um die
heutige Stadt Münster;
es entstand ein Missionsbistum mit ausgedehntem Pfarrsystem, der Kaiser hatte
ihm fünf Gaue als Missionsgebiet gegeben. Ludger konnte als Einheimischer den
neuen Glauben in den Herzen der Menschen verankern. Sein Missionsgebiet habe er
auf wunderbare Weise von der Plage der Wildgänse befreit, die den Bauern die
keimende Saat aufgefressen haben. In Meppen im
Emsland habe er einen Erhängten wieder zum Leben erweckt.
793 gründete Ludger
in Mimigernaford das Benediktinerordenkloster Monasterium -
dem die daraus gewachsene Stadt Münster ihren
Namen verdankt - und den Dom St. Paulus. Noch
vor 796 soll er - unzuverlässiger Überlieferung zufolge - ein zweites Mal Rom besucht
haben und dort von Papst Leo III. verschiedende Reliquien des Erlösers, der Maria und
von Aposteln erhalten haben. 797 erfolgte die Gründung eines Konvents für Kanoniker,
basierend auf der Regel von Chrodegang
von Metz.
In Helmstedt errichtete er 798 die Missionszelle, aus der
sich später das Benediktinerkloster St. Ludgeri entwickelte. 799
folgte die Gründung des Klosters in
Werden an der Ruhr - dem heutigen ein Stadtteil von Essen. 805 wurde Ludger zum
ersten Bischof von Münster geweiht und das Bistum der Kölner Kirchenprovinz
angegliedert.
Ludger und die Gänse
Einst kam Ludgerus zu einem Bauernhof nahe Billerbeck. Ein Bauer klagte ihm sein Leid: Ach Herr, ich bin ein arbeitsamer Mann. Tag für Tag bestelle ich meine Äcker, doch es gelingt mir nicht, die Ernte einzubringen. Die Gänse verwüsten immer wieder die wohlbebauten Felder. Was ich auch säe, sie fressen es gleich wieder auf. Auch die sprossenden Gräser reißen sie ab. Ich bin unglücklich über den bösen Fluch, der von meinen Tieren ausgeht. Ludger antwortete: Warum befiehlst du den Tieren nicht, in ihren Stall zu gehen und sperrst sie dort solange ein, bis sie Besserung versprechen?
Der Bauer glaubte zuerst, der Bischof habe nur Spaß gemacht. Dann aber versuchte er, den Rat wörtlich zu nehmen. Als er die Gänse wieder auf dem Acker sah, rief er ihnen zu: Kommt alle in den Stall, Ludger befiehlt es euch! Als die Gänse diese Worte hörten, hoben sie ihre Köpfe, als ob sie den Befehl verstehen konnten und watschelten eine nach der anderen in den Stall. Als Ludgerus am folgenden Tag wiederkam, begrüßte ihn der Bauer voll Dankbarkeit. Der Bischof ging in den Gänsestall, segnete die Tiere und trug ihnen auf, nie wieder die Äcker zu zerstören.
Einige Zeit später klagte der Bauer über Wassermangel. Da ergriff Ludger zwei
Gänse, steckte sie mit den Köpfen in die Erde und befahl, dort zu graben. Der
Bauer fand reichlich Wasser. Die Gänse aber verschwanden in der Erde und kamen
erst am Fuße des Berges in Billerbeck wieder heraus. An dieser Stelle
entspringt seitdem eine klare Quelle.
Ludger starb auf einer
Visitationsreise, nachdem er am vorletzten Sonntag vor Ostern 809
in Billerbeck in
der von ihm gegründeten Kirche Johannes
Baptista den Gottesdienst gefeiert hatte. Seinen Leichnam überführten
Ordensbrüder nach Münster und
bahrten ihn dort auf. Ludgers Wunsch entsprechend wurde er anschließend in das
vom ihm gegründeten Kloster
Werden - gebracht und in der dortigen Krypta bestattet.
An seinem Sterbeort Billerbeck entstand im 11. Jahrhundert eine
Ludger geweihte Kapelle, die im 15. Jahrhundert erweitert wurde; die heutige
Propsteikirche Sankt Ludgerus ist ein Neubau aus dem Jahr 1898. Auch zur Ludger
geweihten Abteikirche des
1802 in der Säkularisation aufgehobenen Klosters Werden, deren Grundmauern auf
das Jahr 799 zurückgehen, unternehmen alljährlich Tausende eine Wallfahrt.
Seit 1128 werden die Gebeine Ludgers
- ursprünglich am Vorabend des Bartholomäus-Festes,
inzwischen jeweils am ersten Sonntag im September - in einer Prozession durch
Werden getragen; das zugrundeliegende Gelübde geht zurück auf die Bewahrung vor
einer Hungersnot durch seine Fürbitte. Ludgers Kelch mit Inschrift von 788
repräsentiert eine der ersten deutschen Kelchformen, er wird heute im
Kirchenschatz der Ludger-Basilika in
Werden verwahrt.
Die erste
Lebensgeschichte über Ludger verfasste 840 sein Neffe und zweiter Nachfolger
als Bischof von Münster,
Altfrid. Bis 875 folgten zwei weitere Ludger-Viten. Sein Attribut Gänse
verdankt Ludger der Idee, in unruhigen Zeiten Gänse zu züchten, die man dann in
Notzeiten als Essens-Reserve nutzen kann.
Attribute: Wildgänse
Patron der Stadt Helmstedt; zweiter Patron des Bistums Essen
Bauernregel: Ist es um Ludger draußen feucht, / dann bleiben auch die
Kornböden leicht.
Umfangreiche Informationen über Ludger hält die Internetseite der Kirchengemeinde St. Johann / St. Liudger in Billerbeck bereit.
Suchen bei amazon: Bücher über Ludger von Münster
Wikipedia: Artikel über
Ludger von Münster
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Quellen:
• Vera Schauber, Hanns Michael Schindler: Heilige und Patrone im Jahreslauf.
Pattloch, München 2001
• http://www.bauernregeln.net/maerz.html
• http://www.domradio.de/aktuell/artikel_51667.html
• http://www.ludgerus2009.kirche-vor-ort.de/fileadmin/Pfarrei/Leben_im_Aufbruch/Subnavi/Dokumente/Mit_Liudger_im_Glauben_unterwegs_Woche_6.pdf
• Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche, begr. von Michael Buchberger. Hrsg. von Walter Kasper, 3., völlig neu bearb. Aufl., Bd. 6. Herder, Freiburg im Breisgau 1997
• Adriaan Breukelaar. In: Friedrich-Wilhelm Bautz †, Traugott Bautz † (Hg.): Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon, Bd. V, Herzberg 1993
•http://wp.alme-online.de/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/neu.alme-online.de_images_pdf_ludgerus_in_alme.pdf
•
http://neuesruhrwort.de/2018/09/01/versprechen-eingehalten-essen-feiert-den-heiligen-ludgerus-zum-890-mal-mit-einer-reliquienprozession/
korrekt zitieren: Joachim Schäfer: Artikel Ludger von Münster, aus dem Ökumenischen Heiligenlexikon - https://www.heiligenlexikon.de/BiographienL/Liudger_Ludger.htm, abgerufen am 26. 3. 2023
Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet das Ökumenische Heiligenlexikon in
der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im
Internet über http://d-nb.info/1175439177 und http://d-nb.info/969828497 abrufbar.
SOURCE : https://www.heiligenlexikon.de/BiographienL/Liudger_Ludger.htm
