Les hautes montagnes sont pour les cerfs, la pierre est le refuge des hérissons (Ps 103). Ceux qui sont capables des bonds de la contemplation possèdent les hautes montagnes de l’intelligence. Quant à nous, tout petits hérissons, que la pierre nous soit un refuge ! Tout petits et tout couverts des épines piquantes de nos péchés, nous ne pouvons saisir les choses élevées, mais cachés dans le refuge de notre pierre, la foi au Christ, nous sommes sauvés !
Hom. sur Ézéchiel 9, 31
Qu’enfermé de toutes parts à la manière de l’eau, l’esprit humain se recueille pour s’élever, tel le jet d’eau vers le ciel, tendant toujours à remonter là d’où à est descendu… en se dispersant, le jet d’eau se brise, il se répand alors sans profit ! La citadelle de l’esprit qui n’a pas des murs de silence s’offre aux coups de l’ennemi.
Pastoral III, 14
Il ne peut plus rechercher les petits ruisseaux, celui qui puise à la source même de la Vérité.
Moralia 30, 14, 49
I. Vie
Indiquons rapidement les étapes de la vie de Grégoire qui fut successivement laïc engagé, moine contemplatif et pasteur d’âmes : laïc, il fut préfet de Rome, il transforma ensuite sa vaste demeure du Coelius en monastère. Après y avoir vécu cinq ans, il fut nommé diacre et envoyé comme apocrisiaire à Constantinople de 579 à 586. Il devint pape en 590, vers l’âge de 50 ans. Il mourut en 604.
1. La famille
Grégoire naît à Rome vers 540. Sa famille est patricienne et chrétienne. Son arrière grand-père paternel - Félix III - avait été pape. Son Père Gordianus est sénateur et notaire régionaire - sa mère Silvia sera honorée comme sainte. Les trois sœurs de son père - Tharsilla, Emiliana et Gordiana sont consacrées à Dieu et vivent dans la maison familiale. Tharsilla et Emiliana seront, elles aussi, vénérées comme saintes. Quant à Gordiana pour qui Grégoire se montre sévère, elle ne persévéra pas et épousa un de ses fermiers. On pense que Grégoire avait un frère.
2. Le contexte historique
Le contexte historique est très sombre : en 540 sévit la guerre de reconquête de l’Italie contre les Ostrogoths. En 543 éclate une épidémie de peste noire. On ne sait rien de précis sur la formation intellectuelle de Grégoire. Il dut apprendre le droit et la jurisprudence. Il n’a rien d’un philosophe.
3. Préfet de Rome
Vers 572, Grégoire devint préfet de Rome, il présidait donc au Sénat, il était le plus haut magistrat de la ville.
4. Moine au Coelius
Après avoir longtemps hésité, Grégoire quitte le monde vers l’âge de trente-cinq ans, il distribue ses biens et se fait moine [
1]. Il fonde dans sa maison paternelle un monastère dédié à saint André, le Clivus Scauri et fonde six monastères dans ses immenses domaines familiaux en Sicile. Grégoire n’est pas Abbé car un saint religieux nommé Valentin [
2] était à la tête du monastère et ce serait un anachronisme de dire Grégoire bénédictin, il est moine et il demeure moine au Coelius plus ou moins cinq ans :
Quittant tout et non à la légère - car longtemps, longuement, j’ai différé la grâce de la conversion à l’état monastique - je gagnai le havre d’un monastère et laissant ce qui est du monde (hélas, je le croyais) je m’échappai nu du naufrage de cette vie.
Moralia, Préface
5. Diacre et apocrisiaire à Constantinople
Mais en 579, Grégoire est ordonné diacre.
Comme l’effort de la tempête lorsqu’elle s’augmente arrache souvent une barque de la rade la plus sûre quand on n’a pas assez soigneusement attaché les câbles, ainsi, soudain, sous le prétexte de mon ordination (au diaconat), je me trouvai tout d’un coup emporté dans la pleine mer des affaires du siècle.
Moralia, Préface
Le pape Pélage II envoie Grégoire comme apocrisiaire - nous dirions comme nonce - à Constantinople auprès de l’empereur Tibère Il auquel succède l’empereur Maurice. Grégoire ne sait pas le grec et il ne l’apprend pas. Il demeure six ans à Constantinople entouré d’un petit groupe de moines de Saint-André. On attend de Grégoire qu’il obtienne de l’empereur de l’aide pour l’Italie. Il écrit alors du moins en grande partie le livre des Moralia sur Job, à la demande de ses frères moines et de son ami Léandre de Séville qu’il connut à Constantinople.
Pour n’avoir pas conservé avec assez de fermeté la paix dont je jouissais dans le monastère, j’ai reconnu en la perdant de quelle importance il est de la conserver quand on la possède… Quoi que l’emploi pour lequel on m’avait obligé de sortir du monastère me fit comme mourir à la vie tranquille par l’épée des occupations extérieures, je ne laissais pas néanmoins, au milieu de ces dissipations importunes, d’aller tous les jours reprendre une vie nouvelle et ranimer mes sentiments de componction dans de saintes lectures et de salutaires entretiens avec mes frères.
Moralia, Préface
6. Retour à la vie monastique
Grégoire revint ensuite à son monastère du Clivus Scauri au Coelius où il resta encore à peu près cinq ans.
7. Le pontificat
En 590, le pape Pélage II mourut de la peste qui sévissait, suite à une inondation du Tibre. Grégoire est élu, il recevra la consécration épiscopale le 3 septembre 590, après une tentative de fuite et après avoir vainement sollicité le veto de l’empereur. Grégoire se dévoue aux pestiférés, institue de grandes processions. La famine sévit car les greniers à blé des bords du Tibre ont été emportés. Grégoire s’occupe très concrètement des malheureux : « Le patrimoine de l’Église est la propriété des pauvres », dit-il. Voici les trois grandes pensées du pontificat de Grégoire : • la défense de l’Italie, • la lutte contre la simonie et l’immoralité du clergé, • la conversion des anglo-saxons.
En somme, Grégoire est vice-roi d’Italie et même de l’Occident, de Constantinople à Séville, de Cantorbery à Alexandrie. Il s’occupe de l’Illyrie, de l’Espagne, de l’Afrique. Il essaie de conclure la paix avec les Lombards, son trait de génie fut d’ailleurs de dissocier le catholicisme de la civilisation romaine.
J’ai vu de mes propres yeux les Romains attachés comme des chiens, la corde au cou, on les menait en Gaule pour les vendre.
Moralia, Préface
Grégoire donnait ordre de racheter les captifs. Il devint le pasteur de l’Occident barbare. Il entretint avec les rois barbares une correspondance suivie. Ce fut en 596 qu’Augustin de Cantorbery fut envoyé aux pays des Angles.
La vie de Grégoire fut une longue souffrance ; sa santé était très déficiente ; mais surtout, accaparé par les misères des temps au point de confondre la fin d’un monde avec la fin du monde qu’il crut - imminente, Grégoire connut la souffrance du mystique vivant parmi les agitations. Il fut malade les trois ou quatre dernières années de sa vie et il mourut le 12 mars 604.
II. Œuvres
1. Relevé des œuvres
Les
Moralia sur Job
Les Moralia reproduisent des conférences monastiques de Grégoire données aux quelques moines groupés à Constantinople autour de lui tandis qu’il était apocrisiaire. C’est un ouvrage très long, le plus étendu de toute l’œuvre de Grégoire. Ce commentaire oral fut retouché à plusieurs reprises, les dernières retouches qu’y fit Grégoire datent de la seconde moitié de son pontificat : Moralia 27, 21 par exemple fait allusion au succès de la mission d’Angleterre. La relation avec le texte biblique est très large, le titre indique d’ailleurs que ce livre est une suite d’exhortations morales.
Le
Pastoral
Le Liber regulae pastoralis fut composé vers 591. L’évêque Jean de Ravenne reprochait à Grégoire d’avoir voulu se dérober à la charge d’évêque de Rome. Grégoire lui répond [
3]. En trois parties d’inégale longueur, Grégoire étudie successivement les conditions requises pour bien exercer la charge pastorale (11 chapitres), les règles de vie du vrai pasteur (11 ch.), les règles de la prédication et de l’enseignement catéchétique (40 ch.). Il termine par un chapitre consacré à une réflexion sur son infirmité personnelle. Le Pastoral témoigne de la sagesse de Grégoire, de son esprit de modération si proche de l’esprit de discrétion qu’il reconnaissait à saint Benoît [
4] et de son sens psychologique.
Les
Homélies sur l’Évangile
Ces prédications sont destinées à la masse des fidèles, aussi sont-elles très simples et moralisantes. Elles furent prononcées au cours de la messe : inter sacra missarum solemnia. Grégoire estimait en effet qu’un des premiers devoirs de l’évêque était de commenter l’évangile lu à la messe. Ces quarante homélies, prononcées de 590 à 593, furent publiées dès 593. On sait que seules l’homélie 17 et les vingt dernières furent prononcées par le pape Grégoire, les 19 autres durent être lues par un secrétaire, car les crises d’estomac de Grégoire, qui nous renseigne avec grande simplicité sur sa santé, le rendaient aphone.
Les
Homélies sur Ézéchiel
Les 22 homélies sur Ézéchiel furent rédigées pour un public à prédominance monastique. Grégoire cependant déclare les avoir prêchées devant le peuple - coram populo - mais il est certain qu’il les reprit et les corrigea à la demande de moines et à leur intention. C’est dans ces homélies, qui forment un vrai traité de la contemplation, que se trouvent les plus belles considérations mystiques de toute l’œuvre de Grégoire.
Les
Dialogues
Les Dialogues traitent de la vie et des miracles des saints italiens. Cet ouvrage se présente sous forme de dialogues : une conversation s’échange entre le pape Grégoire et son jeune et ingénu diacre Pierre. On peut dater l’écrit de 593/594. Il se compose d’une suite de récits écrits pour de simples fidèles avides de merveilleux. L’œuvre, qui vise à l’édification populaire, est très attrayante. Si l’on admet et comprend le genre littéraire particulier, on est préparé par là même à le dépasser et à recueillir les pensées profondes de Grégoire.
Des quatre livres qui composent les Dialogues, le deuxième est entièrement consacré à présenter la personnalité de saint Benoît, en qui « réside l’esprit de tous les justes ».
Expositions sur le livre des Rois
Leur authenticité, qui a été contestée, est à nouveau démontrée [
5]. Ce livre contient de longs développements sur la grâce de l’onction épiscopale.
Expositions sur le Cantique des Cantiques
Deux homélies authentiques [
6]. On en avait longtemps contesté l’authenticité.
Le Registre des Lettres
Ce registre compte 868 lettres, quelques-unes d’entre elles sont attribuées à Pélage II, mais en fait elles sont bien écrites par Grégoire qui était le secrétaire du pape Pélage. Ces lettres permettent au lecteur d’apprécier l’œuvre de gouvernement de Grégoire, elles sont importantes aussi au point de vue de sa théologie morale. Leur qualité humaine et littéraire est exceptionnelle. Il est vrai cependant que dans ces lettres officielles Grégoire a su user, et on le lui reproche, du procédé bien connu de la captatio benevolentiae [
7], il ne craint pas de se montrer bienveillant envers la reine Brunehaut ou envers l’empereur Phocas, assassin de l’empereur Maurice.
Œuvre liturgique
Il faut relever l’apport personnel de saint Grégoire dans la composition du formulaire qui porte le nom de Sacramentaire grégorien [
8].
2. Le style
À la fin de la préface de ses Moralia sur Job, Grégoire écrit :
C’est une chose indigne de vouloir assujettir aux règles de Donat (le grammairien) les paroles des divins oracles [
9].
On s’indigna d’un tel propos, on le prit au tragique ! On parla de la barbarie de Grégoire ! Or, il est évident que Grégoire voulut seulement se séparer du style recherché des décadents. « Ce ne sont pas les valeurs éternelles de l’humanisme que Grégoire refuse, mais les jeux d’une puérilité monstrueuse où se complaisent les derniers lettrés de son temps » [
10]. Ce que refuse Grégoire, c’est le verbiage :
Tous nous savons bien que, lorsque les chaumes de moissons aux promesses trompeuses se développent en feuilles, les épis sont moins gonflés de grains.
Ep. miss. 5
La prose musicale de Grégoire est remarquable. Grégoire fait preuve d’une grande délicatesse naturelle et elle transparaît dans son style qu’il met au service de la pensée chrétienne. Ce style rythmé est savant par la structure étudiée des phrases, mais les images pittoresques qui l’émaillent donnent à l’expression un charme presque naïf. Rupert de Deutz (XIIe siècle) a dit très justement des écrits de Grégoire qu’ils ont à la fois une plénitude et une douceur dont l’alliance constitue leur grâce propre.
III. Doctrine spirituelle
Grégoire le Grand est, nous le verrons, le docteur du désir, le docteur de la contemplation dont le désir est l’âme. Toute la doctrine spirituelle de Grégoire s’ordonne autour de la recherche ardente de la contemplation, une contemplation qui n’est pas un bien jalousement gardé mais qui se communique à autrui dans la charité, une contemplation qui ne sera parfaite que dans l’au-delà mais qui est déjà expérience de la foi.
1. Deux thèmes importants
Les trois ordines
Tous les chrétiens sont appelés à la perfection, elle est l’idéal commun aux trois catégories de chrétiens, aux trois ordines : les personnes mariées (conjugati), les moines (continentes), les clercs (praedicatiores ou rectores).
D’une part, il y a le peuple chrétien (le laos d’après le mot grec, la plebs d’après le latin), de l’autre, les clercs, responsables du peuple chrétien : les praesules ou les praepositi. « l’Église est une diversité concordante »(Moralia 28).
Saint Jean Chrysostome déjà avait affirmé que gens du monde et moines ont le devoir d’atteindre le même sommet. Les moyens cependant diffèrent et la distinction des différentes catégories de chrétiens d’après leur état de vie respectif se base sur une différence de moyens déterminés par la différence des vocations. C’est à tous les chrétiens que s’adresse saint Grégoire lorsqu’il dit :
Traitez les affaires temporelles en tendant de toute votre âme aux réalités éternelles.
In Ez. II, 5, 19
Appelées à une même perfection, les trois catégories de chrétiens se distinguent cependant par les degrés de perfection de leur état de vie : gens mariés - moines ou célibataires consacrés à Dieu clercs voués à la prédication ou au service direct du peuple (laos) chrétien, c’est-à-dire des laïcs, voilà la hiérarchie ascendante de Grégoire car dans chacun de ces états de vie, il y a prédominance d’une forme de vie : vie active, vie contemplative, vie mixte et Grégoire met au sommet la vie mixte [
11]
.
Vie active, vie contemplative, vie mixte
Parce que les gens mariés sont nécessairement engagés dans les affaires temporelles, il y a normalement chez eux prédominance de la forme de vie dite active, celle où l’on agit, où l’on s’affaire, mais aussi celle où l’on travaille à l’acquisition des vertus morales. Parce que les moines ont fui le monde [
12] pour rechercher les conditions les meilleures à la contemplation ils sont voués à la recherche de la quies (l’hésychasme oriental) [
13] et leur vie est une vie contemplative, la contemplation est donc leur privilège inamissible. Grégoire fut moine et le resta d’ailleurs, mais il fut appelé à quitter sa solitude et à devenir, selon l’expression qui est la sienne et qui signifie vraiment ce qu’elle dit, le serviteur des serviteurs de Dieu. Il en souffrit mais il n’y vit pas une perte, bien au contraire. Les clercs, les rectores ou praedicatores, sont entièrement voués au service des autres, leur vie est mixte, elle n’aurait aucun sens si elle ne transmettait aux autres, par l’action, les grâces puisées dans la contemplation : la vie mixte pour saint Grégoire ne se conçoit nullement comme une vie active qui s’interromprait pour se livrer par à coups à la contemplation, elle est la vie contemplative elle-même qui déborde en action.Il y a donc, encore qu’elle soit quelque peu artificielle, une corrélation entre les trois catégories de chrétiens et les trois états ou formes de vie. D’autre part, il faut dire qu’une vie active, purement et uniquement active, ne peut tout simplement pas se concevoir, d’après saint Grégoire. Toute vie chrétienne doit être contemplative. Une vie purement et uniquement contemplative peut à la limite se concevoir : elle serait anticipation de la vie de l’au-delà. Normalement, cependant, elle est réservée à l’au-delà [
14], la faiblesse humaine ne permet guère d’y demeurer. Voici comment Grégoire parle à ce sujet aux rectores (les clercs qui mènent la vie mixte) :
Ne pouvant en cette vie rester longtemps dans la divine contemplation, ils ressemblent aux sauterelles (Ps 108 Excussus sum sicut locustae) après le saut qu’ils ont fait, ils se « reçoivent » dans leur chute et retournent aux exigences nécessaires de la vie active. Cependant ils ne sont pas satisfaits d’y demeurer et quand de nouveau, ils s’élancent avec ardeur vers la contemplation, ils recherchent pour ainsi dire l’air pour voler : ils passent leur vie comme les sauterelles, à prendre leur essor et à retomber ; alors que sans cesse, ils s’efforcent de ne jamais perdre de vue les réalités les plus élevées, ils sont rejetés sur eux-mêmes par le poids de leur nature corruptible.
Moralia 31, 49
La contemplation a toujours le pas sur l’action, mais les tendances active et contemplative sont complémentaires, elles ne peuvent se séparer ; chacun est appelé à respecter la tendance dominante de son tempérament (n’oublions pas que Grégoire est fin psychologue). La contemplation ne prouve son authenticité que dans le service des autres. Les clercs mènent donc, d’après leur état de vie, la vie mixte, la vie la plus parfaite, celle dont le Christ nous a montré l’exemple.
2. Trois conditions de la contemplation
L’ascèse
L’ascèse est un effort de purification tout ordonné à la contemplation. L’attention de Grégoire se porte sur l’intention et non sur des pratiques pénitentielles extérieures. Tout est centré sur la vie intérieure, sur la radix intentionis, la racine même de l’intention. L’ascèse est la garde du cœur : custodia cordis. Il faut remarquer cette insistance de Grégoire : tout part du cœur (cf. Mt 15, 19 etc. : c’est du cœur que procèdent mauvais desseins, meurtres etc.) - les expressions telles que « Oculus cordis, auris cordis, in ore cordis » affluent [
15]. La conversion consiste d’ailleurs à « revenir à son cœur » - redire ad cor - telle est la façon de « faire retour au paradis », de revenir comme les mages par un autre chemin. Parmi les vertus, Grégoire recommande très spécialement la patience et l’humilité : elles sont deux aspects d’une même attitude de présence à Dieu et la présence à Dieu n’est-elle pas déjà la contemplation ? Grégoire avait été instruit par la maladie des limites de la nature humaine ; très psychologue, il en a toujours une conscience très vive, il insiste donc en matière d’ascèse pénitentielle sur la modération, sur la discrétion qu’il loua dans la Règle écrite par saint Benoît. Il est une ascèse plus fondamentale que celle qui consiste à accumuler des pratiques, c’est celle du renoncement à soi-même, du refus de suivre sa volonté propre. Par l’obéissance monastique, le moine se voue à cette ascèse, il se met à l’école sublime du Christ :
Le moine a décidé de se mettre à une plus sublime école, il se dispose à briser ses volontés les plus personnelles, il est prêt à renoncer même à ses bons désirs.
In I Reg. VI, 2, 22
Etre mort à soi-même par l’ascèse est d’ailleurs une condition de la vie mixte : comment sinon redresser les autres, être au service des autres pour les amener à la foi ?
La componction
On caractérise d’emblée la pensée de saint Grégoire sur la componction en disant qu’il la présente toujours comme une componction de contemplation. Elle est condition de la contemplation certes, mais déjà elle la suppose. En d’autres termes, on peut dire que saint Grégoire parle toujours d’une componction d’amour selon le sens plénier du mot, sens qui s’est toujours conservé en Orient [
16]. À la suite de Saint Grégoire, voyons les étapes de la componction : Au point de départ de la conversion chrétienne se trouve une vive conscience de la misère de l’homme, une conscience vécue, éprouvée.
L’homme est tombé bien loin au-dessous de lui… ayant perdu la vue de son Créateur, il a en même temps perdu toute sa force et sa fermeté.
Moralia VIII, 8
De cette expérience naît l’humilité, la conscience de notre besoin de Dieu. Nous recevons alors de Dieu la componction, c’est-à-dire un choc salutaire, un coup, une piqûre, une brûlure. Le terme était d’origine médicale : un élancement. Au sens religieux, il signifie une douleur du fait de notre péché, de notre besoin de Dieu, de notre désir de Dieu.
Nous nous laissons entièrement consumer au feu de la douleur (offrant ainsi un holocauste pour nos péchés).
Moralia 32, 1
Quand Dieu entre dans une âme, son entrée est suivie des gémissements de la pénitence, en sorte que désormais la plus grande joie de l’âme est de répandre les pleurs du salut… C’est comme par un éclat de tonnerre qu’il nous frappe quand par sa grâce, il nous réveille de notre négligence et de notre assoupissement.
Moralia 27,40
Mais ce choc, cette voix tonnante de Dieu peut se faire chant intérieur, léger murmure, parole silencieuse (Moralia 30, 20-27, 42-45, 52) et les larmes de l’amour accompagnent toujours celles de la pénitence si bien que de plus en plus les larmes de joie dominent.
Ils ne cessent de désirer voir le Roi dans sa beauté et de pleurer d’amour chaque jour.
Hom. Ez., II, 10, 21
Grégoire lui-même a tracé le chemin de la componction : l’âme pense à ce qu’elle fut, au châtiment qui la menace, à ce qu’elle est, au lieu où elle n’est pas : elle chemine donc, de la contrition au désir :
Là où elle fut, là où elle sera, là où elle est, là où elle n’est pas.ubi fuit, ubi erit, ubi est, ubi non est.
Moralia 23, 41
Cassien aussi, avant Grégoire, insistait sur la componction d’amour.
Quel est l’homme qui pourrait exposer la variété des sentiments de componction qui embrasent le cœur d’une brûlante ardeur et lui font former des prières si pures et si ferventes… Je psalmodiais, un verset de psaume m’a jeté en cette prière toute de feu… Souvent, au souvenir de mes fautes, mes larmes ont coulé, et la visite du Seigneur m’a tellement vivifié de cette joie ineffable… que son immensité même me commandait de ne point désespérer de mon pardon.
Cassien, Conf. IX, 26-28
Grégoire est l’héritier authentique de la doctrine de l’Orient chrétien sur les larmes - le penthos - les prières catanyctiques [
17]. On doit dire même qu’il l’enrichit. On comprend mieux le sens de la prière pour le don des larmes lorsqu’on découvre une doctrine aussi pénétrante. Grégoire nous conseille d’ailleurs de secouer (excuti) la componction de tristesse (Moralia 7, 13) pour nous arrêter au seul désir de Dieu qui s’exprime en cris désordonnés de joie dans le jubilus (si cher aussi à saint Augustin).
Beatus populus qui scit jubilationem (Ps 88) : l’âme est émue de pleurs de joie. L’esprit conçoit une joie ineffable qui ne peut plus être cachée et qu’aucun mot ne peut exprimer… Il n’est pas dit « Heureux le peuple qui dit sa joie », mais qui la connaît - cette joie qui peut être connue ne peut se dire. Elle est ressentie mais elle est bien au-delà de tout sentiment. La conscience de celui qui la ressent ne suffit pas à la contempler, comment pourrait-elle jamais l’exprimer. Je verrai ta face dans l’allégresse, et videbit faciem ejus in jubilo (Jb 33, 26).
Moralia 23, 10
Le désir
On appelle souvent saint Grégoire le docteur du désir. La componction et le désir sont des manifestations de l’amour qui tend sans cesse à la contemplation.
Celui qui de tout son esprit désire Dieu a déjà certainement celui qu’il aime.
Hom. in Evang. 30, 1
À la vingt-cinquième homélie sur l’Évangile se trouve le beau texte sur Marie-Madeleine où tous les thèmes se mêlent : recherche de Dieu, pleurs d’amour de la componction, le désir et sa croissance :
Elle pleurait en cherchant, enflammée du feu de son amour, elle brûlait de désir… À celle qui aime, il ne peut suffire de regarder une seule fois car la force de l’amour multiplie l’ardeur de la recherche… Les désirs dont la réalisation est différée croissent et ayant atteint toute leur croissance, ils deviennent capables de saisir ce qu’ils ont enfin trouvé.
Hom. in Evang. 25
La componction nous creuse et elle augmente notre capacité de Dieu. Aussi, nous ne sommes plus que désir et ce désir - qui est un état de prière - est la forme même de notre amour. « Anhelare, aspirare, suspirare » : Grégoire a tout un vocabulaire limpide, pur, très chaste, du désir.
Le désir, à mesure qu’il s’intensifie, est comblé par une possession de Dieu qui le fait croître encore. Plus encore que saint Augustin, et avec un autre accent, Grégoire a chanté à chaque page de ses écrits le désir de l’âme.
Le désir de Dieu suppose une purification des désirs.
La purification des désirs se réalise par l’ascèse. L’homme terrestre désire naturellement les délices terrestres et les choses spirituelles ne provoquent qu’ennui à celui qui les ignore :
L’absence des délices corporelles attise en nous un violent désir mais leur jouissance pour qui s’en nourrit tourne immédiatement en dégoût causé par la satiété. L’absence des délices spirituelles au contraire provoque le dégoût mais leur possession éveille le désir. Plus on en mange, plus on en a faim, et plus on en a faim, plus on s’en nourrit.
H. Ev. 36
Désirer Dieu, c’est se purifier d’autres désirs, c’est se détacher pour s’attacher. Le désir de Dieu exige de nous une lutte courageuse contre les tendances contraires en nous à ce désir. Les biens terrestres sont à notre usage (ad usum), ils ne peuvent nous dominer
Qu’elles soient possédées, les choses terrestres, qu’elles ne vous possèdent pas.
H. Ev. 36
Que surtout nous n’aimions pas nos désirs mauvais :
Nous ne voulons pas goûter au-dedans la douceur qui nous est préparée, préférant au-dehors, malheureux que nous sommes notre état d’affamés (amamus forismiserii famem nostram).
H. Ev. 36
Saint Grégoire poursuit en remarquant qu’il ne faut regarder que de côté tout ce qui passe :
Usez des choses temporelles durant votre pèlerinage, mais désirez les biens éternels pour le terme. Il faut ne regarder que de côté - ex latere - pour ainsi dire tout ce qui passe dans ce monde, les regards de notre âme doivent se porter devant nous tandis que de toute leur force ils considèrent ce à quoi nous devons parvenir.
H. Ev. 36
Le désir est l’âme de la prière
Ce qui rend nos voix puissantes (pénétrantes) aux oreilles très secrètes de Dieu, ce ne sont pas nos paroles mais nos désirs. Si nous demandons la vie éternelle de bouche (du bout des lèvres) mais que nous ne la désirons pas du fond du cœur, nous nous taisons malgré notre clameur (tacentes clamemus). C’est dans le désir que se trouve cette secrète clameur qui ne parvient pas aux oreilles humaines mais qui remplit l’ouïe du Créateur (auditum Creatoris replet).
Moralia XXII, 43
Le désir de Dieu apaise l’âme, harmonisant tout en elle, l’élevant au-dessus de l’immédiat :
Par le désir, transcendons toutes choses afin que puisse se recueillir en un seul objet notre cœur.
H. Ez. II, 10, 23
Le désir s’éclaire des lumières de la Révélation.
L’Incarnation du Verbe est révélatrice : la présence du Christ révèle l’Invisible si bien que notre désir « voit » déjà la Lumière qui nous est intérieure. Grégoire a des formules admirables et décisives pour parler de l’Incarnation révélatrice :
Par le mystère du Verbe incarné, tandis que nous connaissons Dieu sous une forme visible, nous sommes enlevés (rapiamur : c’est un rapt) dans l’amour des choses invisibles.
Préface de Noël
L’espèce humaine (que symbolise l’aveugle assis au bord de la route près de Jéricho) est illuminée par la présence de son Rédempteur afin qu’elle puisse voir déjà par le désir les joies de la Lumière intérieure (internae lucis gaudia jam per desiderium videat) et qu’elle puisse poser sur le chemin de la vie les pas de l’œuvre bonne.
Hom. 2 in Ev.
3. La contemplation d’après saint Grégoire
Rappelons ce qui a été dit plus haut à propos des états de vie : la vie active et la vie contemplative doivent, d’après saint Grégoire, se mêler, si bien que l’idéal est en somme la vie mixte, celle où la contemplation déborde en service du prochain. Aux états de vie correspondent des manières différentes d’unir l’action et la contemplation. Tous cependant sont appelés à la contemplation.
Le terme de vita contemplativa se retrouve jusqu’à 44 fois dans les Homélies sur Ézéchiel et 20 fois dans les Moralia. En voici une définition :
La vie contemplative consiste à conserver de tout son esprit la charité envers Dieu et le prochain, elle cherche à se reposer (quiescere) de l’action extérieure, à s’adonner au seul désir du Créateur, de telle sorte qu’on n’ait plus le goût d’exercer aucune action, dépassant tous les soucis, l’âme alors brûle du désir de voir la face de son Créateur.
Hom. Ez. II, 2, 8
Très fermement la condition première est posée : garder la charité - elle est le seul but - et sous son double aspect : envers Dieu, envers le prochain. Vient ensuite la description de la grande tendance contemplative : la recherche positive de l’otium, du repos. Grégoire fut dans l’action un contemplatif, sa vie fut une vie mixte, livrée au service du prochain, mais le désir de son âme ne cessa de l’entraîner vers la contemplation [
18]. Mais cette contemplation elle-même à laquelle l’ascèse, la componction et le désir prédisposent et pour laquelle l’otium est requis, comment Grégoire la définit-il ? Elle est pour lui une mystique de la Vision. Elle est regard vers Dieu, désir incessant de le voir, bien plus elle est Vision mais vision de foi, vision de désir, vision nocturne. Le brouillard s’interpose, la foi et le désir le traversent : le regard s’arrête sur le mystère (arcana). Cet idéal : « voir Dieu » est une aspiration johannique (Jn 1, 14 ; 11, 40 ; 14, 9 etc.) qui fut admirablement reprise par saint Irénée déjà :
De même que ceux qui voient la lumière se trouvent dans la lumière et participent à son éclat, de même ceux qui voient Dieu sont en Dieu parce qu’ils participent à son éclat. La clarté les vivifie et ceux qui voient Dieu en reçoivent la vie.
Irénée, AH IV, 20, 5
La gloire de Dieu, c’est l’homme vivant et la vie de l’homme c’est la vision de Dieu.
Irénée, AH IV, 20, 8
Et Grégoire de Nysse dit de même :
Voir Dieu, c’est la vie de l’âme.
Grégoire de Nysse, Traité des enfants morts sans baptême, PG 46, 176 a
Regarder et continuer de regarder avec un grand désir les « arcanes » de Dieu est un acte d’amour d’où résulte une possession : l’âme « perçoit » - elle « sent ». La prière rend possible la vision de désir. Dieu apparaît à Grégoire comme une lumière incirconscrite (lumen incircumscriptum). Sa perception de la transcendance divine est très vive mais faite de simplicité, de pureté, de limpidité ; devant Dieu l’âme se simplifie, elle se réjouit de sa pauvreté intérieure, « s’endort à tout le reste ». On connaît cette lumière invisible par le sentiment même qu’on éprouve de l’ignorer. Dieu est simple. Il est tout ce qu’il a :
Il a l’éternité, mais c’est lui-même qui est l’éternité. Il a la lumière mais c’est lui-même qui est sa propre lumière. Il a l’éclat mais c’est lui-même qui est son propre éclat.
Moralia 16, 54
Dieu est entièrement présent à lui-même, toujours, il est vie, vérité, force, sagesse, soleil, feu, source de lumière, principe de toute clarté.
Une contemplation chrétienne : par la Médiation du Christ.
La contemplation d’après saint Grégoire passe toujours par la Médiation du Christ. Les images que Grégoire utilise pour en parler sont souvent empruntées au thème de la lumière : le Christ nous illumine. Dans le Christ incarné, dit-il, la Lumière du Verbe se dissimule dans la chair comme dans un vase de terre (testa) mais c’est afin de ne pas nous éblouir. Le Christ est comme une figure de vermeil (quasi speciem electri) : l’argent et l’or s’y mêlent. Cet alliage rend l’argent de l’humanité plus brillant mais il tempère l’éclat de l’or de la divinité (Hom. Ez. 1, 8, 25). C’est dans le Christ que s’opère le passage du visible à l’invisible, de l’extérieur à l’intérieur, de la foi à l’intelligence de la foi, de l’humanité à la divinité : le Christ est notre Pâque. Le regard sur l’humanité du Christ est déjà, par la foi, regard sur la divinité. Ce regard que dès maintenant (Jam quidem) nous portons sur notre Médiateur est donc le commencement de la vie bienheureuse. Dieu dans le Christ élève l’homme jusqu’à lui : Dieu est venu à l’homme dans le Verbe incarné et l’Esprit du Père et du Fils vient dans l’homme y répandant ses sept dons par lesquels l’âme peut retourner à Dieu : la crainte servile devient filiale et engendre l’attitude religieuse de piété ; la science donne de discerner la volonté de Dieu et l’homme reçoit la force de réaliser le devoir discerné ; le don de conseil lui donne de ne pas préjuger de cette force ; enfin dans l’intelligence que l’âme a de Dieu et d’elle-même, elle atteint la sagesse qui est la forme la plus haute de l’illumination (de la lumen illuminans). (D’après Moralia XVIII, 81).

4. Quelques précisions sur le vocabulaire de la contemplation
La vision de Dieu
Le terme nous paraît très fort, aussi doit-il être replacé dans le contexte grégorien constant de désir, de recherche. Grégoire emprunte d’ailleurs le terme à saint Augustin mais il le vide de toute l’influence de l’intellectualisme grec. La vision de Dieu est bien pour saint Grégoire, l’acte même de la vie contemplative.
Ici-bas, au-delà
Il est important de remarquer que ces deux termes ne s’opposent nullement pour saint Grégoire. Il n’y a nulle rupture entre l’ici-bas et l’au-delà mais parfaite continuité, bien plus l’au-delà est ici-bas en ce sens qu’il est très réellement commencé. Notre contemplation est une contemplation inchoative. Marthe et Marie sont sœurs comme l’étaient Rachel et Léa. Pierre et Jean sont unis.
L’amour qui commence ici-bas se parfait par la vision de Dieu dans l’éternelle patrie.
Hom. in Ez. II, 9, 10
Les fenêtres obliques
Saint Grégoire affectionne cette image. Les fenêtres obliques sont des sortes de meurtrières, très étroites à l’extérieur, larges à l’intérieur :
Dans les fenêtres obliques, la partie par laquelle la lumière pénètre est étroite (angusta), mais la partie intérieure qui recueille cette lumière est large. Ainsi les âmes de ceux qui contemplent. Elles ne voient qu’une faible lueur de la véritable lumière (tenuiter) et cependant tout en elles semble se dilater. Sans doute ne peuvent-elles saisir que peu de choses de ce qu’elles regardent. Ce que, en contemplant, elles voient n’est presque rien (exiguum valde) mais ce rien suffit à dilater le sein des âmes (laxatur sinus mentium) et à augmenter leur ferveur et leur amour. Accueillant la lumière de la vérité comme au travers de meurtrières (quasi per angustias) tout chez elles semble s’élargir.
In Ez. II, 5, 17
La réverbération
La contemplation est pour Grégoire un état normal : son acte est très fréquent : saepe et cependant elle ne peut être que fugitive. L’âme est ravie hors d’elle-même, elle est élevée au-dessus d’elle-même (Moralia 24, 11), l’intelligence se transcende mais par moments furtifs (raptim, per transitum, quasi furtim), ensuite vient nécessairement la reverberatio. La violence de l’éclat de la lumière repousse l’âme :
Et cependant, repoussée, elle aime. Et tamen repulsus amat.
Moralia 10, 13
Cette contemplation qui est toujours reprise mais qui ne peut être parfaite et stable, saint Grégoire aime de la symboliser par ce silence d’une demi-heure qui se fait dans le ciel (Ap 8, 1) :
Ardemment commencée, la contemplation n’atteint pas sa perfection.
Moralia 30, 53
Il se fait un silence dans le ciel (= l’âme du juste) car le vacarme des actions terrestres s’apaise afin que l’âme puisse prêter l’oreille au secret intime. Mais cette quiétude de l’esprit ne peut être parfaite en cette vie, aussi on ne peut dire que dans le ciel il y eut un silence d’une heure mais comme (quasi) d’une demi-heure…
H. Ez. II, 2, 14
La disproportion est trop grande entre l’âme et la lumière de Dieu, l’âme est comme repoussée, foudroyée. On le sait, la pensée est augustinienne et elle appartient à Plotin et déjà à Platon. L’insertion de Grégoire dans la pensée grecque est bien inconsciente cependant.
Le vol de l’âme
Le vol de l’âme est un élan, un désir, non pas un mouvement intellectuel, mais un mouvement spirituel qui soulève l’esprit vers la contemplation. La notitia est transcendée par le volatus - ce mot enchante Grégoire - comme l’intelligence est transcendée par le cœur.
Par la contemplation, nous sommes portés au-dessus de nous, nous sommes comme soulevés dans les airs.
In Ez. I, 3, 1
Des mains humaines apparaissent sous leurs ailes.
Ézéchiel 1, 8
car « sous le vol de la contemplation », il y a « la vertu de l’œuvre bonne ». Et certes, la vie contemplative est meilleure mais elle doit être unie à la vie active et soutenue par elle (voir H. Ez. 1,3,7 etc.). Mais si haut que pût mener le vol de l’âme, il ne peut la mener au-delà de la foi. L’objet de la contemplation est bien souvent l’excellence Verbe :
Les cœurs humains ne pourraient prendre leur envol pour contempler le Verbe si le Verbe tout-puissant ne s’était, pour les hommes, fait homme.
In Ez. I, 3, 14
IV. L’Écriture lue par saint Grégoire
[
19]
Les trois étapes de son exégèse
Saint Grégoire parcourt habituellement trois étapes d’exégèse dans ses commentaires d’Écriture sainte : il franchit l’étape l’histoire pour exposer le sens allégorique, il franchit l’étape l’allégorie afin d’exposer le sens tropologique. L’allégorie est la lecture du Nouveau Testament dans l’Ancien elle est la lecture du Christ partout découvert :
La connaissance du Christ puisée dans l’Écriture est comme un feu caché dans la pierre ; qu’on frappe cette pierre par le fer d’un regard perçant et le secret sera arraché.
d’après H. Ez. II, 10, 1
La tropologie est le « sens moral », elle est la démarche essentielle à la pleine intelligence de l’Écriture - c’est le Sermo conversus ad nos, ad mores nostros. La parole de Dieu y prend son sens actuel, pour nous. De l’histoire donc il faut aller à la tropologie en passant par l’allégorie qui est la vérité de l’histoire, son sens. Histoire, allégorie, tropologie tracent la ligne sans brisure de l’unique action rédemptrice car tout se consomme dans l’Église et dans chaque chrétien, microcosme de l’Église parfaite. Tout se consomme dans l’homme intérieur. « Tout ce qui arrive à l’Église arrive aussi à chaque chrétien » (Pascal). « Ce qui se passait alors historiquement se réalise aujourd’hui spirituellement » (Adam Seat). C’est dans un mystère d’intériorisation que s’achève nécessairement la lecture de l’Écriture Dans le même sens, Angelus Silesius écrivait au XVIIe siècle : « L’Écriture n’est que l’Écriture… que Dieu dise en moi sa Parole d’éternité » [
20].
Le Dieu Tout-Puissant qui n’a pas à s’étendre pour atteindre les grandes choses et lui qui jamais n’est à l’étroit dans les plus petites parle de l’Église entière comme s’il parlait d’une seule âme et souvent rien n’empêche de comprendre de l’Église entière ce qu’il dit d’une seule âme. [÷H. Ez. II, 2, 15÷]
L’Écriture « progresse avec ceux qui la lisent » (Moralia XX, 1, 1)
Nul peut-être ne l’a dit de manière plus précise et plus poétique que Grégoire. Qu’on se souvienne du beau commentaire de l’Evangile des disciples d’Emmaüs :
La simple Vérité n’a donc rien fait par duplicité elle a imité corporellement le modèle de ce qu’elle était dans leur esprit. … Ce n’est pas en écoutant les préceptes divins, mais en les observant qu’ils sont illuminés. Celui-donc qui veut comprendre ce qu’il a entendu, qu’il se hâte d’accomplir pratiquement ce qu’il a déjà pu entendre.
H. Ev. 23
Cassien († vers 430/435) disait de même :
A mesure que, par la méditation des Écritures, notre esprit se renouvelle, la face des Écritures commence, elle aussi, à se renouveler et la beauté d’une signification plus sacrée se met à croître, pour ainsi dire, à la mesure de notre propre progrès.
Cassien, Conf., 14, 11
Voici, à ce sujet, comment saint Grégoire commente la vision des roues (Ézéchiel 1, 15) : les roues se trouvent à terre, elles représentent l’Écriture sainte que nous devons soulever, toutes les quatre ont même aspect et elles semblent constituées de telle sorte qu’une roue se trouve au milieu de l’autre parce que dans l’Ancien Testament se trouve déjà, caché au centre, le Nouveau Testament :
Lorsque les animaux (les quatre Vivants) avançaient, les roues avançaient auprès d’eux parce que les paroles divines croissent avec celui qui les lit… Si l’âme de celui qui lit ne s’élève pas en progressant vers les hauteurs, alors les mots divins gisent comme dans les bas fonds, car ils ne sont pas compris.
Hom. Ez. 1, 7, 8
Les quatre évangiles (les quatre Vivants)
Puisque nous parlons ici des homélies sur Ézéchiel relevons une exégèse chère à Grégoire, elle est subtile et ses cadres de pensée ne sont plus les nôtres mais la pensée elle-même est profonde. Les quatre Vivants (si souvent représentés aux tympans des cathédrales romanes, précisément dans leur rapport avec le Christ glorieux) sont des animaux allégoriques qui désignent à la fois : • les quatre évangélistes • les quatre évangiles • les quatre mystères de la vie du Christ • les quatre démarches de la vie chrétienne.
L’Evangile de Matthieu débute par la généalogie charnelle du Christ : HOMME Celui de Marc, par la clameur du désert : LION Celui de Luc, par l’offrande rituelle de Zacharie : TAUREAU Celui de Jean par l’évocation de la divinité de Jésus : AIGLE
Le Christ est : HOMME : Incarnation TAUREAU : Passion - offrande du sacrifice LION : Résurrection - le lion de la tribu de Juda a vaincu - et le lion dort, paraît-il, les yeux ouverts AIGLE : Ascension.
Mais le Chrétien est membre du Christ et il doit être : HOMME : par sa raison TAUREAU : par son sens du sacrifice LION : par sa force d’âme AIGLE : par la contemplation.
L’Écriture doit être lue dans l’Église.
Elle est un « pain ». Où la manger, dès lors, sinon « dans la maison », tels les frères et sœurs de Job :
C’est dans la sainte Église qu’ils se nourrissent de la moelle de la mystique Parole.
Moralia XXXV, 14, 26
Comme Augustin, Grégoire aime dire que l’Écriture sainte est pour nous un « miroir » : nous y découvrons notre laideur, notre beauté, notre progrès ou notre déchéance.
Plus on médite l’Écriture plus on l’aime.
Elle n’est ni fermée à en être décourageante, ni accessible à en devenir banale. Plus on la fréquente, moins on s’en lasse, plus on la médite, plus on l’aime.
Moralia XX, 1, 1
L’Écriture conduit à l’amour
Le seul but de Dieu en nous parlant tout au long de la sainte Écriture, c’est de nous attirer à l’amour de Dieu et du prochain.
In Ez. I, 10, 14
On découvre l’ineffable et merveilleuse puissance de la Parole sacrée quand l’esprit à sa lecture se sent tout pénétré de l’amour d’en-haut.
H. Ez. 1, 7, 8
L’Écriture est un chant dans la nuit
Saint Grégoire dit de l’Écriture qu’elle est un chant dans la nuit (carmen in nocte). À sa lecture, la nuit pour nous s’illumine (Cf. Ps138), l’éternelle lumière à venir scintille déjà, par elle, à travers nos ténèbres. Elle nous inonde de délices car elle est source de contemplation et Grégoire lui applique toutes les images qu’il applique à la contemplation.
Le chant dans la nuit, c’est la joie dans l’épreuve puisque même affligés par les tribulations, nous goûtons déjà par l’espérance les joies de l’éternité. C’est ce chant dans la nuit que célébrait Paul : « Ayez la joie dans l’espérance, la constance dans la tribulation » (Ro 12, 12). C’est ce chant dans la nuit qu’entonnait David : « Tu m’es un refuge dans le tourment qui m’assiège. O ma Joie, délivre-moi de ceux qui m’assiègent » (Ps 31, 7). Voici qu’il nomme la nuit un tourment et que pourtant au milieu des tribulations, il appelle son Libérateur sa Joie ! Au dehors, certes, c’était la nuit dans l’assaut de l’épreuve niais au dedans retentissaient les chants de consolation et de joie.
Moralia XXVI, 16, 26
Ezéchiel entendit à la voix des roues deux grands ébranlements successifs (Ez 3, 12-13) : componction de pénitence et componction d’amour à l’audition des paroles de l’Écriture :
Enflammés de l’amour de notre Créateur, embrasés du feu d’une intense ferveur, nous pleurons d’être encore bien loin de la Face du Tout-Puissant… aimant désormais celui que nous connaissons, nous ne cessons plus de le désirer dans les larmes… C’est ce qui donne aux paroles de la sainte Écriture tout leur, goût au cœur de celui qui la lit : c’est ce qui fait que ceux qui aiment les lisent le plus souvent dans le silence, comme à la dérobée et à voix basse.
In Ez., I, 10, 39
L’Écriture doit être lue chaque jour (lectio divina).
Mets-toi donc à l’étude, je t’en prie, et médite chaque jour les paroles de ton Créateur. Découvre le cœur de Dieu dans les paroles de Dieu. … Mais pour y parvenir, que le Dieu Tout-Puissant répande lui-même en toi l’Esprit Consolateur ! Qu’il emplisse ton âme de sa présence et qu’en l’emplissant, il l’élève.
Lettre 4 au médecin Théodore
Conclusion
Préfet de Rome, moine, diacre, apocrisiaire et pape, Grégoire fut un homme mêlé au monde, un contemplatif et un pasteur d’âmes. Moine arraché malgré lui à son monastère pour le bien des âmes, il demeura moine toujours par le constant regret de sa vit claustrale, par le désir, par des réalisations effectives - il groupait des moines autour de lui - et par son intense vie de prière.
Ce pasteur d’âmes est constamment un moraliste : jamais cependant la morale ne se dissocie chez lui de la doctrine christocentrique. Il eut le souci de s’adapter à chacun et il montra un sens psychologique très averti, un sens aigu aussi de la faiblesse humaine que son état souvent maladif affina encore.
À une époque de décadence, Grégoire sut recueillir et unifier l’héritage du passé. Il n’a rien cependant d’un génie métaphysique si bien que lorsqu’on le compare à saint Augustin, et on aime à le faire, on parle toujours d’un abaissement de la pensée. Il est vrai que Grégoire n’est ni philosophe, ni intellectuel, mais pourquoi comparer un génie aussi personnel à qui que ce soit ? Grégoire est autre, constamment original par sa liberté, sa poésie, son sens de l’humour !
Un seul mot peut vraiment caractériser Grégoire : Grégoire est un mystique. Dogme, morale, spiritualité sont entraînés chez lui par un « vol de l’âme » jusqu’aux régions de la contemplation.
Grégoire a choisi avec insistance la vie mixte comme la forme de vie la plus parfaite : c’est qu’il sait que sans la charité, une charité effective qui se dépense pour le prochain, la contemplation ne serait rien (cf. 1 Co 13 mais la contemplation est chez Grégoire le visage même de l’amour et il n’eut rien de meilleur à donner au peuple chrétien que l’expérience de sa foi.
Grégoire est un témoin des arcanes de Dieu ! Grégoire est 1a grande autorité invoquée par saint Thomas d’Aquin dans les questions relatives à la contemplation. Ce grand spirituel fut au Moyen Âge le « directeur des consciences chrétiennes ». Il mérite de 1e demeurer.
Comment ne pas recueillir avec avidité un tel message :
Les expériences de ces avant-coureurs, de ces enfants perdu de notre race, élancés vers le Bien sans ombre, ces expérience nous restent consignées par eux, comme les documents rapportés par les explorateurs des terres presque inaccessibles. Les grands mystiques sont les pionniers et les hérauts du plus beau, du plus désirable, du plus merveilleux des mondes… toute proportion et toute différence gardées, les grands mystiques peuvent dire ce que disait le disciple bien-aimé : « Ce que nous avons vu, ce que nous avons entendu, ce que nos mains ont touché, nous vous l’annonçons ». Et de les entendre nous le raconter, notre âme frémit d’espoir et d’attente. Ils sont ainsi les témoins de la présence amicale de Dieu dans l’humanité.
Léonce de Grandmaison,
La religion personnelle, p. 178-179.
La lecture de saint Grégoire nous ouvre à la présence de l’invisible :
O monde invisible, nous te voyons, O monde intangible, nous te touchons, O monde inconnaissable, nous te connaissons, O monde insaisissable, nous t’étreignons ! [
21]
Source :
Soeur Gabriel Peters,
Lire les Pères de l’Église. Cours de patrologie, DDB, 1981. Avec l’aimable autorisation des Éditions
Migne.
[
1] On peut lire l’histoire de sa vocation dans la préface des Moralia.
[
2] D’après les Dialogues 4, 21.
[
3] Il faut signaler l’étroite parenté du Pastoral de Grégoire le Grand et du traité Du Sacerdoce de Jean Chrysostome. Ces deux œuvres ont d’ailleurs une même source : le discours Sur la fuite de Grégoire de Nazianze. Le mot célèbre de Grégoire le Grand : « La conduite des âmes est l’art des arts et la science des sciences » est emprunté textuellement à Grégoire de Nazianze.
[
4] Au second livre des Dialogues.
[
5] Voir Dom P. Verbraken, Revue bénédictine, t. 66, 1956, p. 159-217.
[
6] Voir Dom B. Capelle, Revue bénédictine, t. 41, 1929, p. 204-217.
[
7] Procédé oratoire destiné à se concilier la bienveillance des auditeurs.
[
8] Voir Dom B. Capelle, Revue bénédictine, tome 49, 1937, p. 13-28.
[
9] On se souvient que le grammairien Donat fut le maître de Jérôme.
[
10] Voir H.-I. Marrou, Histoire de l’éducation dans l’antiquité, Paris 1948, p. 445.
[
11] Voir l’article sur Grégoire le Grand au Dictionnaire de Spiritualité par Dom R. Gillet. Nous nous en inspirons.
[
12] Il est clair que ce vocabulaire est bien celui de saint Grégoire. Les perspectives actuelles d’ouverture au monde nous obligent à réviser ce vocabulaire. Mais peut-être suffirait-il d’étudier la vie de Grégoire, de comprendre jusqu’à quel point cette vie, qui demeurait une vie monastique, fut livrée au service de tous, pour réaliser quel fut le sens réel de ce vocabulaire. Il reste vrai que Grégoire souhaitait pour les monastères des conditions de paix qu’assurait un « retrait » du monde.
[
13] Le mot latin quies et le mot grec hésychia ont exactement le même sens : repos, calme, paix, solitude. Qu’on ne perde pas de vue que, malgré son ignorance de la langue grecque, Grégoire fut en contact étroit avec l’Orient (apocrisiaire à Constantinople).
[
14] Telle est aussi la pensée constante de saint Augustin.
[
15] L’œil, l’oreille, la bouche du cœur. Comme Origène, comme saint Augustin et tant d’autres, Grégoire reconnaît en l’homme la présence des cinq sens spirituels.
[
16] Nous suivons ici Dom Jean Leclercq dans L’amour des lettres et le désir de Dieu, Paris 1957, p. 34-35. Voir aussi le Dictionnaire de Spiritualité au mot « Componction ». Nous recommandons le livre d’I. Hausherr, Penthos, La doctrine de la componction dans l’Orient chrétien, Rome 1944, « Orientalia christiana analecta », N° 132.
[
17] Les prières catanyctiques, du mot grec katanux, signifient les prières de componction, les prières pénitentielles, les prières qui font pleurer. On peut voir en ce sens tout l’admirable recueil des Prières de Grégoire de Narek, le grand poète arménien, SC N° 78, Paris 1961.
[
18] Lorsque saint Bernard rédige à l’intention du pape Eugène III le traité De Consideratione, il lui propose saint Grégoire le Grand comme modèle : « C’est perdre sa vie, lui écrit-il, que de passer toute sa vie sans réserver quelque temps à l’otium (au loisir de la contemplation), saint Grégoire recherchait cet otium à l’heure même où Rome allait être assiégée ». Voir De Consideratione, I, 9, 10.
[
19] Nous nous inspirons ici des pages consacrées à saint Grégoire le Grand dans H. de Lubac, Exégèse médiévale, 1, Paris, Aubier 1959, p. 187 et sv.
[
20] Voir A. Silesius, Pèlerin chérubinique, II, 137.
[
21] Trouvé dans les papiers de Francis Thompson après sa mort.
http://www.patristique.org/Les-Peres-de-l-Eglise-latine-V-Gregoire-le-Grand-540-604.html
Saint Grégoire le Grand
Mort le 12 mars 604 et inhumé dans l’atrium de Saint-Pierre. Son anniversaire fut depuis lors célébré continuellement mais on ignore quand cet anniversaire funéraire se transforma en célébration du natale d’un saint.
Sa fête est assurée à Rome dès le VIIIe siècle. En Occident elle se répand d’abord logiquement en Angleterre (Concile de Cloveshoë en 747), puis dans tout l’empire carolingien.
Leçons des Matines avant 1960
Quatrième leçon. Grégoire le Grand était romain et fils du sénateur Gordien. Il étudia la philosophie dans sa jeunesse, et exerça la charge de préteur. Après la mort de son père, il fonda six monastères en Sicile ; il en établit un septième à Rome sous le nom de Saint-André, dans sa propre maison, près de la Basilique des Saints-Jean-et-Paul, sur la pente dite de Scaurus. Là, sous la conduite d’Hilarion et de Maximien, il fit profession de la vie monastique, et devint ensuite Abbé. Créé Cardinal-Diacre, il fut envoyé par le pape Pelage à Constantinople, en qualité de légat auprès de l’empereur Tibère-Constantin. Pendant qu’il se trouvait à la cour de ce prince, son zèle eut un résultat mémorable : il convainquit si évidemment d’erreur le Patriarche Eutychius, qui avait écrit contre la vraie et tangible résurrection des corps, que l’empereur jeta son livre au feu. Aussi, Eutychius lui-même étant peu après tombé malade, et sur le point de mourir, touchant la peau de sa main, disait en présence de nombreux témoins : « Je confesse que nous ressusciterons tous dans cette chair ».
Cinquième leçon. De retour à Rome, Grégoire fut élu Pontife avec l’accord le plus unanime, pour succéder à Pelage que la peste avait enlevé. Il ne voulut pas accepter cet honneur, et le refusa aussi longtemps qu’il put. Sous un habit étranger il alla se cacher dans une caverne, mais une colonne de feu indiquant sa retraite l’y fit découvrir ; on le consacra à Saint-Pierre. Pendant son pontificat, ce Pape a laissé à ses successeurs de nombreux exemples de doctrine et de sainteté. Il admettait tous les jours des étrangers à sa table, et parmi eux, il lui arriva de recevoir un Ange, et même le Seigneur des Anges, sous la figure d’un pèlerin. Il nourrissait libéralement les pauvres de Rome et de l’étranger, et avait une liste des nécessiteux. Il rétablit la foi catholique en beaucoup d’endroits où elle était chancelante ; car il réprima les Donatistes en Afrique, les Ariens en Espagne, et expulsa les Agnoïtes d’Alexandrie. Il ne voulut pas donner le pallium à Syagrius, Évêque d’Autun, si celui-ci ne bannissait de la Gaule les hérétiques néophytes. Il obligea les Goths à abandonner l’hérésie arienne. Ayant envoyé dans la Grande-Bretagne, Augustin et d’autres moines doctes et saints, il convertit cette île à la foi de Jésus-Christ, ce qui l’a fait appeler avec raison l’Apôtre de l’Angleterre, par le vénérable Prêtre Béde. Il réprima l’audace de Jean, Patriarche de Constantinople, qui s’arrogeait le nom d’Évêque de l’Église universelle. L’empereur Maurice ayant défendu aux soldats de se faire moines, Grégoire l’amena à révoquer cet édit.
Sixième leçon. Cet illustre Pontife orna l’Église de plusieurs institutions et lois très saintes. Dans un concile rassemblé à Saint-Pierre, il fit plusieurs ordonnances ; il établit entre autres choses qu’à la Messe on répéterait neuf fois Kyrie eleison, que l’Alléluia se dirait toute l’année, hors le temps compris entre la Septuagésime et Pâques, qu’on ajouterait au Canon ces mots : Établissez nos jours dans votre paix, etc. Il augmenta les Litanies, le nombre des Stations, et l’Office ecclésiastique. Il voulait qu’on eût la même estime pour les quatre conciles de Nicée, de Constantinople, d’Éphèse et de Chalcédoine, que pour les quatre Évangiles. Il accorda aux Évêques de Sicile, qui, selon l’ancienne coutume de leurs Églises, se rendaient à Rome tous les trois ans, la liberté de n’y venir que tous les cinq ans. Le diacre Pierre atteste avoir vu souvent le Saint-Esprit, en forme de colombe, au-dessus de la tête du pieux Pontife, pendant qu’il dictait les nombreux ouvrages qu’il a composés. Ses paroles, ses actions, ses écrits, ses décrets, sont dignes d’admiration, surtout si l’on considère qu’il était toujours faible et souffrant. Enfin, ayant fait aussi beaucoup de miracles, il fut appelé au bonheur céleste, après treize ans, six mois et dix jours de pontificat, le quatre des ides de mars, jour où les Grecs eux-mêmes célèbrent sa Fête avec des honneurs particuliers, à cause de l’insigne sagesse et de la grande sainteté de ce Pontife. Son corps a été enseveli dans la basilique de Saint Pierre, près de la sacristie.
Dom Guéranger, l’Année Liturgique
Entre tous les pasteurs que le Christ a donnés à l’Église universelle pour le représenter sur la terre, nul n’a surpassé les mérites et la renommée du saint Pape que nous célébrons aujourd’hui. Son nom est Grégoire, et signifie la vigilance ; son surnom est le Grand, dont il était déjà en possession, lorsque Dieu donna le septième Grégoire à son Église. Ces deux illustres pontifes sont frères ; et tout cœur catholique les confond dans un même amour et dans une commune admiration.
Celui dont nous honorons en ce jour la mémoire est déjà connu des fidèles qui s’appliquent à suivre l’Église dans la Liturgie. Mais ses travaux sur le service divin, dans tout le cours de Tannée, ne se sont pas bornés à enrichir nos Offices de quelques cantiques pleins d’onction et de lumière ; tout l’ensemble de la Liturgie Romaine le reconnaît pour son principal organisateur. C’est lui qui, recueillant et mettant en ordre les prières et les rites institués par ses prédécesseurs, leur a donné la forme qu’ils retiennent encore aujourd’hui. Le chant ecclésiastique a pareillement reçu de lui son dernier perfectionnement ; les sollicitudes du saint Pontife pour recueillir les antiques mélodies de l’Église, pour les assujettir aux règles, et les disposer selon les besoins du service divin, ont attaché pour jamais son nom à cette grande œuvre musicale qui ajoute tant à la majesté des fonctions sacrées, et qui contribue si puissamment à préparer Pâme du chrétien au respect des Mystères et au recueillement de la piété.
Mais le rôle de Grégoire ne s’est pas réduit à ces soins qui suffiraient à immortaliser un autre Pontife. Lorsqu’il fut donné à la chrétienté, l’Église latine comptait trois grands Docteurs : Ambroise, Augustin et Jérôme ; la science divine de Grégoire l’appelait à l’honneur de compléter cet auguste quaternaire. L’intelligence des saintes Écritures, la pénétration des mystères divins, l’onction et l’autorité, indices de l’assistance du Saint-Esprit, paraissent dans ses écrits avec plénitude ; et l’Église se réjouit d’avoir reçu en Grégoire un nouveau guide dans la doctrine sacrée.
Le respect qui s’attachait à tout ce qui sortait de la plume d’un si grand Pontife a préservé de la destruction son immense correspondance ; et l’on y peut voir qu’il n’est pas un seul point du monde chrétien que son infatigable regard n’ait visité, pas une question religieuse, même locale ou personnelle, dans l’Orient comme dans l’Occident, qui n’ait attiré les efforts de son zèle, et dans laquelle il n’intervienne comme pasteur universel. Éloquente leçon donnée par les actes d’un Pape du vie siècle à ces novateurs qui ont osé soutenir que la prérogative du Pontife Romain n’aurait eu pour base que des documents fabriqués plus de deux siècles après la mort de Grégoire !
Assis sur le Siège Apostolique, Grégoire y a paru l’héritier des Apôtres, non seulement comme dépositaire de leur autorité, mais comme associé à leur mission d’appeler à la foi des peuples entiers. L’Angleterre est là pour attester que si elle connaît Jésus-Christ, si elle a mérité durant tant de siècles d’être appelée l’Ile des Saints, elle le doit à Grégoire qui, touché de compassion pour ces Angles, dont il voulait, disait-il, faire des Anges, envoya dans leur île le saint moine Augustin avec ses quarante compagnons, tous enfants de saint Benoît, comme Grégoire lui-même. Le saint Pontife vécut encore assez longtemps pour recueillir la moisson évangélique, qui crût et mûrit en quelques jours sur ce sol où la foi, semée dès les premiers temps et germée à peine, avait presque été submergée sous l’invasion d’une race conquérante et infidèle. Qu’on aime à voir l’enthousiasme du saint vieillard, quand il emprunte le langage de la poésie, et nous montre « l’Alléluia et les Hymnes romaines répétées dans une langue accoutumée aux chants barbares, l’Océan aplani sous les pas des saints, des flots de peuples indomptés tombant calmés à la voix des prêtres [1] » !
Durant les treize années qu’il tint la place de Pierre, le monde chrétien sembla, de l’Orient à l’Occident, ému de respect et d’admiration pour les vertus de ce chef incomparable, et le nom de Grégoire fut grand parmi les peuples. La France a le devoir de lui garder un fidèle souvenir ; car il aima nos pères, et prophétisa la grandeur future de notre nation par la foi. De tous les peuples nouveaux qui s’étaient établis sur les ruines de l’empire romain, la race franque fut longtemps seule à professer la croyance orthodoxe ; et cet élément surnaturel lui valut les hautes destinées qui lui ont assuré une gloire et une influence sans égales. C’est assurément pour nous, Français, un honneur dont nous devons être saintement fiers, de trouver dans les écrits d’un Docteur de l’Église ces paroles adressées, dès le VIe siècle, à un prince de notre nation : « Comme la dignité royale s’élève au-dessus des autres hommes, ainsi domine sur tous les royaumes des peuples la prééminence de votre royaume. Être roi comme tant d’autres n’est pas chose rare : mais être roi catholique, alors que les autres sont indignes de l’être, c’est assez de grandeur. Comme brille par l’éclat de la lumière un lustre pompeux dans l’ombre d’une nuit obscure, ainsi éclate et rayonne la splendeur de votre foi, à travers les nombreuses perfidies des autres nations [2]. »
Mais qui pourrait dépeindre les vertus sublimes qui firent de Grégoire un prodige de sainteté ? Ce mépris du monde et de la fortune qui lui fit chercher un asile dans l’obscurité du cloître ; cette humilité qui le porta à fuir les honneurs du Pontificat, jusqu’à ce que Dieu révélât enfin par un prodige l’antre où se tenait caché celui dont les mains étaient d’autant plus dignes de tenir les clefs du ciel, qu’il en sentait davantage le poids ; ce zèle pour tout le troupeau dont il se regardait comme l’esclave et non comme le maître, s’honorant du titre immortel de serviteur des serviteurs de Dieu ; cette charité envers les pauvres, qui n’eut de bornes que l’univers ; cette sollicitude infatigable à laquelle rien n’échappe et qui subvient à tout, aux calamités publiques, aux dangers de la patrie comme aux infortunes particulières ; cette constance et cette aimable sérénité au milieu des plus grandes souffrances, qui ne cessèrent de peser sur son corps durant tout le cours de son laborieux pontificat ; cette fermeté à conserver le dépôt de la foi et à poursuivre l’erreur en tous lieux ; enfin cette vigilance sur la discipline, qui la renouvela et la soutint pour des siècles dans tout le corps de l’Église : tant de services, tant de grands exemples ont marqué la place de Grégoire dans la mémoire des chrétiens avec des traits qui ne s’effaceront jamais.
Nous placerons ici quelques Antiennes et quelques Répons extraits d’un Office approuvé par le Saint-Siège en l’honneur d’un si grand Pape.
ANTIENNES ET RÉPONS
Ant. Le bienheureux Grégoire, élevé sur la chaire de Pierre, réalisa par sa vigilance la signification de son nom.
Ant. Pasteur excellent, il fut le modèle de la vie pastorale, en même temps qu’il en traça les règles.
Ant. Un jour qu’il expliquait les mystères de la sainte Écriture, on vit près de lui une colombe plus blanche que la neige.
Ant. Grégoire, le miroir des moines, le père de Rome, les délices du monde entier.
Ant. Ayant arrêté ses regards sur de jeunes Anglais, Grégoire dit : « Ils ont des visages d’Anges, il est juste de les faire participer au sort des Anges dans le ciel. »
R/. Dès son adolescence, Grégoire se livra avec ferveur au service de Dieu : * Et il aspira de toute l’ardeur de ses désirs à la patrie de la vie céleste. V/. Ayant distribué aux pauvres ses richesses, il se mit pauvre à la suite du Christ qui s’est fait pauvre pour nous ; * Et il aspira de toute l’ardeur de ses désirs à la patrie de la vie céleste.
R/. Ayant établi six monastères en Sicile, il y réunit des frères pour le service du Christ ; il en fonda un septième dans l’enceinte de la ville de Rome : * Et c’est là qu’il s’enrôla dans les rangs de la céleste milice. V/. Dédaignant le monde en sa fleur, il n’eut plus d’attrait que pour sa chère solitude ; * Et c’est là qu’il s’enrôla dans les rangs de la céleste milice.
R/. Comme on le cherchait pour l’élever aux honneurs du Pontificat suprême, il s’enfuit à l’ombre des forêts et des antres ; * Mais une colonne lumineuse apparut, descendant du ciel en ligne directe jusque sur lui. V/. Dans son ardeur de posséder un si excellent pasteur, le peuple se livrait au jeune et aux prières ; * Mais une colonne lumineuse apparut, descendant du ciel en ligne directe jusque sur lui.
R/. Me voici donc maintenant battu des flots de la grande mer, brisé des tempêtes de la charge pastorale : * Et lorsque, au souvenir de ma vie antérieure, je jette mes regards derrière moi, à la vue du rivage qui s’éloigne, je soupire. V/. Plein de trouble, je me sens emporté par des vagues immenses ; à peine aperçois-je encore le port que j’ai quitté : * Et lorsque, au souvenir de ma vie antérieure, je jette mes regards derrière moi., à la vue du rivage qui s’éloigne, je soupire.
R/. Ayant puisé dans la source des Écritures l’enseignement moral et la doctrine mystique, Grégoire dirigea vers les peuples le fleuve de l’Évangile ; * Et après sa mort sa voix se fait entendre encore. V/. Il parcourt le monde comme l’aigle ; dans sa vaste charité, il pourvoit aux grands et aux petits. * Et après sa mort sa voix se fait entendre encore.
R/. Ayant vu des jeunes gens de la nation anglaise, Grégoire regrettait que des hommes d’un si beau visage fussent dans la possession du prince des ténèbres ; * Et que sous des traits si agréables se cachât une âme privée des joies intérieures. V/. Du fond de son cœur il poussait de profonds soupirs, déplorant que l’image de Dieu eût été ainsi souillée par l’ancien serpent. * Et que sous des traits si agréables se cachât une âme privée des joies intérieures.
R/. L’évêque Jean ayant voulu, dans son audace, porter atteinte aux droits du premier Siège, Grégoire se leva dans la force et la mansuétude ; * Tout éclatant de l’autorité apostolique, tout resplendissant d’humilité. V/. Il fut invincible dans la défense des clefs de Pierre, et préserva de toute atteinte la Chaire principale ; * Tout éclatant de l’autorité apostolique, tout resplendissant d’humilité.
R/. Pontife illustre par ses mérites comme par son nom, Grégoire renouvela les mélodies de la louange divine ; * Et il réunit dans un même concert la voix de l’Église militante aux accords de l’Épouse triomphante. V/. Ayant transcrit de sa plume mystique le livre des Sacrements, il fit passer à la postérité les formules sacrées des anciens Pères. * Et il réunit dans un même concert la voix de l’Église militante aux accords de l’Épouse triomphante.
R/. Il régla les Stations aux Basiliques et aux Cimetières des martyrs ; * Et l’armée du Seigneur s’avançait, suivant les pas de Grégoire. V/. Chef de la milice céleste, il distribuait à chacun les armes spirituelles. * Et l’armée du Seigneur s’avançait, suivant les pas de Grégoire.
Saint Pierre Damien, dont nous avons célébré la fête il y a quelques jours, a consacré à la gloire de notre grand Pontife l’Hymne suivante.
HYMNE
Apôtre des Anglais, maintenant compagnon des Anges, Grégoire, secourez les nations qui ont reçu la foi.
Vous avez méprisé l’opulence des richesses et toute la gloire du monde, pour suivre pauvre le Roi Jésus dans sa pauvreté.
Un malheureux naufragé se présente à vous : c’est un Ange qui, sous ces traits, vous demande l’aumône ; vous lui faites une double offrande, à laquelle vous ajoutez encore un vase d’argent.
Peu après, le Christ vous place à la tête de son Église ; imitateur de Pierre, vous montez sur son trône.
O Pontife excellent, gloire et lumière de l’Église ! n’abandonnez pas aux périls ceux que vous avez instruits par tant d’enseignements.
Vos lèvres distillent un miel qui est doux au cœur ; votre éloquence surpasse l’odeur des plus délicieux parfums.
Vous dévoilez d’une manière admirable les énigmes mystiques de la sainte Écriture ; la Vérité elle-même vous révèle les plus hauts mystères.
Vous possédez le rang et la gloire des Apôtres ; dénouez les liens de nos péchés ; restituez-nous au royaume des cieux.
Gloire au Père incréé ; honneur au Fils unique ; majesté souveraine à l’Esprit égal aux deux autres. Amen.
Père du peuple chrétien, Vicaire de la charité du Christ autant que de son autorité, Grégoire, Pasteur vigilant, le peuple chrétien que vous avez tant aimé et servi si fidèlement, s’adresse à vous avec confiance. Vous n’avez point oublié ce troupeau qui vous garde un si cher souvenir ; accueillez aujourd’hui sa prière. Protégez et dirigez le Pontife qui tient de nos jours la place de Pierre et la vôtre ; éclairez ses conseils, et fortifiez son courage. Bénissez tout le corps hiérarchique des Pasteurs, qui vous doit de si beaux préceptes et de si admirables exemples. Aidez-le à maintenir avec une inviolable fermeté le dépôt sacré de la foi ; secourez-le dans ses efforts pour le rétablissement de la discipline ecclésiastique, sans laquelle tout n’est que désordre et confusion. Vous avez été choisi de Dieu pour ordonner le service divin, la sainte Liturgie, dans la chrétienté ; favorisez le retour aux pieuses traditions de la prière qui s’étaient affaiblies chez nous, et menaçaient de périr. Resserrez de plus en plus le lien vital des Églises dans l’obéissance à la Chaire romaine, fondement de la foi et source de l’autorité spirituelle.
Vos yeux ont vu surgir le principe funeste du schisme désolant qui a séparé l’Orient de la communion catholique ; depuis, hélas ! Byzance a consommé la rupture ; et le châtiment de son crime a été l’abaissement et l’esclavage, sans que cette infidèle Jérusalem ait songé encore à reconnaître la cause de ses malheurs. De nos jours, son orgueil monte de plus en plus ; un auxiliaire a surgi de l’Aquilon, plein d’audace et les mains teintes du sang des martyrs. Dans son orgueil, il a juré de poser un pied sur le tombeau du Sauveur, et l’autre sur la Confession de saint Pierre : afin que toute créature humaine l’adore comme un dieu. Ranimez, ô Grégoire ! le zèle des peuples chrétiens, afin que ce faux Christ soit renversé, et que l’exemple de sa chute demeure comme un monument de la vengeance du véritable Christ notre unique Seigneur, et un accomplissement de la promesse qu’il a faite : que les portes de l’enfer ne prévaudront point contre la Pierre. Nous savons saint Pontife ! que cette parole s’accomplira ; mais nous osons demander que nos yeux en voient l’effet.
Souvenez-vous, ô Apôtre d’un peuple entier ! Souvenez-vous de l’Angleterre qui a reçu de vous la foi chrétienne. Cette île qui vous fut si chère, et au sein de laquelle fructifia si abondamment la semence que vous y aviez jetée, est devenue infidèle à la Chaire romaine, et toutes les erreurs se sont réunies dans son sein. Depuis trois siècles déjà, elle s’est éloignée de la vraie foi ; mais de nos jours, la divine miséricorde semble s’incliner vers elle. O Père ! aidez cette nation que vous avez enfantée à Jésus-Christ ; aidez-la à sortir des ténèbres qui la couvrent encore. C’est à vous de rallumer le flambeau qu’elle a laissé s’éteindre. Qu’elle voie de nouveau la lumière briller sur elle, et son peuple fournira comme autrefois des héros pour la propagation de la vraie foi et pour la sanctification du peuple chrétien.
En ces jours de la sainte Quarantaine, priez aussi, ô Grégoire, pour le troupeau fidèle qui parcourt religieusement la sainte carrière de la pénitence. Obtenez-lui la componction du cœur, l’amour de la prière, l’intelligence du service divin et de ses mystères. Nous lisons encore les graves et touchantes Homélies que vous adressiez, à cette époque, au peuple de Rome ; la justice de Dieu, comme sa miséricorde, est toujours la même : obtenez que nos cœurs soient remués par la crainte et consolés par la confiance. Notre faiblesse s’effraie souvent de la rigidité des lois de l’Église qui prescrivent le jeûne et l’abstinence ; rassurez nos courages, ranimez dans nos cœurs, l’esprit de mortification. Vos exemples nous éclairent, vos enseignements nous dirigent ; que votre intercession auprès de Dieu fasse de nous tous de vrais pénitents afin que nous puissions retrouver, avec la joie d’une conscience purifiée, le divin Alléluia que vous nous avez appris à chanter sur la terre, et que nous espérons répéter avec vous dans l’éternité.
Nos âmes sont désormais préparées ; l’Église peut ouvrir la carrière quadragésimale. Dans les trois semaines qui viennent de s’écouler, nous avons appris à connaître la misère de l’homme déchu, l’immense besoin qu’il a d’être sauvé par son divin auteur ; la justice éternelle contre laquelle le genre humain osa se soulever, et le terrible châtiment qui fut le prix de tant d’audace ; enfin, l’alliance du Seigneur, en la personne d’Abraham, avec ceux qui, dociles à sa voix, s’éloignent des maximes d’un monde pervers et condamné.
Maintenant nous allons voir s’accomplir les mystères sacrés et redoutables, par lesquels la blessure de notre chute a été guérie, la divine justice désarmée, la grâce qui nous affranchit du joug de Satan et du monde répandue sur nous avec surabondance.
L’Homme-Dieu, dont nous avons cessé un moment de suivre les traces, va reparaître à nos regards, courbé sous sa Croix, et bientôt immolé pour notre Rédemption. La douloureuse Passion que nos péchés lui ont imposée va se renouveler sous nos yeux dans le plus solennel des anniversaires.
Soyons attentifs, et purifions-nous. Marchons courageusement dans la voie de la pénitence ; que chaque jour allège le fardeau que nos péchés font peser sur nous ; et lorsque nous aurons participé au calice du Rédempteur par une sincère compassion pour ses douleurs, nos lèvres longtemps fermées aux chants d’allégresse seront déliées par l’Église, et nos cœurs, dans une ineffable jubilation, tressailliront tout à coup au divin Alléluia !
Bhx Cardinal Schuster, Liber Sacramentorum
Cette fête, également célébrée par les Grecs, se trouve déjà dans le Sacramentaire grégorien du temps d’Hadrien Ier, et c’est une des rares qui aient pénétré dès l’antiquité dans le Calendrier romain durant la période quadragésimale. Nous savons même qu’à Rome, au IXe siècle, eius anniversaria solemnitas, cunctis... pernoctantibus,... celebratur. In qua pallium eius, et phylacteria, sed et balteus eius consuetudinaliter osculantur [3]. La célébrité de saint Grégoire (+ 604) et surtout le sens symbolique assumé par sa personnalité historique, alors que, au moyen âge, il incarna l’idéal de la papauté romaine dans la plus sublime expression de sa primauté sur toute l’Église, justifiaient cette exception. On peut dire en effet que le moyen âge tout entier vécut de l’esprit de saint Grégoire ; la liturgie romaine, le chant sacré, le droit canonique, l’ascèse monacale, l’apostolat chez les infidèles, la vie pastorale, en un mot toute l’activité ecclésiastique dérivait du saint Docteur, dont les écrits semblaient être devenus comme le code universel du catholicisme. Le très grand nombre d’anciennes églises dédiées à Rome au saint Pontife atteste la popularité de son culte, lequel, outre son antique monastère de Saint-André au Clivus Scauri, avait pour centre sa tombe vénérable dans la basilique vaticane.
Au IXe siècle, Jean Diacre nous atteste la piété avec laquelle on conservait encore à Rome tous les souvenirs de Grégoire, les Registres de ses aumônes, son pauvre lit, sa verge, le manuscrit de l’antiphonaire et sa ceinture monastique. Le culte de saint Grégoire Ier, grâce surtout à l’Ordre bénédictin dont il est une des gloires les plus brillantes, et aux nouveaux peuples anglo-saxons, qui reconnaissent dans le saint leur premier apôtre, devint très vite mondial.
En effet ; au lendemain de sa mort, celui qui dicta son épigraphe sépulcrale sous le portique de Saint-Pierre, ne sut mieux exprimer l’universalité de son action pastorale qu’en l’appelant — lui, le descendant des Consuls de la Rome éternelle — le Consul de Dieu, Dei Consul factus, laetare triumphis. L’expression ne pouvait être plus heureuse, comme d’ailleurs le vers implebat actu quidquid sermons docebat, de la même inscription.
La station de ce jour, dès le temps de Jean Diacre, était à Saint-Pierre, près de la tombe du Saint, où se célébraient aussi en son honneur les vigiles nocturnes. Au XVe siècle, en signe de fête, on ne convoquait pas même le consistoire papal en ce jour.
La messe [4], postérieure à la rédaction du recueil grégorien, tire ses chants d’autres messes plus anciennes. L’introït est du Commun des Martyrs Pontifes. Par une délicate allusion à l’humilité du cœur, opposée par Grégoire à l’orgueil du Jeûneur œcuménique, on y invite les humbles à bénir Dieu, à qui ils reconnaissent devoir tout ce qu’ils ont reçu de bien.
La prière est la suivante : « Seigneur, qui avez accordé la récompense de l’éternelle félicité à l’âme de votre serviteur Grégoire, faites que, nous sentant comme accablés sous le poids de nos péchés, nous soyons relevés par son intercession. ». A l’âme de votre serviteur Grégoire : on ne saurait mieux dire, puisque le caractère distinctif de la spiritualité de saint Grégoire, spiritualité qui le fait reconnaître d’emblée comme un moine de l’école du patriarche saint Benoît, est exprimé tout entier dans ce titre qu’il employa le premier : Grégoire, serviteur des serviteurs de Dieu. Maintenant encore, les papes, dans leurs actes les plus solennels, et à l’imitation de notre Saint, prennent le titre de Servus servorum Dei, qui signifiait toutefois primitivement pour Grégoire, moine du monastère de Saint-André : serviteur des serviteurs de Dieu, c’est-à-dire des moines (Servus Dei) ; en un mot : le dernier du monastère. La tradition ascétique bénédictine sur la vertu d’humilité s’est conservée toujours vivante chez tous les grands Docteurs formés dans le cloître de saint Benoît. Nous trouvons par exemple saint Pierre Damien qui signe habituellement : Ego Petrus peccator, episcopus hostiensis ; et Hildebrand qui, avant de devenir Grégoire VII, signe lui aussi : Ego Hildebrandus qualiscumque, S. R. E. archidiaconus.
L’épître et l’Évangile sont du Commun des Docteurs.
Le graduel est tiré du psaume 109 où est exalté le pontificat messianique du Christ : « Le Seigneur a juré et il ne se désistera pas : vous êtes le prêtre éternel selon le rite de Melchisédech. Le Seigneur a dit à mon Seigneur : — c’est-à-dire le Père éternel a dit au Christ, son Fils et le Fils de Marie, descendant de David — siège à ma droite » — comme mon égal dans la puissance et dans la majesté de la divinité.
Le verset de l’offertoire est tiré du psaume 88. « Ma fidélité et ma miséricorde sont avec lui. Sa puissance prévaudra en mon nom. » Tel est le secret du succès des entreprises des saints. Ils espèrent en Dieu et ne pourront donc pas ne pas réussir.
Le Sacramentaire Grégorien assigne à ce jour une préface propre : ... aeterne Deus ; qui sic tribuis Ecclesiam tuam sancti Gregorii Pontifias tui commemoratione gaudere, ut eam illius et festivitate laetifices, et exemplo piae conversationis exerceas, et verbo praedicationis erudias, grataque tibi supplicatione tuearis, per Christum, etc.
Au verset pour la Communion du peuple, le froment dont Grégoire a pourvu ses compagnons de service, c’est son activité pastorale de prédicateur infatigable, de maître très vigilant, de pontife sans tache.
Un artifice habituel du démon est de nous suggérer un idéal et une forme de perfection qui, en raison des circonstances, ne peut pas se réaliser. C’est ainsi qu’un grand nombre d’âmes, au lieu de changer leurs plans et de se sanctifier dans l’état de vie où les a placées la Providence, demeurent inactives, pleurant leur sort et soupirant toujours vers le type irréalisable de leur sainteté. Il advient qu’elles perdent de la sorte un temps très précieux, aigrissent leur cœur, nuisent à leur salut et ne sont utiles ni à elles-mêmes ni aux autres. Il ne faut pas que la perfection se réduise sûrement à une abstraction métaphysique, mais qu’elle pénètre, comme l’air, toutes les œuvres de notre vie. Peu importe que nous soyons riches ou pauvres, doctes ou ignorants, bien portants ou infirmes. Il faut servir le Seigneur dans les conditions où II nous a placés, et non dans celles où nous voudrions être. Un bel exemple de ce sens pratique dans la voie de la sainteté nous est offert par saint Grégoire. Son caractère méditatif le poussait à l’étude tranquille de la philosophie dans la paix du cloître. Dieu le voulut au contraire diplomate, pape, administrateur d’un immense patrimoine immobilier, et stratège même pour diriger les œuvres de défense des cités, italiennes assiégées par les Lombards ; vrai consul de Dieu, étendant au monde son activité et son pouvoir. Grégoire, très souvent retenu au lit par la goutte et par les maux d’estomac, sans laisser échapper une plainte, s’adapte merveilleusement à toutes ces fonctions, et dans le but de servir uniquement le Seigneur, il s’y consacre avec une si admirable maîtrise et perfection qu’il remplit de son esprit tout le moyen âge, et laisse des traces profondes de son génie dans la vie ultérieure du Pontificat romain.
Les Byzantins célèbrent eux aussi la sainteté de Grégoire, auquel ils donnent le titre de dialogista, à cause de ses quatre Livres des Dialogues traduits en grec par le pape Zacharie.
En l’honneur du Pontife qu’on peut presque considérer comme le père de la liturgie romaine et du chant ecclésiastique, nous rapportons ici une antique séquence à lui consacrée, publiée récemment par Bannister d’après un manuscrit du XVe siècle :
Organum spirituale
Tangat decus clericale,
Dum recolitur natale
Vigilis Gregorii.
Scriba Regis angelorum,
Floruit hic lux doctorum,
Et Apostolus Anglorum,
Qui prius inglorii.
Ex prosapia Romana,
Spreta mundi pompa vana,
In doctrina Christiana
Vigilanter studuit.
Rector magnus et urbanus,
Cuius pater Gordianus,
Felix Pontifex Romanus
Atavus resplenduit.
Virgo saeculo pusilla,
Eius amita Tarsilla,
Deo vigilans ancilla
Vidit Iesum dulciter.
Vivens Silvia caelestis,
Mater huius digna gestis,
Fixit cor aeternis festis,
Finiens feliciter.
Monasteria construxit,
Ac prudentia adfluxit,
Monachalem vitam duxit,
Derelinquens omnia.
Sed cum cuperet sincere
Mari cunctis et latere,
Cogebatur apparere
Ut flos inter lilia.
Eruditus in virtute
A primaeva iuventute,
Iter vadens viae tutae,
Devitavit crimina.
Retexendo cantilenas
Sublevavit febris poenas,
Odas addidit amoenas
Per Scripturae carmina.
Videns pueros Anglorum,
Pulchros vultu angelorum,
Mox misertus est eorum,
Suspirando graviter.
O Pontificem beatum,
Per columnam demonstratum,
Et a naufrage probatum,
Dignum mirabiliter.
Recta scribens, recte dixit,
Quo malivolos adflixit,
Sed correctis benedixit,
Pastor bonus omnibus.
Vigil iste Sanctus fuit,
Qui ut nubes magna pluit,
Et ut ros de caelo ruit,
Utilis fidelibus.
Monstra fecit in hac vita,
Verus hic Israelita,
Qttod cognovit eremita
Ex divina gratia.
Deus fecit Levi pactum,
Nec poenituit transactum,
Pacis atque vitae factum
Cum honoris gloria.
Æs in zonis non compegit,
Sed pauperibus redegit,
Quem Salvator praeelegit
Organum mellifluum.
Touchez l’orgue spirituel.
Ordre vénérable du clergé.
Pour fêter l’anniversaire
De Grégoire, le vigilant.
Il écrivait sous la dictée du Roi des Anges,
Fleur et lumière des Docteurs,
Apôtre des Anglais
Jusque-là dans les ténèbres.
Romain de vieille race,
Méprisant les vaines pompes du monde,
A la doctrine du Christ
Il a donné ses veilles studieuses, ses soins vigilants.
Premier magistrat de Rome,
Son père était Gordien ;
Le pontife romain Félix
Fut son illustre aïeul.
Vierge chétive aux yeux du monde,
Sa tante Tarsilla,
Servante attentive de Dieu,
Eut la douce vision de Jésus.
Silvia, vivant comme au ciel,
Digne de son fils par ses actes,
Le cœur fixé dans les joies éternelles
Eut un heureux trépas.
Il bâtit des monastères,
Il y montra sa prudence ;
Il mena la vie monastique,
Après avoir-renoncé à tout.
Lui qui désirait sincèrement
Mourir à tout et demeurer caché,
Il fut contraint de se montrer
Telle une fleur parmi les lis.
Formé à la vertu
Dès sa plus tendre jeunesse,
Il chemina dans la voie sûre
Et sut éviter les fautes.
En repassant les saints cantiques
Il calmait les douleurs de la fièvre ;
Il composa d’agréables poèmes
A l’aide de l’Écriture.
A la vue des jeunes Anglais,
Beaux comme des Anges,
Soudain pris de pitié
Il pousse de profonds soupirs.
O Pontife bienheureux,
Désigné par une colombe,
Éprouvé par le naufrage,
Digne d’admiration !
Vrai dans ses écrits, vrai dans ses paroles,
Il combattit les méchants,
Mais il bénit ceux qui se corrigeaient.
Pasteur plein de bonté pour tous.
Il fut le saint vigilant ;
Comme une nuée répand ses eaux.
Comme la rosée descend du ciel,
Il enrichit les fidèles.
Dès cette vie il a fait des prodiges,
C’était un véritable Israélite :
Tel ermite l’a su [5]
Par une faveur divine.
Dieu fit avec lui le pacte de Lévi,
Il n’eut pas à s’en repentir :
Pacte de paix et de vie,
Pacte d’honneur et de gloire.
Il n’a pas amassé l’argent.
Mais l’a distribué aux pauvres ;
Le Sauveur l’avait choisi
Pour son très suave instrument.
Demandons à ce Saint,
Nous qui vivons encore la vie présente,
De chanter le cantique de l’Agneau
Maintenant et à jamais.
Cette séquence forme l’acrostiche O Servum Servorum Dei.
Il existe une autre séquence beaucoup plus ancienne, qui sans avoir été à l’origine composée pour saint Grégoire le Grand, lui convient pourtant admirablement et fut en effet chantée lors de la solennelle Messe pontificale qu’en 1904 Pie X célébra à Saint-Pierre à l’occasion du XIIIe centenaire de la mort du grand Docteur. Le chœur des chantres comprenait pour cette circonstance plus d’un millier de voix, et le Pontife fut tellement impressionné par l’effet grandiose produit par cette mélodie, qu’à peine le saint Sacrifice terminé il ordonna de répéter le chant de la magnifique séquence. Consacrée par l’approbation de Pie X en cette occasion solennelle, elle a pour ainsi dire le droit d’être considérée comme appartenant à la liturgie romaine.
Voici le texte de cette importante composition médiévale, simplement rythmée sans rime, formée, comme les séquences primitives, sur le mélisme alléluiatique de la messe.
1) Alma cohors una
Laudum sonora
Nunc prome praeconia.
2) Quibus en insignis rutilat
Gregorius ut luna,
Solque sidera.
2a) Meritorum est mirifica
Radians idem sacra
Praerogativa.
3) Hunc nam Sophiae mystica
Ornarunt mire dogmata
Qua fulsit nitida
luculenter per ampla
orbis climata.
3a) Verbi necnon fructifera
Saevit divini semina
Mentium per arva,
pellendo quoque cuncta
noctis nubila.
4) Hic famina fundens diva,
Utpote caelestia
Ferens in se Numina,
4a) Sublimavit catholica
Vehementer culmina
Sancta per eloquia.
5) Is nempe celsa
Compos gloria,
Nunc exultat
Inter laetabunda
Coelicolarum ovans
contubernia.
5a)Sublimis extat
Sede superna,
Fruens vita
Semper inexhausta,
Sat per celeberrima
Christi pascua.
6) O dignum cuncta
laude, praeexcelsa
Praesulem tanta
Nactus gaudia,
Virtutum propter mérita,
Quibus viguit, ardens
Velui lampada.
6a)Nos voce clara
Hunc et iucunda
Dantes oremus
Preces et vota,
Qui nobis ferat commoda,
Impetret et aeterna
Poscens praemia.
7) Quod petit praesens caterva,
Praesulum gemma,
Devota rependens munia
Mente sincera,
Favens da
Sibi precum instantia,
Scilicet ut polorum
Intret lumina.
7a) Quo iam intra palatia
Stantem suprema,
Laeti gratulemur adeptii
Polorum régna,
Qui tua Praesul, sistentes hoc aula,
Iubilemus ingenti
Cum laetitia.
Chœur illustre, fais retentir à l’unisson les titres de louange
dont Grégoire est paré, resplendissant comme la lune, le soleil et les astres.
L’éclat de. ses mérites lui confère une gloire merveilleuse et sacrée.
Orné de la connaissance des dogmes les plus mystérieux de la Sagesse, sa lumière brillante atteint les confins de l’univers.
Il a jeté la semence féconde de la parole divine dans les sillons des âmes, et dissipé les ténèbres de la nuit.
Répandant la parole de Dieu comme investi de la puissance d’en-haut,
Il a élevé au plus haut point l’Église catholique par ses saints discours.
En possession maintenant de la gloire du ciel, il partage la joie, l’allégresse et le triomphe des élus.
Placé sur un trône élevé, il jouit d’une vie qui ne s’épuise pas, dans les abondants pâturages du Christ.
O Pontife digne des plus hautes louanges, comblé d’une telle joie en récompense des vertus dont il a jeté l’éclat comme une lampe.
D’une voix claire et mélodieuse adressons-lui nos prières et nos vœux pour qu’il nous accorde ses .faveurs et nous obtienne les récompenses éternelles.
Ce qu’implore cette assemblée, ô gemme des Pontifes, en vous offrant d’un cœur sincère l’hommage de sa dévotion, daignez-le-lui procurer par vos instantes prières : qu’elle soit admise dans la lumière du ciel !
Et qu’habitant .enfin les palais d’en haut, nous nous félicitions joyeux d’être entrés au royaume des cieux, nous qui, dans votre sanctuaire, ô Pontife, vous chantons avec tant d’allégresse,
Faisant retentir le doux et clair Alléluia.
Mais nous ne saurions nous éloigner d’un si insigne Pontife — dont le livre sur le gouvernement pastoral était devenu au moyen âge la règle des évêques, si bien qu’il entrait dans le catalogue officiel du mobilier de l’appartement papal — sans avoir rapporté ici l’éloge que les Romains gravèrent sur son tombeau primitif dans le portique de Saint-Pierre. De cette plaque de marbre il subsiste encore, après tant de siècles, quelques précieux fragments :
SVSCIPE • TERRA • TVO • CORPVS • DE • CORPORE • SVMPTVM
REDDERE • QVOD • VALEAS • VIVIFICANTE • DEO
SPIRITVS • ASTRA • PETIT • LETHI • NIL • IVRA • NOCEBVNT
CVI • VITAE • ALTERIVS • MORS • MAGIS • ILLA • VIA • EST
PONTIFICIS • SVMMI • HOC • CLAVDVNTVR • MEMBRA • SEPVLCHRO
QVI • INNVMERIS • SEMPER • VIVAT • VBIQVE • BONIS
ESVRIEM • DAPIBVS • SVPERAVIT • FRIGORA • VESTE
ATQVE • ANIMAS • MONITIS • TEXIT • AB • HOSTE • SACRIS
IMPLEBATQVE • ACTV • QVIDQVID • SERMONE • DOCEBAT
ESSET • VT • EXEMPLVM • MYSTICA • VERBA • LOQVENS
AD • CHRISTVM • ANGLOS • CONVERTIT • PIETATE • MAGISTRA
ACQVIRENS • FIDEI • AGMINA • GENTE • NOVA
HIC • LABOR • HOC • STVDIVM • HAEC • TIBI • CVRA • HOC • PASTOR • AGEBAS
VT • DOMINO • OFFERRES • PLVRIMA • LVCRA • GREGIS
HISQVE • DEI • CONSVL • FACTVS • LAETARE • TRIVMPHIS
NAM • MERCEDEM • OPERVM • IAM • SINE • FINE • TENES.
Reçois, ô terre, un corps tiré de ton sein,
Pour que tu le restitues à Dieu le jour de la résurrection.
L’âme s’est envolée au ciel, car l’enfer ne put faire valoir aucun droit
Sur celui pour qui la mort fut plutôt la voie conduisant à une vie meilleure.
En ce sépulcre gît la dépouille du grand Pontife,
Dont la renommée restera célèbre partout, en raison de ses immenses mérites.
Par des distributions de nourriture, il adoucit les horreurs de la famine ; avec des vêtements, la rigueur de l’hiver,
Et par ses saints avis, il tint le démon éloigné des âmes.
Il accomplissait par ses actes ce qu’il enseignait dans ses prédications,
En sorte que, en exposant les Écritures, il les réalisait par son propre exemple.
Il convertit au Christ les Anglais et les forma à la piété,
Gagnant à la foi un nouveau peuple.
Cela fut ton œuvre, ton vœu, ton souci, ton but, ô Pasteur,
présenter au Seigneur un fruit abondant dans le gouvernement du troupeau.
C’est pourquoi tu es devenu le Consul de Dieu ; en conséquence, sois heureux de tes triomphes,
Parce que désormais tu jouis pour l’éternité de la récompense de tes labeurs.
L’usage des séquences durant la messe fut accepté par Rome à la fin du moyen âge seulement ; de plus, la tradition franque médiévale ne peut se dire vraiment universelle. Il y avait cependant un autre chant en l’honneur de saint Grégoire : il servait comme de prélude à l’antiphonaire romain et on l’exécutait en de nombreux pays le premier dimanche de l’Avent, avant d’entonner l’introït. Le texte primitif peut remonter à Hadrien Ier mais il a été souvent remanié. Voici les hexamètres attribués à Hadrien II :
Gregorius Praesul, meritis et nomine dignus,
Unde genus ducit summum conscendit honorent.
Qui renovans monumenta Patrum iuniorque priorum,
Munere caelesti fretus, ornans sapienter,
Composuit Scholae Cantorum hunc rite libellum,
Désigné pour l’épiscopat par ses mérites comme par son nom [6],
Grégoire atteignit à l’honneur suprême de ses ancêtres.
Il restaura les monuments des Pères qui l’avaient précédé ;
Aidé de la grâce d’en-haut, il les embellit avec goût.
Et composa ce livre pour la Schola des chantres.
Pour qu’à deux chœurs elle modulât les louanges du Christ.
Toute la Ville éternelle, dont Grégoire fut le très vigilant pasteur, ses églises stationnales, les cimetières des martyrs, rappellent le zèle actif de l’incomparable Pontife. Néanmoins quelques sanctuaires romains revendiquent aujourd’hui l’honneur d’une fête spéciale ; ce sont, outre la basilique vaticane qui garde son corps, celle de Saint-André au Clivus Scauri où Grégoire fut moine d’abord, puis Abbé ; celle de Saint-Paul, que le Saint fit embellir et où était la tombe de sa famille ; le Latran, où il vécut les quatorze dernières années de son suprême pontificat. Au moyen âge, les quatorze régions urbaines rivalisèrent pour honorer Grégoire et pour dédier en son nom des temples et des chapelles ; c’est ainsi que nous avons les églises S. Gregorii ad Clivum Scauri, S. Gregorii de Cortina, S. Gregorii de Gradellis, S. Gregorii dei Muratori, S. Gregorii in Campo Martio, S. Gregorii de ponte ludaeorum, sans parler des oratoires très nombreux élevés sous son vocable. Une bulle de Grégoire III, conservée dans la basilique de Saint-Paul, mentionne une messe quotidienne que, dès ce temps, l’on célébrait en cet insigne sanctuaire apostolique sur l’autel S. Gregorii ad ianuas ; précisément comme à Saint-Pierre, où la tombe du Saint se trouvait dans le portique extérieur, prope secretarium.
L’épigraphe de Grégoire III à Saint-Paul représente sans doute un des plus anciens monuments relatifs au culte liturgique de saint Grégoire le Grand.
Maintenant encore, quand le Pape célèbre solennellement le divin Sacrifice à Saint-Pierre, le jour de son couronnement, il prend les ornements sacrés à l’autel qui recouvre la tombe de saint Grégoire. Ce fait revêt la signification d’une spéciale vénération envers le Saint qui a, pour ainsi dire, incarné en lui tout le plus sublime idéal contenu dans le concept catholique du pontificat romain. Il provient en outre de ce que, à l’origine, le sépulcre du grand Docteur, dans l’atrium de la basilique vaticane, était voisin du Secretarium ou sacristie, où les ministres sacrés se revêtaient des ornements liturgiques. Dans l’érection de la nouvelle basilique de Saint-Pierre, on tint à conserver à saint Grégoire cette place traditionnelle, à côté de la sacristie, et c’est ainsi qu’on garda également l’habitude de revêtir solennellement le Pape des ornements sacrés à l’autel du Saint. Les Grecs sont eux aussi pénétrés d’une grande dévotion pour saint Grégoire. Dans leur office ils l’appellent ainsi : Sacratissime Pastor, factus es successor in zelo et sede Coryphaei, populos purificans et ad Deum adducens. Successor in sede Principis Chori Discipulorum, unde verba, veluti fulgores, o Gregori, proferens, face illuminas fideles. Ecdesiarum Prima, cum Te ad pectus complexa esset, irrigat omnem terram quae sub sole est, piae doctrinae divinis fluentis. Telle est la foi antique de l’Église d’Orient relativement à la primauté pontificale sur l’Église universelle.
[1] Moral, in Job. Lib. XXVII, cap. XI.
[2] Regest. Lib. IV. Epist. VI ad Childebertum Regem.
[3] Ioh. diac., Vita P. S. Gregorii, L. IV, c. 80
[4] Ici, le Bhx Schuster décrit la messe antérieure à 1942.
[5] Il est fait allusion ici à une gracieuse légende. Un saint moine eut un jour la simplicité de demander au Seigneur à quel degré de sainteté il était déjà parvenu avec toute la rigueur de sa vie. Dieu lui répondit qu’il avait égalé le pape Grégoire. De quoi le moine s’offensa, car il vivait pauvrement dans une grotte, tandis que le Pontife commandait au monde, dans son magnifique patriarchium du Latran. Dieu fit alors observer au moine que Grégoire vivait plus détaché de la splendeur de sa dignité papale que lui ne l’était d’un petit chat qui lui tenait compagnie !
[6] L’aïeul de Grégoire avait été le pape Félix IV. Il existe un poème où il est dit de Damase, né lui aussi d’un personnage revêtu de la dignité épiscopale : NATVS • QVI • ANTISTES • SEDIS • APOSTOLICAE.
Dom Pius Parsch, le Guide dans l’année liturgique
« Pour moi, je considère la vertu de patience comme plus grande que les signes et les miracles. » (Paroles du saint).
Saint Grégoire 1er : Jour de mort : 12 mars 604. — Tombeau : à Saint-Pierre de Rome. Image : Représenté comme pape et docteur de l’Église, avec une colombe sur l’épaule. Vie : Le plus grand pape liturgique est né en 540 ; il fut préfet impérial de la ville en 571 ; vers 575, il se fit moine selon la règle de saint Benoît ; en 578, il fut nonce pontifical à la cour impériale de Constantinople. En 590, la voix unanime du peuple et du clergé l’élut pape. Il mourut en 604... L’Église qui, dans son livre des héros, le martyrologe, se montre peu prodigue d’éloges, dit de lui : « A Rome, saint Grégoire 1er, pape, confesseur et docteur éminent de l’Église. Pour ses actions remarquables et la conversion des Angles à la foi du Christ, il a été appelé Grand et Apôtre des Angles. » C’est surtout dans le domaine, de la liturgie qu’il fut sans doute le plus grand des papes. « Les modes puissants et mesurés, saints et sanctifiants, du choral liturgique de l’Église romaine, portent encore aujourd’hui son nom et le porteront pour tous les temps. Il a, aussi, puissamment contribué à la constitution du latin d’Église par son style naturel, plein d’onction et de sentiment. Ses quarante sermons sur des péricopes liturgiques de l’Évangile sont presque tous devenus des leçons du bréviaire. Aucun prêtre ne peut célébrer la sainte messe sans rencontrer à tout moment la trace de saint Grégoire. C’est lui qui a introduit, dans la seconde oraison avant la Consécration (Hanc igitur), ces trois prières si riches de sens : « et dispose nos jours dans la paix et ordonne que nous soyons arrachés à l’éternelle damnation et que nous soyons comptés dans le troupeau de tes élus ». Son missel est devenu, à peu de choses près, le missel de tout l’Occident et il l’est resté. Pour ce qui est du culte divin, Grégoire mérite aussi d’être appelé le Grand. » (Bihlmeyer.)
SOURCE :
http://www.introibo.fr/12-03-St-Gregoire-le-Grand-pape
BENEDICT XVI
GENERAL AUDIENCE
Wednesday, 28 May 2008
·
Saint Gregory the Great (1)
·
Dear Brothers and Sisters,
·
Last Wednesday
I spoke of a Father of the Church little known in the West, Romanus the
Melodist. Today I would like to present the figure of one of the greatest
Fathers in the history of the Church, one of four Doctors of the West, Pope St
Gregory, who was Bishop of Rome from 590 to 604, and who earned the traditional
title of Magnus/the Great. Gregory was truly a great Pope and a great
Doctor of the Church! He was born in Rome about 540 into a rich patrician
family of the gens Anicia, who were distinguished not only for their noble
blood but also for their adherence to the Christian faith and for their service
to the Apostolic See. Two Popes came from this family: Felix III (483-492), the
great-great grandfather of Gregory, and Agapetus (535-536). The house in which
Gregory grew up stood on the Clivus Scauri, surrounded by majestic buildings
that attested to the greatness of ancient Rome and the spiritual strength of
Christianity. The example of his parents Gordian and Sylvia, both venerated as
Saints, and those of his father's sisters, Aemiliana and Tharsilla, who lived
in their own home as consecrated virgins following a path of prayer and
self-denial, inspired lofty Christian sentiments in him.
·
In the
footsteps of his father, Gregory entered early into an administrative career
which reached its climax in 572 when he became Prefect of the city. This
office, complicated by the sorry times, allowed him to apply himself on a vast
range to every type of administrative problem, drawing light for future duties
from them. In particular, he retained a deep sense of order and discipline:
having become Pope, he advised Bishops to take as a model for the management of
ecclesial affairs the diligence and respect for the law like civil
functionaries . Yet this life could not have satisfied him since shortly after,
he decided to leave every civil assignment in order to withdraw to his home to
begin the monastic life, transforming his family home into the monastery of St
Andrew on the Coelian Hill. This period of monastic life, the life of permanent
dialogue with the Lord in listening to his word, constituted a perennial
nostalgia which he referred to ever anew and ever more in his homilies. In the
midst of the pressure of pastoral worries, he often recalled it in his writings
as a happy time of recollection in God, dedication to prayer and peaceful
immersion in study. Thus, he could acquire that deep understanding of Sacred
Scripture and of the Fathers of the Church that later served him in his work.
·
But the
cloistered withdrawal of Gregory did not last long. The precious experience
that he gained in civil administration during a period marked by serious
problems, the relationships he had had in this post with the Byzantines and the
universal respect that he acquired induced Pope Pelagius to appoint him deacon
and to send him to Constantinople as his "apocrisarius" - today one
would say "Apostolic Nuncio" in order to help overcome the last
traces of the Monophysite controversy and above all to obtain the Emperor's
support in the effort to check the Lombard invaders. The stay at
Constantinople, where he resumed monastic life with a group of monks, was very
important for Gregory, since it permitted him to acquire direct experience of
the Byzantine world, as well as to approach the problem of the Lombards, who
would later put his ability and energy to the test during the years of his
Pontificate. After some years he was recalled to Rome by the Pope, who
appointed him his secretary. They were difficult years: the continual rain,
flooding due to overflowing rivers, the famine that afflicted many regions of
Italy as well as Rome. Finally, even the plague broke out, which claimed
numerous victims, among whom was also Pope Pelagius II. The clergy, people and
senate were unanimous in choosing Gregory as his successor to the See of Peter.
He tried to resist, even attempting to flee, but to no avail: finally, he had
to yield. The year was 590.
·
Recognising the
will of God in what had happened, the new Pontiff immediately and
enthusiastically set to work. From the beginning he showed a singularly
enlightened vision of realty with which he had to deal, an extraordinary
capacity for work confronting both ecclesial and civil affairs, a constant and
even balance in making decisions, at times with courage, imposed on him by his
office.
Abundant documentation has been preserved from his governance thanks to the
Register of his Letters (approximately 800), reflecting the complex questions
that arrived on his desk on a daily basis. They were questions that came from
Bishops, Abbots, clergy and even from civil authorities of every order and
rank. Among the problems that afflicted Italy and Rome at that time was one of
special importance both in the civil and ecclesial spheres: the Lombard
question. The Pope dedicated every possible energy to it in view of a truly
peaceful solution. Contrary to the Byzantine Emperor who assumed that the
Lombards were only uncouth individuals and predators to be defeated or
exterminated, St Gregory saw this people with the eyes of a good pastor, and
was concerned with proclaiming the word of salvation to them, establishing
fraternal relationships with them in view of a future peace founded on mutual
respect and peaceful coexistence between Italians, Imperials and Lombards. He
was concerned with the conversion of the young people and the new civil
structure of Europe: the Visigoths of Spain, the Franks, the Saxons, the
immigrants in Britain and the Lombards, were the privileged recipients of his
evangelising mission. Yesterday we celebrated the liturgical memorial of St
Augustine of Canterbury, the leader of a group of monks Gregory assigned to go
to Britain to evangelise England.
·
The Pope - who
was a true peacemaker - deeply committed himself to establish an effective
peace in Rome and in Italy by undertaking intense negotiations with Agilulf,
the Lombard King. This negotiation led to a period of truce that lasted for
about three years (598-601), after which, in 603, it was possible to stipulate
a more stable armistice. This positive result was obtained also thanks to the
parallel contacts that, meanwhile, the Pope undertook with Queen Theodolinda, a
Bavarian princess who, unlike the leaders of other Germanic peoples, was
Catholic deeply Catholic. A series of Letters of Pope Gregory to this Queen has
been preserved in which he reveals his respect and friendship for her.
Theodolinda, little by little was able to guide the King to Catholicism, thus
preparing the way to peace. The Pope also was careful to send her relics for
the Basilica of St John the Baptist which she had had built in Monza, and did
not fail to send his congratulations and precious gifts for the same Cathedral
of Monza on the occasion of the birth and baptism of her son, Adaloald. The
series of events concerning this Queen constitutes a beautiful testimony to the
importance of women in the history of the Church. Gregory constantly focused on
three basic objectives: to limit the Lombard expansion in Italy; to preserve
Queen Theodolinda from the influence of schismatics and to strengthen the
Catholic faith; and to mediate between the Lombards and the Byzantines in view
of an accord that guaranteed peace in the peninsula and at the same time
permitted the evangelisation of the Lombards themselves. Therefore, in the
complex situation his scope was constantly twofold: to promote understanding on
the diplomatic-political level and to spread the proclamation of the true faith
among the peoples.
·
Along with his
purely spiritual and pastoral action, Pope Gregory also became an active
protagonist in multifaceted social activities. With the revenues from the Roman
See's substantial patrimony in Italy, especially in Sicily, he bought and
distributed grain, assisted those in need, helped priests, monks and nuns who
lived in poverty, paid the ransom for citizens held captive by the Lombards and
purchased armistices and truces. Moreover, whether in Rome or other parts of
Italy, he carefully carried out the administrative reorganization, giving
precise instructions so that the goods of the Church, useful for her sustenance
and evangelising work in the world, were managed with absolute rectitude and
according to the rules of justice and mercy. He demanded that the tenants on
Church territory be protected from dishonest agents and, in cases of fraud, were
to be quickly compensated, so that the face of the Bride of Christ was not
soiled with dishonest profits.
·
Gregory carried
out this intense activity notwithstanding his poor health, which often forced
him to remain in bed for days on end. The fasts practised during the years of
monastic life had caused him serious digestive problems. Furthermore, his voice
was so feeble that he was often obliged to entrust the reading of his homilies
to the deacon, so that the faithful present in the Roman Basilicas could hear
him. On feast days he did his best to celebrate the Missarum sollemnia, that
is the solemn Mass, and then he met personally with the people of God, who were
very fond of him, because they saw in him the authoritative reference from whom
to draw security: not by chance was the title consul Dei quickly
attributed to him. Notwithstanding the very difficult conditions in which he
had to work, he gained the faithful's trust, thanks to his holiness of life and
rich humanity, achieving truly magnificent results for his time and for the
future. He was a man immersed in God: his desire for God was always alive in
the depths of his soul and precisely because of this he was always close to his
neighbour, to the needy people of his time. Indeed, during a desperate period
of havoc, he was able to create peace and give hope. This man of God shows us
the true sources of peace, from which true hope comes. Thus, he becomes a
guide also for us today.
·
To special groups
·
I offer a warm
greeting and prayerful good wishes to the participants in the Christian-Hindu
symposium being held these days in Castel Gandolfo. Upon all the
English-speaking pilgrims, especially those from England, Scotland, Sweden,
Australia, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Canada and the United States, I
cordially invoke God's blessings of joy and peace.
·
·
© Copyright 2008 - Libreria Editrice Vaticana
BENEDICT XVI
GENERAL AUDIENCE
Wednesday, 4 June 2008
Saint Gregory the Great (2)
Dear Brothers and Sisters,
Today, at our Wednesday appointment, I return to
the extraordinary figure of Pope Gregory the Great to receive some additional
light from his rich teaching. Notwithstanding the many duties connected to his
office as the Bishop of Rome, he left to us numerous works, from which the
Church in successive centuries has drawn with both hands. Besides the important
correspondence - in last week's catechesis I cited the Register that
contains over 800 letters - first of all he left us writings of an exegetical
character, among which his Morals, a commentary on Job (known under the
Latin title Moralia in Iob), the Homilies on Ezekiel and the Homilies
on the Gospel stand out. Then there is an important work of a
hagiographical character, the Dialogues, written by Gregory for the
edification of the Lombard Queen Theodolinda. The primary and best known work
is undoubtedly the Regula pastoralis (Pastoral Rule), which the Pope
published at the beginning of his Pontificate with clearly programmatic goals.
Wanting to review these works quickly, we must
first of all note that, in his writings, Gregory never sought to delineate
"his own" doctrine, his own originality. Rather, he intended to echo
the traditional teaching of the Church, he simply wanted to be the mouthpiece
of Christ and of the Church on the way that must be taken to reach God. His
exegetical commentaries are models of this approach.
He was a passionate reader of the Bible, which he approached not simply with a
speculative purpose: from Sacred Scripture, he thought, the Christian must draw
not theoretical understanding so much as the daily nourishment for his soul,
for his life as man in this world. For example, in the Homilies on Ezekiel,
he emphasized this function of the sacred text: to approach the Scripture
simply to satisfy one's own desire for knowledge means to succumb to the
temptation of pride and thus to expose oneself to the risk of sliding into
heresy. Intellectual humility is the primary rule for one who searches to
penetrate the supernatural realities beginning from the sacred Book. Obviously,
humility does not exclude serious study; but to ensure that the results are
spiritually beneficial, facilitating true entry into the depth of the text,
humility remains indispensable. Only with this interior attitude can one really
listen to and eventually perceive the voice of God. On the other hand, when it
is a question of the Word of God understanding it means nothing if it does not
lead to action. In these Homilies on Ezekiel is also found that
beautiful expression according which "the preacher must dip his pen into
the blood of his heart; then he can also reach the ear of his
neighbour". Reading his homilies, one sees that Gregory truly wrote with
his life-blood and, therefore, he still speaks to us today.
Gregory also developed this discourse in the Book
of Morals, a Commentary on Job. Following the Patristic tradition, he
examined the sacred text in the three dimensions of its meaning: the literal
dimension, the allegorical dimension and the moral dimension, which are
dimensions of the unique sense of Sacred Scripture. Nevertheless, Gregory gave
a clear prevalence to the moral sense. In this perspective, he proposed his
thought by way of some dual meanings - to know-to do, to speak-to live, to
know-to act - in which he evokes the two aspects of human life that should
be complementary, but which often end by being antithetical. The moral ideal,
he comments, always consists in realizing a harmonious integration between word
and action, thought and deed, prayer and dedication to the duties of one's
state: this is the way to realize that synthesis thanks to which the divine
descends to man and man is lifted up until he becomes one with God. Thus the
great Pope marks out a complete plan of life for the authentic believer; for
this reason the Book of Morals, a commentary on Job, would constitute in
the course of the Middle Ages a kind of summa of Christian morality.
Of notable importance and beauty are also the Homilies
on the Gospel. The first of these was given in St Peter's Basilica in 590
during the Advent Season, hence only a few months after Gregory's election to
the Papacy; the last was delivered in St Lawrence's Basilica on the Second
Sunday after Pentecost in 593. The Pope preached to the people in the churches
where the "stations" were celebrated - special prayer ceremonies
during the important seasons of the liturgical year - or the feasts of titular
martyrs. The guiding principle, which links the different homilies, is captured
in the word "preacher": not only the minister of God, but also
every Christian, has the duty "to preach" of what he has experienced
in his innermost being, following the example of Christ who was made man to
bring to all the good news of salvation. The horizon of this commitment is
eschatological: the expectation of the fulfilment of all things in Christ was a
constant thought of the great Pontiff and ended by becoming the guiding reason
of his every thought and activity. From here sprang his incessant reminders to
be vigilant and to perform good works.
Probably the most systematic text of Gregory the
Great is the Pastoral Rule, written in the first years of his Pontificate. In
it Gregory proposed to treat the figure of the ideal Bishop, the teacher and
guide of his flock. To this end he illustrated the seriousness of the office of
Pastor of the Church and its inherent duties. Therefore, those who were not
called to this office may not seek it with superficiality, instead those who
assumed it without due reflection necessarily feel trepidation rise within
their soul. Taking up again a favourite theme, he affirmed that the Bishop is
above all the "preacher" par excellence; for this reason he must be
above all an example for others, so that his behaviour may be a point of
reference for all. Efficacious pastoral action requires that he know his
audience and adapt his words to the situation of each person: here Gregory
paused to illustrate the various categories of the faithful with acute and
precise annotations, which can justify the evaluation of those who have also
seen in this work a treatise on psychology. From this one understands that he
really knew his flock and spoke of all things with the people of his time and
his city.
Nevertheless, the great Pontiff insisted on the
Pastor's duty to recognize daily his own unworthiness in the eyes of the
Supreme Judge, so that pride did not negate the good accomplished. For this the
final chapter of the Rule is dedicated to humility: "When one is
pleased to have achieved many virtues, it is well to reflect on one's own
inadequacies and to humble oneself: instead of considering the good
accomplished, it is necessary to consider what was neglected". All these
precious indications demonstrate the lofty concept that St Gregory had for the
care of souls, which he defined as the "ars artium", the art
of arts. The Rule had such great, and the rather rare, good fortune to have
been quickly translated into Greek and Anglo-Saxon.
Another significant work is the Dialogues. In
this work addressed to his friend Peter, the deacon, who was convinced that
customs were so corrupt as to impede the rise of saints as in times past,
Gregory demonstrated just the opposite: holiness is always possible, even in
difficult times.
He proved it by narrating the life of contemporaries or those who had died
recently, who could well be considered saints, even if not canonised. The
narration was accompanied by theological and mystical reflections that make the
book a singular hagiographical text, capable of enchanting entire generations
of readers. The material was drawn from the living traditions of the people and
intended to edify and form, attracting the attention of the reader to a series
of questions regarding the meaning of miracles, the interpretation of
Scripture, the immortality of the soul, the existence of Hell, the representation
of the next world - all themes that require fitting clarification. Book II is
wholly dedicated to the figure of Benedict of Nursia and is the only ancient
witness to the life of the holy monk, whose spiritual beauty the text
highlights fully.
In the theological plan that Gregory develops
regarding his works, the past, present and future are compared. What counted
for him more than anything was the entire arch of salvation history, that
continues to unfold in the obscure meanderings of time. In this perspective it
is significant that he inserted the news of the conversion of the Angles in the
middle of his Book of Morals, a commentary on Job: to his eyes the event
constituted a furthering of the Kingdom of God which the Scripture treats.
Therefore, it could rightly be mentioned in the commentary on a holy book.
According to him the leaders of Christian communities must commit themselves to
reread events in the light of the Word of God: in this sense the great Pontiff
felt he had the duty to orient pastors and the faithful on the spiritual
itinerary of an enlightened and correct lectio divina, placed in the
context of one's own life.
Before concluding it is necessary to say a word on
the relationship that Pope Gregory nurtured with the Patriarchs of Antioch, of
Alexandria and of Constantinople itself. He always concerned himself with
recognizing and respecting rights, protecting them from every interference that
would limit legitimate autonomy. Still, if St Gregory, in the context of the
historical situation, was opposed to the title "ecumenical" on the
part of the Patriarch of Constantinople, it was not to limit or negate this
legitimate authority but rather because he was concerned about the fraternal
unity of the universal Church. Above all he was profoundly convinced that
humility should be the fundamental virtue for every Bishop, even more so for
the Patriarch. Gregory remained a simple monk in his heart and therefore was
decisively contrary to great titles. He wanted to be - and this is his expression
- servus servorum Dei. Coined by him, this phrase was not just a
pious formula on his lips but a true manifestation of his way of living and
acting. He was intimately struck by the humility of God, who in Christ made
himself our servant. He washed and washes our dirty feet. Therefore, he was
convinced that a Bishop, above all, should imitate this humility of God and
follow Christ in this way. His desire was to live truly as a monk, in permanent
contact with the Word of God, but for love of God he knew how to make himself
the servant of all in a time full of tribulation and suffering. He knew how to
make himself the "servant of the servants". Precisely because he was
this, he is great and also shows us the measure of true greatness.
* * *
I offer a warm welcome to all the English-speaking
pilgrims and visitors here today, including the groups from England, Australia,
Japan, the Philippines, Vietnam, Canada and the United States. I extend special
greetings to the group of Episcopalian pilgrims from Jerusalem, and to the many
student groups present at this audience. May God bless you all!
© Copyright
2008 - Libreria Editrice Vaticana

Pope Saint Gregory the
Great
Also known as
Gregory I
Gregory Dialogos
Gregory the Dialogist
Father of the Fathers
Gregorius I Magnus
Memorial
3
September (primary, based on his ascension to the papacy)
12
March (in Rome, Italy at
his grave in Saint
Peter’s Basilica; some Protestant and Orthodox calendars)
25
January (translation of relics to
the Jesuit church of São
Roque in Lisbon, Portugal)
21
August (Ordinary Form, 1962 missal)
26 March (translation
of relics to Gaul)
11 July (translation
of relics to
Soissons, France)
20 July (translation
of relics to
Cluny)
4
September (Paulines)
22
September (translation of relics to
Melun)
13
March (Armenian calendar)
19
March on some calendars
30
March on some calendars
2
September on some calendars
15
October on some calendars
Profile
Son of Gordianus, a Roman regionarius, and Saint Silvia
of Rome. Nephew of Saint Emiliana and Saint Tarsilla.
Great-grandson of Pope Saint Felix
III. Educated by
the finest teachers in Rome, Italy.
Prefect of Rome for
a year, then he sold his possessions, turned his home into a Benedictine monastery,
and used his money to build six monasteries in Sicily and
one in Rome. Benedictine monk.
Upon seeing English children being
sold in the Roman Forum, he became a missionary to England.
Elected 64th Pope by
unanimous acclamation on 3
September 590,
the first monk to
be chosen. Sent Saint Augustine
of Canterbury and a company of monks to evangelize England,
and other missionaries to France, Spain,
and Africa.
Collected the melodies and plain chant so associated with him that they are now
known as Gregorian Chants. One of the four great Doctors
of the Latin Church. Wrote seminal
works on the Mass and Divine
Office, several of them dictated to his secretary, Saint Peter
the Deacon.
Born
c.540 at Rome, Italy
Papal Ascension
3
September 590
Died
12
March 604 at Rome, Italy of
natural causes
Canonized
Pre-Congregation
Patronage
against
gout
against
plague
choir
boys
educators
masons
musicians
papacy
Popes
schoolchildren
singers
stone
masons
stonecutters
students
teachers
England
West
Indies
Legazpi, Philippines, diocese of
Order
of Knights of Saint Gregory
Consiglio
di Rumo, Italy
Kercem, Malta
Montone, Italy
San
Gregorio nelle Alpi, Italy
Representation
crozier
dove
pope working
on sheet music
pope writing
tiara
Additional Information
A
Garner of Saints, by Allen Banks Hinds, M.A.
Book
of Saints, by Father Lawrence
George Lovasik, S.V.D.
Book
of Saints, by the Monks of
Ramsgate
Catholic
Encyclopedia, by G Roger Huddleston
Encyclopedia
Britannica
Golden
Legend, by Jacobus
de Voragine
Iucunda
Sane: On Pope Saint Gregory
the Great, by Pope Saint Pius
X
Life
of Our Most Holy Father Saint Benedict, by Saint Gregory
Little
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Readings
The proof of love is in the works. Where love exists,
it works great things. But when it ceases to act, it ceases to
exist. – Saint Gregory
the Great
If we knew at what time we were to depart from this
world, we would be able to select a season for pleasure and another for
repentance. But God, who has promised pardon to every repentant sinner, has not
promised us tomorrow. Therefore we must always dread the final day, which we
can never foresee. This very day is a day of truce, a day for conversion. And
yet we refuse to cry over the evil we have done! Not only do we not weep for
the sins we have committed, we even add to them…. If we are, in fact, now
occupied in good deeds, we should not attribute the strength with which we are
doing them to ourselves. We must not count on ourselves, because even if we
know what kind of person we are today, we do not know what we will be tomorrow.
Nobody must rejoice in the security of their own good deeds. As long as we are
still experiencing the uncertainties of this life, we do not know what end may
follow…we must not trust in our own virtues. – Saint Gregory
the Great, from Be Friends of God
MLA Citation
“Pope Saint Gregory the
Great“. CatholicSaints.Info. 31 August 2021. Web. 3 September 2021.
<https://catholicsaints.info/pope-saint-gregory-the-great/>
SOURCE : https://catholicsaints.info/pope-saint-gregory-the-great/
Pope St. Gregory I ("the Great")
Doctor
of the Church; born at Rome about 540; died 12 March 604. Gregory is certainly
one of the most notable figures in Ecclesiastical History. He has exercised in
many respects a momentous influence on the doctrine, the organization, and
the discipline of the Catholic Church. To him we must look
for an explanation of thereligious situation of the Middle Ages; indeed, if no account were taken
of his work, the evolution of the form of medievalChristianity would be almost inexplicable. And further, in so far as the modern Catholic system is a legitimate development ofmedieval Catholicism, of this too Gregory
may not unreasonably be termed the Father. Almost all the leading principles of
the later Catholicism are found, at any rate in germ, in Gregory the Great. (F.H. Dudden,
"Gregory the Great", 1, p. v).
This
eulogy by a learned non-Catholic writer will justify the length and elaboration
of the following article.
From birth to 574
Gregory's father was Gordianus, a wealthy patrician, probably of the famous gens Amicia, who owned large estates in Sicily and a mansion on the Caelian Hill in Rome, the ruins of which,
apparently in a wonderful state of preservation, still await excavation beneath
the Church of St. Andrew and St. Gregory. His mother Silvia appears also to have been of good family, but very little is
known of her life. She ishonoured as a saint, her feast being kept on 3 November. Portraits of Gordianus and Silvia were painted by Gregory's order, in the atriumof St. Andrew's monastery, and a pleasing
description of these may be found in John the Deacon (Vita, IV, lxxxiii).
Of
his early years we know nothing beyond what the history of the period tells us. Between the
years 546 and 552 Rome was first captured by the Goths under Totila, and then abandoned by them; next it was garrisoned by
Belisarius, and besieged in vain by the Goths, who took it again,
however, after the recall of Belisarius, only to lose it once more to Narses.
Gregory's mind and memory were both exceptionally receptive, and it is to the effect produced on
him by these disasters that we must attribute the tinge of sadness which
pervades his writings and especially his clear expectation of a speedy end to
the world.
Of
his education, we have no details. Gregory
of Tours tells us that in grammar, rhetoric
and dialectic he was so skilful as to be thought second to none in all Rome, and it seems certain also that he must have gone through a course of legal studies. Not least among theeducating influences was the religious atmosphere of his home. He loved to meditate on the Scriptures and to listen attentively to the conversations of his elders, so that he
was "devoted to God from his youth up".
His
rank and prospects pointed him out naturally for a public career, and he
doubtless held some of the subordinate offices wherein a young patrician
embarked on public life. That he acquitted himself well in these appears certain, since we find him
about the year 573, when little more than thirty years old, filling the
important office of prefect of the city of Rome. At that date the brilliant post was shorn of much of its old magnificence, and its
responsibilities were reduced; still it remained the highest civil dignity in
the city, and it was only after long prayer and inward struggle that Gregory decided to abandon everything and
become a monk. This event took place most
probably in 574.
His
decision once taken, he devoted himself to the work and austerities of his new
life with all the natural energy of his character. HisSicilian estates were given up to found six monasteries there, and his home on the Caelian Hill was converted into another under
thepatronage of St. Andrew. Here he himself took the cowl, so that "he who
had been wont to go about the city clad in the trabea and aglow with silk and jewels, now
clad in a worthless garment served the altar of the Lord" (Gregory of Tours, X, i).
As monk and abbot (c. 574-590)
There
has been much discussion as to whether Gregory and his fellow-monks at St.
Andrew's followed the Rule of St. Benedict. Baroniusand others on his
authority have denied this, while it has been asserted as strongly by Mabillon and the Bollandists, who, in the preface to the life
of St.
Augustine (26 May), retract the opinion
expressed earlier in the preface to St. Gregory's life (12 March). The
controversy is important only in view of the question as to the form of monasticism introduced by St. Augustine into England, and it may be said thatBaronius's view is now practically abandoned.
For
about three years Gregory lived in retirement in the monastery of St. Andrew, a period to which he often refers as the happiestportion of his life. His
great austerities during this time are recorded by the biographers, and probably caused the weak health from which he constantly suffered in later life.
However,
he was soon drawn out of his seclusion, when, in 578, the pope ordained him, much against his will, as one of the sevendeacons (regionarii) of Rome. The period was one of acute
crisis. The Lombards were advancing rapidly towards the city, and the only
chance of safety seemed to be in obtaining help from the Emperor Tiberius at Byzantium. Pope
Pelagius II accordingly dispatched a
special embassy to Tiberius, and sent Gregory along with it as his apocrisiarius, or permanent
ambassador to the Court of Byzantium. The date of this new appointment seems to have been the spring of 579, and it
lasted apparently for about six years.
Nothing
could have been more uncongenial to Gregory than the worldly atmosphere of the
brilliant Byzantine Court, and to counteract its dangerous influence he followed the monastic
life so far as circumstances permitted.
This was made easier by the fact that several of his brethren from St. Andrew's
accompanied him to Constantinople. With them he prayed and studied the Scriptures, one result of which remains in
his "Morals", or series of lectures on the Book
of Job, composed during this period at the request of St.
Leander of Seville, whose acquaintance Gregory made during his stay in Constantinople.
Much
attention was attracted to Gregory by his controversy with Eutychius,
Patriarch of Constantinople, concerning the Resurrection.Eutychius had published a treatise on the subject maintaining that the risen bodies of the elect would be "impalpable, more light than air". To this view
Gregory objected the palpability of Christ's risen body. The dispute became prolonged and bitter, till at length the
emperor intervened, both combatants being summoned to a private audience, where
they stated their views. The emperor decided that Gregory was in the right, and
ordered Eutychius's book to the burned. The strain of the struggle had been so great that
both fell ill. Gregory recovered, but the patriarch succumbed, recanting his error on his death bed.
Mention
should be made of the curious fact that, although Gregory's sojourn at Constantinople lasted for six years, he seems never to have mastered even the rudiments
of Greek. Possibly he found that the use of an interpreter had its advantages,
but he often complains of the incapacity of those employed for this purpose. It
must be owned that, so far as obtaining help for Rome was concerned, Gregory's stay at Constantinople was a failure. However, his period as ambassador taught him very plainly a lesson which was to bear great fruit later on
when he ruled in Rome as pope. This was the important fact that
no help was any longer to be looked for from Byzantium, with the corollary
that, if Rome and Italy were to be saved at all, it could only be by vigorous independent action
of the powers on the spot. Humanly speaking, it is to the fact that Gregory had
acquired this conviction that his later line of action with all its momentous
consequences is due.
In
the year 586, or possibly 585, he was recalled to Rome, and with the greatest joy returned to St. Andrew's, of which he became abbotsoon afterwards. The monastery grew famous under his energetic rule, producing many monks who won renown later, and many vivid pictures of this period may be
found in the "Dialogues".
Gregory
gave much of his time to lecturing on the Holy
Scripture and is recorded to have expounded
to his monks the Heptateuch, Books of Kings, the Prophets, the Book
of Proverbs, and the Canticle of Canticles. Notes of these
lectures were taken at the time by a young student named Claudius, but when transcribed were found by
Gregory to contain so many errors that he insisted on their being given to him for correction and
revision. Apparently this was never done, for the existing fragments of such
works attributed to Gregory are almost certainly spurious.
At
this period, however, one important literary enterprise was certainly
completed. This was the revision and publication of the "Magna
Moralia", or lectures on the Book of Job, undertaken in Constantinople at the request of St. Leander. In one of his letters (Epistle 5.53) Gregory gives an interesting
account of the origin of this work.
To
this period most probably should be assigned the famous incident of Gregory's meeting
with the English youths in the Forum. The first mention of the event is in the Whitby life (c, ix), and the whole story seems to be an English tradition. It is worth notice, therefore, that in the St.
Gall manuscript the Angles do not appear as slave boys exposed for sale, but as men visiting Rome of their own free will, whom Gregory expressed a desire
to see. It is Venerable Bede (Hist. Eccl., II, i) who first makes them slaves.
In
consequence of this meeting Gregory was so fixed with desire to convert the Angles that he obtained permission from Pelagius
II to go in person to Britain with
some of his fellow-monks as missionaries. The Romans, however, were greatly
incensed at the pope's act. Withangry words they demanded Gregory's recall, and messengers were at once
dispatched to bring him back to Rome, if necessary by force. These men caught up with the little band of missionaries on
the third day after their departure, and at once returned with them, Gregory
offering no opposition, since he had received what appeared to him as a sign
from heaven that his enterprise should be abandoned.
The
strong feeling of the Roman populace that Gregory must not be allowed to leave Rome is a sufficient proof of the position he now held there. He was in fact the chief adviser and
assistant of Pelagius II, towards whom he seems to have
acted very much in the capacity of secretary (see the letter of the Bishop of Ravenna to Gregory, Epistle 3.66, "Sedem apostolicam, quam
antae moribus nunc etiam honore debito gubernatis"). In this capacity,
probably in 586, Gregory wrote his important letter to the schismatical bishops of Istria who had separated from communion with the Church on the question of the Three Chapters (Epp., Appendix, III, iii). This document, which is almost a treatise in
length, is an admirable example of Gregory's skill, but it failed to produce
any more effort than Pelagius's two previous letters had, and the schism continued.
The
year 589 was one of widespread disaster throughout all the empire. In Italy there was an unprecedented inundation. Farms and houses were carried
away by the floods. The Tiber overflowed its banks, destroying numerous
buildings, among them the granaries of theChurch with all the store of corn. Pestilence followed on the floods, and Rome became a very city of the dead. Business was at a standstill, and the
streets were deserted save for the wagons which bore forth countless corpses
for burial in common pits beyond the city walls.
Then,
in February, 590, as if to fill the cup of misery to the brim, Pelagius
II died. The choice of a successor lay with the clergy and people of Rome, and without any hesitation they elected Gregory, Abbot of St. Andrew's. In spite of their unanimity Gregory shrank from the
dignity thus offered him. He knew, no doubt, that its acceptance
meant a final good-bye to the cloister life he loved, and so he not only refused to accede to the prayers of his fellow citizens but also wrote personally to the Emperor
Maurice, begging him with all earnestness not to confirm the election. Germanus, prefect of
the city, suppressed this letter, however, and sent instead of it the formal
schedule of the election.
In
the interval while awaiting the emperor's reply the business of the vacant see was transacted by Gregory, in commission with two or three other high
officials. As the plague still continued unabated, Gregory called upon the
people to join in a vast sevenfold processionwhich was to start from each of the
seven regions of the city and meet at the Basilica of the Blessed Virgin, all praying the while for pardon and the withdrawal of the pestilence. This was
accordingly done, and the memory of the event is still preserved by the name "Sant' Angelo"
given to the mausoleum of Hadrian from the legend that the Archangel St. Michael was seen upon its summit in the act of sheathing his sword as a sign
that the plague was over.
At
length, after six months of waiting, came the emperor's confirmation of Gregory's election. The saint was terrified at the news and even meditated flight. He was seized,
however, carried to the Basilica of St. Peter, and there consecrated pope on 3 September, 590. The story that Gregory actually fled the city and
remained hidden in a forest for three days, when his whereabouts was revealed by asupernatural light, seems to be pure invention. It appears for the first time in the Whitby life (c. vii), and is directly contrary to the words of his
contemporary, Gregory of Tours (Hist. Franc., X, i). Still he never ceased to regret his elevation, and
his later writings contain numberless expressions of strong feeling on this
point.
As pope (590-604)
Fourteen
years of life remained to Gregory, and into these he crowded work enough to have
exhausted the energies of a lifetime. What makes his achievement more wonderful
is his constant ill-health. He suffered almost continually from indigestion
and, at intervals, from attacks of slow fever, while for the last half of his
pontificate he was a martyr to gout. In spite of these infirmities, which increased steadily, his
biographer, Paul the Deacon, tells us "he never
rested" (Vita, XV). His work as pope is of so varied a nature that it will be best to take it in sections,
although this destroys any exact chronological sequence.
At
the very outset of his pontificate Gregory published his "Liber pastoralis
curae", or book on the office of a bishop, in which he lays down
clearly the lines he considers it his duty to follow. The work, which regards the bishop pre-eminently as the physician of souls, is divided into four
parts.
- He points out in the first that only one skilled
already as a physician of the soul is fitted to undertake the "supreme rule" of theepiscopate.
- In the second he describes how the bishop's life should be ordered from a spiritual point of view;
- in the third, how he ought to teach and admonish
those under him,
- and in the fourth how, in spite of his good works, he ought to bear in mind his own weakness, since the better his work the greater the danger
of falling through self-confidence.
This
little work is the key to Gregory's life as pope, for what he preached
he practiced. Moreover, it remained for centuries the textbook of the Catholic episcopate, so that by its
influence the ideal of the great pope has moulded the character of the Church, and his spirit has
spread into all lands.
Life and work in
Rome
As pope Gregory still lived with monastic simplicity. One of his first acts was to banish all the lay attendants, pages, etc., from theLateran palace, and substitute clerics in their place. There was now no magister militum living in Rome, so the control even of
military matters fell to the pope. The inroads of the Lombards had
filled the city with a multitude of indigent refugees, for whose support
Gregory made provision, using for this purpose the existing machinery of the
ecclesiastical districts, each of which had its deaconry or "office ofalms". The corn thus distributed
came chiefly from Sicily and was supplied by the estates of the Church.
The
temporal needs of his people being thus provided for, Gregory did not neglect
their spiritual wants, and a large number of his sermonshave come down to us. It
was he who instituted the "stations" still observed and noted in the Roman Missal. He met the clergy and peopleat some church previously agreed upon, and all together went in procession to the church of the station, where Mass was celebrated and the pope preached. These sermons, which drew immense crowds, are
mostly simple, popular expositions of Scripture. Chiefly remarkable is the
preacher's mastery of the Bible, which he quotes
unceasingly, and his regular use of anecdote to illustrate the point in hand,
in which respect he paves the way for the popular preachers of the Middle
Ages. In July, 595, Gregory held his first synod in St. Peter's, which consisted almost wholly of
the bishops of the suburbicarian sees and the priests of the Roman titular churches. Six decrees dealing withecclesiastical
discipline were passed, some of them merely
confirming changes already made by the pope on his own authority.
Much
controversy still exists as to the exact extent of Gregory's reforms of the Roman Liturgy. All admit that he did
make the following modifications in the pre-existing practice:
Beyond
these and some few minor points it seems impossible to conclude with certainty what changes Gregory did make. As to the much-disputed question of the
Gregorian Sacramentary and the almost more difficult point of his relation to
the plain
song or chant of theChurch, for Gregory's connection with
which matters the earliest authority seems to be John
the Deacon (Vita, II, vi, Xvii), see GREGORIAN CHANT; SACRAMENTARY.
There
is no lack of evidence, however, to illustrate Gregory's activity as manager of
the patrimony
of St. Peter. By his day the estates of the Church had reached vast dimensions. Varying estimates place their total area at
from 1300 to 1800 square miles, and there seems no reason for supposing this to
be an exaggeration, while the income arising therefrom was probably not less
than $1,500,000 a year. The land lay in many places — Campania, Africa, Sicily, and elsewhere — and,
as their landlord, Gregory displayed a skill in finance and estate management
which excites our admiration no less than it did the surprise of his tenants
and agents, who suddenly found that they had a new master who was not to be
deceived or cheated.
The
management of each patrimony was carried out by a number of agents of varying
grades and duties under an official called the rectoror defensor of the patrimony. Previously the rectors had usually been laymen, but Gregory established the custom of appointingecclesiastics to the post. In doing this he probably had in view the many extra duties of an ecclesiastical nature which he called upon them to undertake. Thus examples may be
found of such rectors being commissioned to undertake the filling up of vacant sees, holding of local synods, taking action against heretics, providing for the
maintenance of churches and monasteries, rectifying abuses in the churchesof their district, with
the enforcing of ecclesiastical discipline and even the reproof and correction of local bishops. Still Gregory never
allowed the rectors to interfere in such matters on their own responsibility.
In
the minutiae of estate management nothing was too small for Gregory's personal
notice, from the exact number of sextarii in a modiusof corn, or how many solidi went to
one golden pound, to the use of false weights by certain minor agents. He finds time to write instructions on every detail and leaves no complaint unattended
to, even from the humblest of his multitude of tenants. Throughout the large
number of letters which deal with the management of the patrimony, the pope's determination to secure a scrupulously righteous administration is
evident. As bishop, he is the trustee of God and St. Peter, and his agents must show that
they realize this by their conduct. Consequently, under his able management the estates
of the Church increased steadily in
value, the tenants were contented, and the revenues paid in with unprecedented
regularity.
The
only fault ever laid at his door in this matter is that, by his boundless charities, he emptied his treasury. But
this, if a fault at all, was a natural consequence of his view that he was the
administrator of the property of the poor, for whom he could never do
enough.
Relations with
the suburbicarian Churches
On
the mainland much of this territory was in the hands of the Lombards, with
whose Arian clergy Gregory was, of course, not in communion. Whenever opportunity offered,
however, he was careful to provide for the needs of the faithful in these parts, frequently uniting them to some neighboring diocese, when they were too few
to occupy the energies of a bishop.
The
supreme instance of Gregory's intervention in the affairs of these dioceses occurs in the case of Sardinia, where the behaviour of Januarius
the half-witted, aged Metropolitan of Cagliari, had reduced the church to a state of semi-chaos.
A
large number of letters relate to the reforms instituted by the pope (Epistles 2.47; 3.36; 4.9; 4.23-27; 4.29; 5.2; 9.1; 9.11; 9.202-204;14.2). His care over the election of a new bishop whenever a vacancy occurs is shown in many cases, and if, after his examination of the elect, which is always a searching one, he finds him unfitted for
the post, he has no hesitation in rejecting him and commanding another to be
chosen (Epistles 1.15; 1.16; 7.38; 10.7).
Relations with
other Churches
With
regard to the other Western Churches limits of space prevent any detailed account of Gregory's dealings, but
the following quotation, all the more valuable as coming from a Protestant authority, indicates very clearly the line he followed herein:
"In his
dealings with the Churches of the West, Gregory acted
invariably on the assumption that all were subject to thejurisdiction of the Roman See. Of the rights claimed or exercised by his predecessors he would not abate one tittle;
on the contrary, he did everything in his power to maintain, strengthen, and
extend what he regarded as the just prerogatives of thepapacy. It is true that he respected the privileges of the Western metropolitans, and disapproved of
unnecessary interference within the sphere of their jurisdiction canonically exercised. . . . But of his general principle there can be
no doubt whatever" (Dudden, I, 475).
In
view of later developments Gregory's dealings with the Oriental
Churches, and with Constantinople in particular, have a special importance. There cannot be the smallest doubt that Gregory claimed for the Apostolic See, and for himself as pope, a primacy not ofhonor, but of supreme
authority over the Church Universal. In Epistle 13.50, he
speaks of "the Apostolic See, which is the head of allChurches", and in Epistle 5.154, he
says: "I, albeit unworthy, have been set up in command of the Church." As successor
of St. Peter, thepope had received from God a primacy over all Churches (Epistle
2.46; 3.30; 5.37; 7.37). His approval it was
which gave force to thedecrees of councils or synods (Epistle 9.156), and his authority could annul them (Epistles 5.39, 5.41, 5.44). To him appeals might be made even against other patriarchs, and by him bishops were judged and corrected if need were (Epistles 2.50; 3.52; 3.63; 9.26; 9.27).
This
position naturally made it impossible for him to permit the use of the title
Ecumenical Bishop assumed by the Patriarch ofConstantinople, John
the Faster, at a synod held in 588. Gregory protested, and a long controversy followed, the
question still at issue when the pope died. A discussion of this controversy is needless here, but it is
important as showing how completely Gregory regarded the Eastern patriarchs as being subject to himself; "As regards the Church of Constantinople," he writes in Epistle
9.12, "who can doubtthat it is subject to the Apostolic
See? Why, both our most religious lord the emperor, and our brother the Bishop of Constantinoplecontinually acknowledge it."
Relations with
the Lombards and the Franks
Gregory's consecration as pope preceded by a few days only the death of Authari, King of the Lombards,
whose queen, the famous Theodelinde, then married Agilulf, Duke of Turin, a warlike and energetic prince.
With Agilulf and the Dukes Ariulf of Spoleto and Arichis ofBenevento, Gregory soon had to
deal, as, when difficulties arose, Romanus, the exarch, or representative, of
the emperor, preferred to remain in sulky inactivity at Ravenna.
It
soon became clear that, if any successful resistance was to be made against the
Lombards, it must be by the pope's own exertions. How keenly he felt the difficulty and danger of his
position appears in some of the earliest letters (Epistles 1.3, 1.8, 1.30); but no
actual hostilities began till the summer of 592, when the pope received a threatening letter from Ariulf of Spoleto, which was followed
almost immediately by the appearance of that chief before the walls of Rome. At the same time
Arichis of Benevento advanced on Naples, which happened at the moment to
have no bishop nor any officer of high rank in command of the garrison. Gregory at once
took the surprising step of appointing a tribune on his own authority to take
command of the city (Epistle
2.34), and, when no notice of this strong action was taken by the imperial
authorities, the pope conceived the idea of himself arranging a separate peace with the Lombards (Epistle 2.45).
No details of this peace have come down to us, but it seems certain that it was actually concluded (Epistle
5.36). Dr. Hodgkin (Italy and her Invaders, v, 366) pronounces Gregory's
action herein to have been wise and statesmanlike, but, at the same time,
undoubtedly ultra vires, being quite beyond any
legal competency then possessed by the pope, who thus "made a memorable
stride towards complete independence".
Gregory's
independent action had the effect of rousing up Romanus the exarch. Wholly ignoring the papal peace, he gathered all his troops, attacked and regained Perugia, and then marched to Rome, where he was received
with imperial honours. The next spring, however, he
quitted the city and took away its garrison with him, so that both pope and citizens were now more exasperated against him than before.
Moreover, the exarch's campaign had roused the Northern Lombards, and King Agilulf marched on Rome, arriving there
probably some time in June, 593. The terror aroused by his advance is still mirrored for us
in Gregory's homilies on the Prophet Ezechiel, which were delivered at this time. The siege of the city
was soon abandoned, however, and Agilulf retired. The continuator of Prosper(Mon. Germ. SS. Antiq.,
IX, 339) relates that Agilulf met the pope in person on the steps of the Basilica of St. Peter, which was then outside
the city walls, and "being melted by Gregory's prayers and greatly moved by the wisdom and religious gravity of this great man, he broke up the siege of the city"; but,
in view of the silence both of Gregory himself and of Paul
the Deacon on the point, the story seems
scarcely probable. In Epistle 5.39, Gregory refers to himself as
"the paymaster of the Lombards", and most likely a large payment from
thepapal treasury was the chief inducement to raise the siege.
The pope's great desire now was to secure a lasting peace with the Lombards, which
could only be achieved by a proper arrangement between the imperial authorities
and the Lombard chiefs. On Queen Theodelinde, a Catholic and a personal friend, Gregory placed all his hopes. The exarch, however, looked at the
whole affair in another light, and, when a whole year was passed in fruitless
negotiations, Gregory began once again to mediate a private treaty.
Accordingly, in May, 595, the pope wrote to a friend at Ravenna a letter (Epistle 5.34) threatening to make peace with Agilulf even without the consent of the Exarch Romanus. This threat was speedily reported toConstantinople, where the exarch was in high favour, and the Emperor Maurice at once sent off to Gregory a violent letter, now lost, accusing him
of being both a traitor and a fool. This letter Gregory received in June, 595. Luckily, the pope's answer has been preserved to us (Epistle
5.36). It must be read in its entirety to be appreciated fully; probably
very few emperors, if any, have ever received such a letter from a subject. Still,
in spite of his scathing reply, Gregory seems to have realized that independent
action could not secure what he wished, and we hear no more about a separate
peace.
Gregory's
relations with the Exarch Romanus became continually more and more strained until the latter's
death in the year 596 or early in 597. The new exarch, Callinicus, was a man
of far greater ability and well disposed towards the pope, whose hopes now
revived. The official peace negotiations were pushed on, and, in spite of
delays, the articles were at length signed in 599, to Gregory's great joy. This peace lasted two
years, but in 601 the war broke out again through an aggressive act on the part of Callinicus, who
was recalled two years later, when his successor, Smaragdus, again made a peace
with the Lombards which endured until after Gregory's death.
Two
points stand out for special notice in Gregory's dealings with the Lombards: first,
his determination that, in spite of the apathy of the imperial authorities, Rome should not pass into the hands of some half-civilized Lombard duke and
so sink into insignificance and decay; second, his independent action in
appointing governors to cities, providing munitions of war, giving instructions to
generals, sending ambassadors to the Lombard king, and even negotiating a peace
without the exarch's aid. Whatever the theory may have been, there is no doubt about the fact that, besides his spiritual
jurisdiction, Gregory actually exercised no small amount of temporal power.
Of
Gregory's relations with the Franks there is no need to write at length, as the intercourse he established
with the Frankish kings practically lapsed at his death, and was not renewed for about a
hundred years. On the other hand he exercised a great influence onFrankish monasticism, which he did much to
strengthen and reshape, so that the work done by the monasteries in civilizing the wild Franksmay be attributed ultimately to the
first monk-pope.
Relations with the Imperial Government
The reign of Gregory the Great
marks an epoch in
papal history, and
this is specially the case in respect to his attitude towards the imperial
Government centered at
Constantinople. Gregory seems to
have looked upon
Church and State as co-operating to form a united whole, which acted in two
distinct spheres, ecclesiastical and secular. Over this commonwealth were the
pope and the emperor, each supreme in his own department, care
being taken to keep these as far as possible distinct and independent.
The latter point was the
difficulty. Gregory definitely held that it was a
duty of the secular ruler to protect the
Church and preserve the "peace of the
faith"
(Mor., XXXI, viii), and so he is often found to call in the aid of the secular
arm, not merely to suppress
schism,
heresy, or
idolatry, but
even to enforce
discipline among
monks and
clergy (Epistles 1.72; 2.29; 3.59; 4.7; 4.32; 5.32; 8.4; 11.12;
11.37; 13.36). If the emperor interfered in
church matters the
pope's policy was to acquiesce if possible, unless
obedience was
sinful, according to the principle
laid down in
Epistle 11.29;
"Quod ipse [se imperator] fecerit, si canonicum est, sequimur; si vero
canonicum non est, in quantum sine peccato nostro, portamus." In taking
this line Gregory was undoubtedly influenced by his deep reverence for the
emperor, whom he regarded as the representative of
God in all things secular, and must still be treated with all
possible respect, even when he encroached on the borders of the
papal authority.
On his side, although he certainly
regarded himself as "superior in place and rank" to the
exarch (Epistle 2.14), Gregory objected strongly to the
interference of
ecclesiastical authorities in matters secular. As supreme guardian of
Christian justice, the
pope was always ready to intercede for, or protect anyone who
suffered
unjust treatment (Epistles
1.35;
1.36;
1.47; 1.59;
3.5; 5.38;
9.4; 9.46;
9.55; 9.113;
9.182; 11.4), but at the same time he used the utmost tact in approaching the
imperial officials. In
Epistle 1.39, xxxix a, he explains
for the benefit of his
Sicilian agent the precise attitude to be adopted in such matters.
Still, in conjunction with all this
deference, Gregory retained a spirit of independence which enabled him, when he
considered it
necessary, to
address even the emperor in terms of startling directness. Space makes it
impossible to do more than refer to the famous
letters to the Emperor Phocas on his usurpation and the allusions
in them to the
murdered Emperor Maurice (Epistles
13.34,
13.41,
13.42). Every
kind of judgement has been passed upon Gregory for writing these
letters, but
the question remains a difficult one. Probably the
pope's conduct herein was due to two things: first, his
ignorance of the way in which Phocus had reached the throne; and
second, his view that the emperor was
God's representative on earth, and therefore deserving of all
possible respect in his official capacity, his personal
characternot
coming into the question at all. It should be noted, also, that he avoids any
direct flattery towards the new emperor, merely using the exaggerated phrases
of respect then customary, and expressing the high hopes he entertains of the
new regime. Moreover, his allusions to
Maurice refer to the sufferings of the people under his government,
and do not reflect on the dead emperor himself.
Had the empire been sound instead
of in a hopelessly rotten state when Gregory became
pope, it is
hard to say how his views might have worked out in practice. As it was, his
line of strong independence, his efficiency, and his
courage carried all before them, and when he died there was no
longer any question as to who was the first power in
Italy.
Missionary work
In his treatment of
heretics,
schismatics,
and
pagans his method was to try every means — persuasions,
exhortations, threats — before resorting to force; but, if gentler treatment
failed, he had no hesitation in accordance with the
ideas of his age, in resorting to compulsion, and invoking the
aid of the
secular arm therein. It is curious, therefore, to find him acting as a
champion and protector of the
Jews. In Epistle 1.14, he
expressly deprecates the compulsory
baptism of
Jews, and many instances appear in
which he insists on their
right to liberty of action, so far as the
law permitted, both in civil affairs and in the worship of the
synagogue (Epistles
1.34;
2.6; 8.25;
9.38; 9.195; 13.15). He was equally strong, however, in preventing the
Jews from exceeding the
rights granted to them by the imperial
law, especially with regard to the
ownership by them of
Christian slaves (Epistles
2.6; 3.37;
4.9;
4.21;
6.29; 7.21;
8.21; 9.104;
9.213; 9.215). We shall probably be
right, therefore, in attributing
Gregory's protection of the
Jews to his respect for
law and
justice, rather than to any
ideas of
toleration differing from those current at the
time.
Gregory and monasticism
Although the first
monk to become
pope, Gregory was in no sense an
original contributor to
monastic ideals or practice. He took
monasticism as he found it established by
St. Benedict,
and his efforts and influence were given to strengthening and enforcing the
prescriptions of that greatest of
monastic legislators. His position did indeed tend to modify
St. Benedict's work by drawing it into a closer connection with the
organization of the
Church, and with the
papacy in particular, but this was not deliberately aimed at by
Gregory. Rather he was himself convinced that the
monastic system had a very special value for the
Church, and
so he did everything in his power to diffuse and propagate it. His own
property was
consecrated to this end, he urged many
wealthy people to establish or support
monasteries, and he used the
revenues of the
patrimony for the same purpose.
He was relentless in correcting
abuses and enforcing
discipline, the letters on such
matters being far too numerous for mention here, and the points on which he
insists most are precisely those, such as stability and
poverty, on
which
St. Benedict's recent legislation had laid special stress. Twice only do
we find anything like direct legislation by the
pope. The
first point is that of the age at which a
nun might be made
abbess, which he fixes at
"not less than sixty years" (
Epistle 4.11). The second is his
lengthening of the period of
novitiate.
St. Benedict had prescribed at least one year (Reg. Ben., lviii);
Gregory (Epistle 10.9) orders two years, with special precautions in the case
of
slaves who wished to become
monks.
More important was his line of
action in the difficult question of the relation between
monks and their
bishop. There is plenty of
evidence to show that many
bishops took advantage of their position to oppress and burden the
monasteries in their
diocese, with the result that the
monks appealed to the
pope for protection. Gregory, while always upholding the
spiritual jurisdiction of the
bishop, was firm in support of the
monks against any illegal aggression. All attempts on the part of
a
bishop to assume new powers over the
monks in his
diocesewere condemned, while at
times the
pope issued documents, called Privilegia, in which he definitely
set forth certain points on which the
monks were exempt from
episcopal control (Epistles
5.49;
7.12;
8.17; 12.11;
12.12; 12.13). This action on Gregory's part undoubtedly began the long
progress by which the
monastic bodies have come to be under the direct control of the
Holy See.
Death, canonization, relics, emblem
The last years of Gregory's life
were filled with every kind of suffering. His
mind,
naturally serious, was filled with despondent forebodings, and his continued
bodily pains were increased and intensified. His "sole consolation was the
hope that death would come quickly" (
Epistle 13.26). The end came on 12
March, 604, and on the same day his
body was laid to rest in front of the
sacristy in the
portico of
St. Peter's Basilica. Since then
the
relics have been moved several times, the most recent translation
being that by
Paul V in 1606, when they were placed in the
chapel of
Clement V near the entrance of the modern
sacristy.
There is some evidence that the body was taken to
Soissons in
France in the year 826, but probably only some large
relic is meant.
Venerable Bede (Hist. Eccl., II, i) gives the epitaph placed on his
tomb which contains the famous phrase referring to Gregory as
consul Dei. His
canonization by popular
acclamation followed at once on his death, and survived a reaction
against his memory which seems to have occurred soon afterwards.
In
art the great
pope is usually shown in full
pontifical robes with the
tiara and double
cross. A
dove is his special emblem, in allusion to the well-known story
recorded by
Peter the Deacon (Vita, xxviii), who tells that when the
pope was dictating his
homilies on
Ezechiel a veil was drawn between his secretary and himself. As,
however, the
pope remained silent for long periods at a time, the servant
made a hole in the curtain and, looking through, beheld a
dove seated upon Gregory's head with its beak between his lips.
When the
dovewithdrew
its beak the
holy pontiff spoke and the secretary took down his words; but when he
became silent the servant again applied his eye to the hole and saw the
dove had replaced its beak between his lips. The
miracles attributed to Gregory are very many, but space forbids even
the barest catalogue of them.
Conclusion
It is beyond the scope of this
notice to attempt any elaborate estimate of the work, influence, and
character of Pope Gregory the Great, but some short focusing of the
features given above is only just.
First of all, perhaps, it will be
best to clear the ground by admitting frankly what Gregory was not. He was not
a man of profound learning, not a
philosopher, not a
conversationalist, hardly even a
theologian in the constructive sense of the term. He was a trained
Roman lawyer and administrator, a
monk, a missionary, a preacher,
above all a physician of
souls and a leader of
men. His great claim to
remembrance lies in the fact that he is the real father of the
medieval papacy (Milman).
With regard to things spiritual, he
impressed upon
men's minds to a degree unprecedented the fact that the
See of Peter was the one supreme, decisive authority in the
Catholic Church.
During his pontificate, he established close relations between the
Church of
Rome and those of
Spain,
Gaul,
Africa, and
Illyricum, while his influence in Britain was such that he is justly called the
Apostle of the
English. In
the
Eastern Churches, too, the
papal authority was exercised with a frequency unusual before his
time, and we
find no less an authority than the
Patriarch of
Alexandria submitting himself humbly to the
pope's "commands". The system of
appeals to
Rome was firmly established, and the
pope is found to veto or confirm the
decrees of
synods, to annul the decisions of
patriarchs,
and inflict punishment on
ecclesiastical
dignitaries precisely as he
thinks right.
Nor is his work less noteworthy in
its effect on the temporal position of the
papacy.
Seizing the opportunity which circumstances offered, he made himself in
Italy a power stronger than emperor or
exarch, and
established a political influence which dominated the peninsula for centuries.
From this
time forth the varied populations of
Italy looked to the
pope for guidance, and
Rome as the
papal capital continued to be the centre of the
Christian world.
Gregory's work as a
theologian and
Doctor of the Church is less notable. In the history of
dogmatic development he is important as summing up the teaching of
the earlier
Fathers and consolidating it into a harmonious whole, rather than
as introducing new developments, new methods, new solutions of difficult
questions. It was precisely because of this that his writings became to a great
extent the
compendium theologiae or textbook of the
Middle Ages, a position for which
his work in popularizing his great predecessors fitted him well. Achievements
so varied have won for Gregory the title of "the Great", but perhaps,
among our English-speaking races, he is
honoured most of all as the
pope who
loved the bright-faced
Angles, and taught them first to
sing the
Angels' song.
His
writings
Genuine, doubtful, spurious
Of the writings commonly attributed
to Gregory the following are now admitted as genuine on all hands: "Moralium
Libri XXXV"; "Regulae Pastoralis Liber"; "Dialogorum Libri
IV"; "Homiliarum in Ezechielem Prophetam Libri II";
"Homiliarum in Evangelia Libri II"; "Epistolarum Libri
XIV". The following are almost certainly spurious: "In Librum Primum
Regum Variarum Expositionum Libri VI"; "expositio super Cantica
Canticorum"; "Expositio in VII Psalmos Poenitentiales";
"Concordia Quorundam Testimoniorum S. Scripturae". Besides the above
there are attributed to Gregory certain
liturgical hymns, the
Gregorian Sacramentary, and the
Antiphonary. (See
ANTIPHONARY;
SACRAMENTARY.)
Works of Gregory; complete or partial editions;
translations, recensions, etc.
"Opera
S. Gregorii Magni" (Editio princeps, Paris, 1518); ed. P. Tossianensis (6
vols., Rome, 1588-03); ed. P. Goussainville (3 vols., Paris, 1675); ed. Cong.
S. Mauri (Sainte-Marthe) (4 vols., Paris, 1705); the last-named re-edited with
additions by J. B. Gallicioli (17 vols., Venice, 1768-76) and reprinted in Migne, P.L., LXXV-LXXIX.
"Epistolae", ed. P. Ewald and L. M. Hartmann in "Mon. Germ.
Hist.: Epist.", I, II (Berlin, 1891-99); this is the authoritative edition
of the text of the Epistles (all references given above are to this edition);
Jaffe, "Regesta Pontif," (2nd ed., Rome, 1885), I, 143-219; II, 738;
Turchi, "S. Greg. M. Epp. Selectae" (Rome, 1907); P. Ewald, "Studien
zur Ausgabe des Registers Gregors I." in "Neues Archiv", III,
433-625; L.M. Hartmann in "Neues Archiv", XV, 411, 529; XVII, 493;
Th. Mommsen in "Neues Archiv", XVII, 189; English translation: J.
Barmby, "Selected Epistles" in "Nicene and Post-Nicene
Fathers", 2nd Series, XII, XIII (Oxford and New York, 1895, 1898),
"Regula Pastoralis Curae", ed. E. W. Westhoff (Munster, 1860); ed. H.
Hurter, S.J., in "SS. Patr. Opuse. Select.", XX; ed. A.M. Micheletti
(Tournai, 1904); ed. B. Sauter (Freiburg, 1904); English translations:
"King Alfred's West Saxon Version of Gregory's Pastoral Care", ed. H.
Sweet (London, 1871); "The Book of Pastoral Care" (tr. J. Barmby) in
"Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers", 2nd Series, XII (Oxford and New
York, 1895). "Dialogorum Libri IV": very many editions of the whole
work have appeared, and also of Bk. II, "Of the Life and Miracles of St.
Benedict", separately; an old English translation has been reprinted by H.
Coleridge, S.J., (London, 1874); L. Wiese, "Die Sprache der
Dialoge" (Halle, 1900); H. Delehaye, "S. Gregoirele Grand dans
Phagiographie Grecque" in "Analecta Bolland." (1904), 449-54; B.
Sauter, "Der heilige Vater Benediktus nach St. Gregor dem Grossen"
(Freiburg, 1904). "Hom. XL in Evangelia", ed. H.
Hurter in "SS. Patrum Opusc.
Select.", series II, Tom. VI (Innsbruck, 1892). G. Pfeilschifter Gregors
der Gr." (Munich, 1900). "Magna Moralia", Eng. tr. in
"Library of the Fathers" (4 vols., Oxford, 1844); Prunner,
"Gnade und Sunde nach Gregors expositio in Job" (Eichstätt, 1855).
Sources
CHIEF SOURCES.—First of all come the writings of Gregory himself, of which a full account is given above, the most important from a biographical point of view being the fourteen books of his Letters and the four books of Dialogues. The other early authorities are ST. GREGORY OF TOURS (d. 594 or 595), Historia Francorum, Bk. X, and the Liber Pontificalis, both practically contemporary. To the seventh century belong ST. ISIDORE OF SEVILLE. De Viris Illustribus, XL, and ST. ILDEPHONSUS OF TOLEDO, De Viris Illustribus, I. Next come the Vita Antiquissima, by an anonymous monk of Whitby, written probably about 713, and of special interest as representing an essentially English tradition in regard to the saint; THE VEN. BEDE, Hist. Eccles., II, whose work was finished in 731; PAUL THE DEACON, who compiled a short Vita Gregorii Magni between 770 and 780, which may be supplemented from the same writers more famous work Historia Longobardorum; lastly JOHN THE DEACON, who, at the request of John VIII (872-882), produced his Vita Gregorii in answer to the complaint that no history of the saint had yet been produced in Rome. Besides these direct authorities considerable light on the period of St. Gregory's life may be gathered from the works of various contemporary chroniclers and historians.
WORKS ON GREGORY. — (1) General. — GREGORY OF TOURS, Historia Francorum, X, i, in P.L., LXXI; the best edition of this is by ARNDT AND KRUSCH in Mon. Germ. Hist.; Script. Rerum Meroving., I; Liber Pontificatis, ed. DUCHESNE (Paris, 1884), I, 312; ISIDORE OF SEVILLE, De Vir. Illustr., I, ibid., XCVII; Vita It. Papae Gregorii M. (MSS. Gallen, 567), written by a monk of Whitby, ed. GASQUET (Westminster, 1904): see also on same work EWALD, Die alteste Biographie Gregors I in Historische Aufsatze dem Andenken an G. Waitz gewidmet (Hanover, 1886), 17-54; VEN. BEDE, Hist. Eccles., I, xxiii-xxxiii; II, i-iii; V, xxv; in P.L., XCV; PAUL THE DEACON, Vita Gregorii M. in P.L., LXXV; IDEM, De Gestis Longobard., III, 24; IV, 5; In P.L., XCV; JOHN THE DEACON, Vita Gregorii M., ibid., LXXV; Acta SS., 12 March; VAN DEN ZYPE, S. Gregorius Magnus (Ypres, 1610); SAINTE_MARTHE, Histoire de S. Gregoire (Rouen, 1677); MAIMBOURG, Histoire du pontificat de S. Gregoire (Paris, 1687); BONUCCI, Istoria del B. Gregorio (Rome, 1711); WIETROWSKY, Hist. de gestis praecipuis in pontificatu S. Gregorii M. (Prague, 1726-30); POZZO, Istoria della vita di S. Gregorio M. (Rome, 1758); MARGGRAF, De Gregorii I. M. Vita (Berlin, 1844); BIANCHI-GIOVINI, Pontificato di S. Gregorio (Milan, 1844); LAU, Gregor I, der Grosse (Leipzig, 1845); PFAHLER, Gregor der Grosse (Frankfort, 1852); LUZARCHE, Vie du Pape Gregoire le Grand (Tours, 1857); ROMALTE, Vie de S. Gregoire (Limoges, 1862); PAGNON, Gregoire le Grand et son epoque (Rouen, 1869); BELMONTE, Gregorio M. e il suo tempo (Florence, 1871); BOHRINGER, Die Vater des Papsiiums, Leo I und Gregor I (Stuttgart, 1879): MAGGIO, Prolegomeni alla storia di Gregorio il Grande (Prato, 1879); BARMBY, Gregory the Great (London, 1879; reissue, 1892); CLAUSIER, S. Gregoire (Paris, 1886); BOUSMANN, Gregor I, der Grosse (Paderborn, 1890); WOLFSGRUBER, Gregor der Grosse (Saulgau, 1890); SNOW, St. Gregory, his Work and his Spirit (London, 1892); GRISAR, Roma alta fine del mondo antico (Rome, 1899), Pt. III; IDEM, San Gregorio Magno (Rome, 1904); DUDDEN, Gregory the Great, his Place in History and in Thought (2 vols., London, 1905); CAPELLO, Gregorio I e il suo pontificuto (Saluzzo, 1904); CEILLIER, Histoire general des auteurs ecclesiastique, XI, 420-587; MILMAN, History of Latin Christianity, Bk. III, vii; MONTALEMBERT, Monks of the West, tr. Bk. v; GREGOROVIUS, Rome in the Middle Ages, tr., II, 16-103; HODGKIN, Italy and her Invaders, V, vii-ix; GATTA, Un parallelo storico (Marco Aurelio, Gregorio Magno) (Milan, 1901); MANN, Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages (London, 1902), I, 1-250.
(2) Special. (a) The Patrimony. — ORSI, Della origine del dominio temporate e della sovranita del Rom. Pontif. (2nd ed., Rome, 1754); BORGIA, Istoria del dominio temporale della Sede Apostolica nelle due Sicilie (Rome, 1789); MUZZARELLI, Dominio temporale del Papa (Rome, 1789); SUGENHEIM, Gesch. der Entstehung und Ausbildung des Kirchenstaates (Leipzig, 1854); SCHARPFF, Die Entstchung des Kirchenstaates (Freiburg im Br., 1860); GRISAR, Ein Rundgang durch die Patrimonien des hl. Stuhls i, J. 600, in Zeitschr, Kuth, Theol., I, 321; SCHWARZLOSE, Die Patrimonien d. rom. K. (Berlin, 1887); MOMMSEN, Die Bewirtschaftung der Kirchenguter unter Papst Gregor I, in Zeitsch, f. Socialund, Wirtschaftsgesch., I, 43; DOIZE, Deux etudes sur l'administration temporelle du Pape Gregoire le Grand (Paris, 1904).
(b) Primacy and Relations with other Churches. — PFAFF, Dissertatio de titulo l'atriarchoe (Ecumenici (Tübingen, 1735); ORTLIEB, Essai sur le systeme eccles, de Gregoire le Grand (Strasburg, 1872); PINGAUD, La politique de S. Gregoire (Paris, 1872); LORENZ, Papstwahl und Kaisertum (Berlin, 1874), 23; CRIVELLUCCI, Storia della relazioni tra lo Stato e la Chiesa (Bologna, 1885), II, 301; GORRES, Papsi Gregor der Grosse und Kaiser Phocas in Zeitsche, fur wissenschaftliche Theol., CLIV, 592-602.
(c) Relations with Lombards and Franks. — BERNARDI, I Longobardi e S. Gregorio M. (Milan, 1843); Troya, Storia d'Italia del medio evo, IV: Codice diplomatico longobardo dal 568 al 774 (Naples, 1852); DIEHL, Etudes sur l'administration byzantine dans l'Exarchat de Ravenne (Paris, 1888); HARTMANN, Unters, z. Gesch. d. byzant, Verwaltung in Italien (Leipzig, 1889); LAMPE, Qui fuerint Gregorii M. p. temporibus in imperii byzantini parte occident, exarchi (Berlin, 1892); PERRY, The Franks (London, 1857); KELLERT, Pope Gregory the Great and his Relations with Gaul (Cambridge, 1889); GRISAR, Rom. u. d. frankische Kirche vorneehmlich im 6. Jahr. in Zeitschr. kath. Theol., 14.
(d) Monasticism and Missionary Work. — MABILLON, Dissertatio de monastica vita Gregorii Papoe (Paris, 1676); BUTLER, Was St. Augustine of Canterbury a Benedictine? in Downside Review, III, 45-61, 223-240; GRUTZMACHER, Die Bedeutung Benedikts von Nursia und seiner Regel in der Gesch. des Monchtums (Berlin, 1892); CUTTS, Augustine of Canterbury (London, 1895); GRAY, The Origin and Early History of Christianity in Britain (London, 1897); BRIGHT, Chapters on Early English Church History (Oxford, 1897); BENEDETTI, S. Gregorio Magno e la schiavitu (Rome, 1904).
(e)
Writings. — ALZOO, Lehrb. der Patrologie (Freiburg im Br., 1876); HARNACK, Lehrb. der Dogmengeschichte, III (Freiburg im Br., 1890); LOOFS, Leits. zum Studium der Dogmengeschichte (Halle, 1893); SEEBERG, Lehrb. der Dogmengeschichte, II (Leipzig, 1898); BARDENHEWER, Patrology, tr. SHAHAN (Freiburg im Br., 1908).
Huddleston, Gilbert. "Pope St. Gregory I ("the
Great")." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 29 Sept. 2015 <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06780a.htm>.
Copyright
© 2020 by Kevin Knight. Dedicated to the Immaculate
Heart of Mary.
SOURCE :
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06780a.htm
St. Gregory the Great, Pope and
Confessor
From his works, Bede, and Paul,
deacon of Monte Cassino, towards the end of the eighth century. His life in
four books, by John, deacon of Rome in the ninth age, is full of mistakes, as
Baronius observes. See his history, compiled in French by Dom Dionysius of
Sainte-Marthe, superior-general of the Maurist monks, printed at Rouen in 4to.
1697, and more accurately in Latin by the same author, in the 4to. tome of this
father’s works, in 1705. See also Fleury, b. 34, 35, 36. Mabillon, Annal.
Bened. l. 6. t. 1. Ceillier, t. 17. p. 128. F. Wietrowski, S. J. Historia de
rebus in Pontifex, a criminationibus Oudini vindicatus. and Hieron. Muzio in
Coro Pontificale.
ST. GREGORY, from his illustrious
actions and extraordinary virtues, surnamed the Great, was born at Rome, about
the year 540. Gordianus, his father, enjoyed the dignity of a senator, and was
very wealthy; but after the birth of our saint, renounced the world, and died
Regionarius, that is, one of the seven cardinal deacons who took care of the
ecclesiastical districts of Rome. His mother, Sylvia, consecrated herself to
God in a little oratory near St. Paul’s. Our saint was called Gregory, which in
Greek implies a watchman, as Vigilius and Vigilantius in Latin. In his youth he
applied himself, with unabated diligence, to the studies of grammar, rhetoric,
and philosophy; and after these first accomplishments, to the civil law and the
canons of the church, in which he was perfectly skilled. He was only
thirty-four years old when, in 574, he was made, by the emperor Justin the
Younger, pretor, or governor and chief magistrate of Rome. By this dignity he
was the chief judge of the city; his pomp and state differed little from that
of a consul, and he was obliged to wear the Trabea, which was a rich robe of
silk, magnificently embroidered, and sparkling with precious stones; a garment
only allowed to the consuls and pretor. But he could say, with Esther, that his
heart always detested the pride of the world. From his infancy he loved and
esteemed only heavenly things, and it was his chief delight to converse with
holy monks, or to be retired in his closet, or in the church at his devotions.
After the death of his father, he built and endowed six monasteries in Sicily,
out of the estates which he had in that island, and founded a seventh in his
own house in Rome, which was the famous monastery of St. Andrew, on the hill
Scarus, 1 now possessed by the Order of Camaldoli. The first abbot of this house
was Hilarion, the second Valentinus, under whom St. Gregory himself took the
monastic habit, in 575, being thirty-five years old. In this retirement,
Gregory applied himself with such vigour to fasting and the study of the sacred
writings, that he thereby contracted a great weakness in his stomach, and used
to fall into fits of swooning if he did not frequently eat. What gave him the
greatest affliction was his not being able to fast on an Easter-Eve, a day on
which, says John the deacon, every one, not even excepting little children, are
used to fast. His great desire of conforming to the universal practice on that
day occasioned his applying to a monk of eminent sanctity, named Eleutherius,
with whom having prayed, and besought God to enable him to fast at least on
that sacred day, he found himself on a sudden so well restored, that he not
only fasted that day, but quite forgot his illness as he himself relates. 2
It was before his advancement to the
see of Rome, or even to the government of his monastery, that he first, as Paul
the deacon testifies, projected the conversion of the English nation. This
great blessing took its rise from the following occasion. 3 Gregory happened one day to walk through the market, and here taking
notice that certain youths of fine features, and complexion, were exposed to
sale, he inquired what countrymen they were, and was answered, that they came
from Britain. He asked if the people of that country were Christians or
heathens, and was told they were still heathens. Then Gregory drawing a deep
sigh, said: “It was a lamentable consideration that the prince of darkness
should be master of so much beauty, and have so comely persons in his
possession; and that so fine an outside should have nothing of God’s grace to
furnish it within.” 4 This incident made so great an impression upon him, that he applied
himself soon after to Pope Benedict I. and earnestly requested that some
persons might be sent to preach Christianity in Britain. And not finding any
one disposed to undertake that mission, he made an offer of himself for the
service, with the pope’s consent and approbation. Having obtained leave, he
privately set forward on his journey, in company with several monks of his own monastery.
But when his departure was known, the whole city was in an uproar, and the
people ran in a body to the pope, whom they met going to St. Peter’s church.
They cried out to him in the utmost consternation: “Apostolic father, what have
you done? In suffering Gregory to go away, you have destroyed Rome: you have
undone us, and offended St. Peter.” At these pressing instances the pope
despatched messengers to recall him: and the saint being overtaken by them on
the third day, was obliged, though with great reluctance, to return to Rome.
Not long after the same pope, according to John the deacon, and the
Benedictines, or as Paul the deacon, and Baronius say, his successor Pelagius
II. made him one of the seven deacons of the church at Rome, who assisted the
pope. Pelagius II. sent him to Constantinople in quality of Apocrisiarius, or
Nuncio of the holy see, to the religious Emperor Tiberius, by whom the saint
was received and treated with the highest distinction. This public employment
did not make him lay aside the practices of a monastic life, in order to which
he had taken with him certain monks of his house, with whom he might the better
continue them, and by their example excite himself to recollection and prayer.
At the request of St. Leander, bishop of Seville, whom he saw at
Constantinople, he wrote in that city his thirty-five books of Morals upon Job,
giving chiefly the moral and allegorical interpretations of the sacred book, in
such a manner as to reduce into one body the most excellent principles of
morality, and also of an interior life, of both which this admirable work hath
been ever since regarded as the great storehouse and armory. Out of it St.
Isidore, St. Thomas, and other masters of those holy sciences have chiefly
drawn their sublime maxims. Mauritius having married the daughter of Tiberius,
in 582, who had the empire for her dowry, St. Gregory was pitched upon to stand
god-father to his eldest son. Eutychius was at that time patriarch of
Constantinople. 5 This prelate, having suffered for the faith under Justinian, fell at
length into an error, importing, that after the general resurrection the
glorified bodies of the elect will be no longer palpable, but of a more subtile
texture than air. This error he couched in a certain book which he wrote. St.
Gregory was alarmed, and held several conferences with the patriarch upon that
subject, both in private and before the emperor, and clearly demonstrated from
the scriptures, that the glorified bodies of the saints will be the same which
they had on earth, only delivered from the appendixes of mortality; and that
they will be palpable as that of Christ was after his resurrection. 6 The good bishop being docile and humble, retracted his mistake, and
shortly after falling sick, in presence of the emperor, who had honoured him
with a visit, taking hold of his skin with his hand, said: “I profess the
belief that we shall all rise in this very flesh.” 7
Pope Pelagius recalled St. Gregory
in 684. He brought with him to Rome an arm of St. Andrew, and the head of St.
Luke, which the emperor had given him. He placed both these relics in his
monastery of St. Andrew, where the former remains to this day; but the latter
has been removed thence to St. Peter’s where it still continues. The saint with
joy saw himself restored to the tranquillity of his cell, where he eagerly
desired to bury himself with regard to the world, from which he had fled naked
into this secure harbour; because, as he signified to St. Leander, he saw how
difficult a thing it is to converse with the world without contracting inordinate
attachments. 8 Pope Pelagius also made him his secretary. He still continued to govern
his monastery, in which he showed a remarkable instance of severity. Justus,
one of his monks, had acquired and kept privately three pieces of gold, which
he confessed on his death-bed. St. Gregory forbade the community to attend and
pray by his bed-side, according to custom; but could not refuse him the
assistance of a priest, which the council of Nice ordained that no one should
be deprived of at the hour of death. Justus died in great sentiments of
compunction; yet, in compliance with what the monastic discipline enjoins in
such cases, in imitation of what St. Macarius had prescribed on the like
occasion, he ordered his corpse to be buried under the dunghill, and the three
pieces of money to be thrown into the grave with it. Nevertheless, as he died
penitent, he ordered mass to be daily offered up for him during thirty days. 9 St. Gregory says, 10 that after the mass of the thirtieth day, Justus appearing to his
brother Copiosus, assured him that he had been in torments, but was then
released. Pope Pelagius II. dying in the beginning of the great pestilence, in
January, 590, the clergy, senate, and Roman people unanimously agreed to choose
St. Gregory for their bishop, although he opposed his election with all his
power. It was then the custom at the election of a pope to consult the emperor
as the head of the senate and people. Our saint, trusting to his friendship
with Mauritius, to whose son he stood god-father, wrote to him privately to
conjure him not to approve of this choice. He wrote also with great earnestness
to John, patriarch of Constantinople, and to other powerful friends in that
city, begging them to employ their interest with the emperor for that purpose;
but complains in several letters afterwards that they had all refused to serve
him. The governor of Rome intercepted his letters to the emperor, and sent
others to him, in the name of the senate and people, to the contrary effect. In
the mean time, the plague continued to rage at Rome with great violence; and,
while the people waited for the emperor’s answer, St. Gregory took occasion
from their calamities to exhort them to repentance. Having made them a pathetic
sermon on the subject, 11 he appointed a solemn litany, or procession, in seven companies, with a
priest at the head of each, who were to march from different churches, and all
to meet in that of St. Mary Major; singing Kyrie Eleison as they went along the
streets. During this procession there died in one hour’s time fourscore of
those who assisted at it. But St. Gregory did not forbear to exhort the people,
and to pray till such time as the distemper ceased. 12 During the public calamity, St. Gregory seemed to have forgotten the
danger he was in of being exalted to the pontifical throne; for he feared as
much to lose the security of his poverty as the most avaricious can do to lose
their treasures. He had been informed that his letters to Constantinople had
been intercepted; wherefore, not being able to go out of the gates of Rome,
where guards were placed, he prevailed with certain merchants to carry him off
disguised, and shut up in a wicker basket. Three days he lay concealed in the
woods and caverns, during which time the people of Rome observed fasts and
prayers. Being miraculously discovered 13 and no longer able, as he says himself, 14 to resist, after the manifestations of the divine will, he was taken,
brought back to Rome with great acclamations, and consecrated on the 3rd of
September, in 590. In this ceremony he was conducted, according to custom, to
the confession of St. Peter, as his tomb is called; where he made a profession
of his faith, which is still extant in his works. He sent also to the other
patriarchs a synodal epistle, in which was contained the profession of his
faith. 15 In it he declares, that he received the four general councils as the
four gospels. He received congratulatory letters upon his exaltation; to all which
he returned for answer rather tears than words, in the most feeling sentiments
of profound humility. To Theoctista, the emperor’s sister he wrote thus: 16 “I have lost the comfort of my calm, and, appearing to be outwardly
exalted, I am inwardly and really fallen.—My endeavours were to banish
corporeal objects from my mind, that I might spiritually behold heavenly joys.
Neither desiring nor fearing anything in the world, I seemed raised above the
earth, but the storm had cast me on a sudden into alarms and fears; I am come
into the depth of the sea, and the tempest hath drowned me.” He adds: “The
emperor hath made an ape to be called a lion; but cannot make him become one.”
In his letter to Narses, the patrician, he says: 17 “I am so overcome with grief, that I am scarcely able to speak. My mind
is encompassed with darkness. All that the world thinks agreeable, brings to me
trouble and affliction.” To St. Leander he writes: “I remember with tears that
I have lost the calm harbour of my repose, and with many a sigh I look upon the
firm land which I cannot reach. If you love me, assist me with your prayers.”
He often invites others to weep with him, and conjures them to pray for him.
John, archbishop of Ravenna, modestly reprehended his cowardice in endeavouring
by flight, to decline the burden of the pastoral charge. In answer to his
censure, and to instruct all pastors, soon after his exaltation, he wrote his
incomparable book, On the Pastoral Care, setting forth the dangers, duties, and
obligations, of that charge, which he calls, from St. Gregory Nazianzen, the
art of arts, and science of sciences. So great was the reputation of this
performance, as soon as it appeared, that the Emperor Mauritius sent to Rome
for a copy; and Anastasius, the holy patriarch of Antioch, translated it into
Greek. Many popes and councils have exhorted and commanded pastors of souls
frequently to read it, and in it, as in a looking-glass, to behold themselves. 18 Our English saints made it always their rule, and King Alfred
translated it into the Saxon tongue. In this book we read a transcript of the
sentiments and conduct of our excellent pastor. His zeal for the glory of God,
and the angelical function of paying him the constant tribute of praise in the
church, moved him, in the beginning of his pontificate, to reform the church
music. 19 Preaching he regarded as the principal and most indispensable function
of every pastor of souls, as it is called by St. Thomas, and was most
solicitous to feed his flock with the word of God. His forty homilies on the
gospels, which are extant, show that he spoke in a plain and familiar style,
and without any pomp of words; but with a surprising eloquence of the heart.
The same may be said of his twenty-two homilies on Ezekiel, which he preached
whilst Rome was besieged by the Lombards, in 592. In the nineteenth he, in
profound humility, applies to himself, with tears, whatever the prophet spoke
against slothful mercenary pastors. Paul the deacon relates, that after the
saint’s death, Peter the deacon, his most intimate friend, testified that he
had seen in a vision, as an emblem of the Holy Ghost, a dove appear on his
head, applying his bill to his ear whilst he was writing on the latter part of
Ezekiel.
This great pope always remembered,
that, by his station, he was the common father of the poor. He relieved their
necessities with so much sweetness and affability, as to spare them the
confusion of receiving the alms; and the old men among them he, out of deference,
called his fathers. He often entertained several of them at his own table. He
kept by him an exact catalogue of the poor, called by the ancients matriculæ;
and he liberally provided for the necessities of each. In the beginning of
every month he distributed to all the poor, corn, wine, pulse, cheese, fish,
flesh, and oil; he appointed officers for every street to send every day
necessaries to all the needy sick; before he eat he always sent off meats from
his own table to some poor persons. One day a beggar being found dead in a
corner of a by-street, he is said to have abstained some days from the
celebration of the divine mysteries condemning himself of a neglect in seeking
the poor with sufficient care. He entertained great numbers of strangers both at
Rome and in other countries, and had every day twelve at his own table whom his
sacristan invited. He was most liberal in redeeming captives taken by the
Lombards, for which he permitted the bishop of Fano to break and sell the
sacred vessels 20 and ordered the bishop of Messana to do the same. 21 He extended his charity to the heretics, whom he sought to gain by mildness.
He wrote to the bishop of Naples to receive and reconcile readily those who
desired it, taking upon his own soul the danger, 22 lest he should be charged with their perdition if they should perish by
too great severity. Yet he was careful not to give them an occasion of
triumphing by any unreasonable condescension; and much more not to relax the
severity of the law of God in the least tittle. 23 He showed great moderation to the schismatics of Istria, and to the
very Jews. When Peter, bishop of Terracina, had taken from the latter their
synagogue, St. Gregory ordered it to be restored to them, saying, they are not
to be compelled, but converted by meekness and charity. 24 He repeated the same orders for the Jews of Sardinia, and for those of
Sicily. 25 In his letters to his vicar in Sicily, and to the stewards of the
patrimony of the Roman church in Africa, Italy, and other places, he recommends
mildness and liberality towards his vassals and farmers; orders money to be
advanced to those who were in distress, which they might repay by little and
little, and most rigorously forbids any to be oppressed. He carefully computed
and piously distributed the income of his revenues at four terms in the year.
In his epistles, we find him continually providing for the necessities of all
churches, especially of those in Italy, which the wars of the Lombards and
other calamities had made desolate. Notwithstanding his meekness and
condescension, his courage was undaunted, and his confidence in the divine
assistance unshaken amidst the greatest difficulties. “You know me,” says he, 26 “and that I tolerate a long while, but when I have once determined to
bear no longer, I go with joy against all dangers.” Out of sincere humility he
styled himself “the basest of men, devoured by sloth and laziness.” 27 Writing to St. Leander, he says, 28 he always desired to be the contempt of men and the outcast of the
people. He declares 29 “I am ready to be corrected by all persons, and him only do I look upon
as my friend by whose tongue I learn to wash away the stains of my mind.” He
subscribed himself in all his letters, Servant of the servants of God, which
custom has been retained by his successors. Indeed what is a pastor or superior
but the servant of those for whom he is to give a rigorous account to God? The
works of St. Gregory were every where received with the greatest applause.
Marinianus, archbishop of Ravenna, read his comments on Job to the people in
the church. The saint was afflicted and confounded that his writings should be
thought to deserve a place among the approved works of the fathers; and wrote
to that prelate that his book was not proper for the church, admonishing him
rather to read St. Austin on the psalms. 30 He was no less dead to himself in his great actions, and all other
things. He saw nothing in himself but imperfections, and subjects of confusion
and humiliation.
It is incredible how much he wrote,
and, during the thirteen years that he governed the church, what great things
he achieved for the glory of God, the good of the church, the reformation of
manners, the edification of the faithful, the relief of the poor, the comfort
of the afflicted, the establishment of ecclesiastical discipline, and the
advancement of piety and religion. But our surprise redoubles upon us, when we
remember his continual bad state of health and frequent sicknesses, and his
assiduity in prayer and holy contemplation; though this exercise it was that
gave always wings to his soul. In his own palace he would allow of no furniture
but what was mean and simple, nor have any attendants near his person but
clergymen or monks of approved virtue, learning, and prudence. His household
was a model of christian perfection; and by his care, arts, sciences, and the
heroic practice of piety, flourished, especially in the city of Rome. The state
of Christendom was at that time on every side miserably distracted, and stood
in need of a pastor, whose extraordinary sanctity, abilities, and courage
should render him equal to every great enterprise. And such a one was Gregory.
The eastern churches were wretchedly divided and shattered by the Nestorians,
and the numerous spawn of the Eutychians, all which he repressed. In the west,
England was buried in idolatry, and Spain, under the Visigoths, was overrun
with the Arian heresy. These two flourishing countries owe their conversion, in
a great measure, to his zeal, especially the former. In Africa he extirpated
the Donatists, converted many schismatics in Istria and the neighbouring
provinces; and reformed many grievous abuses in Gaul, whence he banished
simony, which had almost universally infected that church. A great part of
Italy was become a prey to the Lombards, 31 who were partly Arians, partly idolaters. St. Gregory often stopped the
fury of their arms, and checked their oppressions of the people: by his zeal he
also brought over many to the Catholic faith, and had the comfort to see
Agilulph, their king, renounce the Arian heresy to embrace it. In 592, Romanus,
exarch, or governor of Italy for the emperor, with a view to his own private
interest, perfidiously broke the solemn treaty which he had made with the
Lombards, 32 and took Perugia and several other towns. But the barbarians, who were
much the stronger, revenged this insult with great cruelty, and besieged Rome
itself. Saint Gregory neglected nothing to protect the oppressed, and raised
troops for the defence of several places. At length, by entreaties and great
presents, he engaged the Lombards to retire into their own territories. He
reproved the exarch for his breach of faith, but to no other effect than to
draw upon himself the indignation of the governor and his master. Such were the
extortions and injustices of this and other imperial officers, that the yoke of
the barbarians was lighter than the specious shadow of liberty under the
tyranny of the empire: and with such rigour were the heaviest taxes levied,
that to pay them, many poor inhabitants of Corsica were forced to sell their
own children to the barbarians. These oppressions cried to heaven for
vengeance: and St. Gregory wrote boldly to the empress Constantina, 33 entreating that the emperor, though he should be a loser by it, would
not fill his exchequer by oppressing his people, nor suffer taxes to be levied
by iniquitous methods which would be an impediment to his eternal salvation. He
sent to this empress a brandeum, or veil, which had touched the bodies of the
apostles, and assured her that miracles had been wrought by such relics.” 34 He promised to send her also some dust-filings of the chains of St.
Paul; of which relics he makes frequent mention in his epistles. At Cagliari, a
certain rich Jew, having been converted to the faith, had seized the synagogue
in order to convert it into a church, and had set up in it an image of the
Virgin Mary and a cross. Upon the complaint of the other Jews, St. Gregory
ordered 35 the synagogue to be restored to them, but that the image and cross
should be first removed with due veneration and respect. 36 Writing to Theodelinda, queen of the Lombards, he mentions, 37 that he sent her son, the young king, a little cross, in which was a
particle of the wood of the true Cross, to carry about his neck. Secundinus, a
holy hermit near Ravenna, god-father to this young king, begged of the pope
some devout pictures. St. Gregory, in his answer, says: “We have sent you two
cloths, containing the picture of God our Saviour, and of Mary the holy Mother
of God, and of the blessed apostles Peter and Paul, and one cross: also for a
benediction, a key which had been applied to the most holy body of St. Peter,
the prince of the apostles, that you may remain defended from the enemy.” 38 But when Serenus, bishop of Marseilles, had broken certain sacred
images which some persons, lately converted from idolatry, honoured with their
former idolatrous superstitions, St. Gregory commended his zeal for suppressing
this abuse, but reproved him for breaking the images. 39 When the archbishop of Ravenna used the pallium, not only at mass, but
also in other functions, St. Gregory wrote him a severe reprimand, telling him
that no ornament shines so bright on the shoulders of a bishop, as humility. 40 He extended his pastoral zeal and solicitude over all churches; and he
frequently takes notice that the care of the churches of the whole world was
entrusted to St. Peter, and his successors in the see of Rome. 41 This authority he exerted in the oriental patriarchates. A certain monk
having been accused of Manicheism, and beaten by the order of John the
patriarch of Constantinople, appealed to Pope Gregory, who sharply reprimanded
the patriarch, exhorting him to eject a certain wicked young man by whom he
suffered himself to be governed, and to do penance, and telling him: “If you do
not keep the canons, I know not who you are.” 42 He absolved the monk, with his colleague, a priest, re-established them
in their monastery, and sent them back into the East, having received their
profession of faith. He also absolved John, a priest of Chalcedon, who had been
unjustly condemned by the delegates of the patriarch. This patriarch, John,
surnamed the Faster, usurped the arrogant title of œcumenical, or universal
patriarch. This epithet was only used of a general council which represents the
whole church. In this sense an œcumenical bishop should mean a bishop who
represents the whole church, so that all other bishops are only his vicars. St.
Gregory took the word in that sense: which would be blasphemy and heresy, and
as such he condemned it. 43 John indeed only meant it in a limited sense for an archbishop over
many, as we call him a general who commands many; but even so it savoured of
arrogance and novelty. In opposition to this, St. Gregory took no other titles
than those of humility. Gregoria, a lady of the bedchamber, to the empress,
being troubled with scruples, wrote to St. Gregory, that she should never be at
ease till he should obtain of God, by a revelation, an assurance that her sins
were forgiven her. To calm her disturbed mind, he sent her the following
answer. 44 “You ask what is both difficult and unprofitable.—Difficult, because I
am unworthy to receive any revelation: unprofitable, because an absolute
assurance of your pardon does not suit your state till you can no longer weep
for your sins. You ought always to fear and tremble for them, and wash them
away by daily tears. Paul had been taken up to the third heaven, yet trembled
lest he should become a reprobate.—Security is the mother of negligence.”
The emperor forbade any to be
admitted in monasteries, who, having been in office, had not yet given up their
accounts, or who were engaged in the military service. This order he sent to
each of the patriarchs, to be by them notified to all the bishops of their
respective districts. St. Gregory, who was at that time sick, complied with the
imperial mandate, so far as to order the edict to be signified to the western
bishops, 45 as appears from a letter which he wrote to the emperor as soon as his
health was re-established. We learn from another letter, which he wrote some
years after to the bishops of the empire, that, on this occasion, he exhorted
the bishops to comply with the first part, and as to the second, not to suffer
persons engaged in the army to be admitted among the clergy or to the monastic
habit, unless their vocation had been thoroughly tried for the space of three
years, that it might be evident they were converted from the world, and sought
not to change one kind of secular life for another. He made to Mauritius, the
strongest remonstrances against this edict, saying, “It is not agreeable to
God, seeing by it the way to heaven was shut to several; for many cannot be
saved unless they forsake all things.” He, therefore, entreated the emperor to
mitigate this law, approving the first article as most just, unless the
monastery made itself answerable for the debts of such a person received in it.
As to the second, he allows that the motives and sincerity of the conversion of
such soldiers are to be narrowly examined before they ought to be admitted to
the monastic habit. Mauritius, who had before conceived certain prejudices
against St. Gregory, was offended at his remonstrances, and showed his
resentment against him for some years, but at length agreed to the mitigations
of each article proposed to St. Gregory: which the holy pope, with great
pleasure, notified by a letter addressed to the bishops of the empire. 46
The emperor Mauritius, having broken
his league with the Avari, a Scythian nation, then settled on the banks of the
Danube, 47 was defeated, and obliged to purchase an ignominious peace. He also
refused to ransom the prisoners they had taken, though they asked at first only
a golden penny a head, and at last only a sixth part, or four farthings; which
refusal so enraged the barbarians, that they put them all to the sword.
Mauritius began then to be stung with remorse, gave large alms, and prayed that
God would rather punish him in this life than in the next. His prayer was
heard. His avarice and extortions had rendered him odious to all his subjects;
and, in 602, he ordered the army to take winter quarters in the enemy’s
country, and to subsist on freebooting, without pay. The soldiers exasperated
at this treatment, chose one Phocas, a daring ambitions man, to be their
leader, and marched to Constantinople, where he was crowned emperor. Mauritius
had made his escape, but was taken with his family thirty miles out of the
city, and brought back. His five sons were slain before his eyes at Chalcedon:
he repeated all the while as a true penitent these words: “Thou art just, O
Lord, and thy judgments are righteous.” 48 When the nurse offered her own child instead of his youngest, he would
not suffer it. Last of all he himself was massacred after a reign of twenty
years. His empress, Constantia, was confined with her three daughters, and
murdered with them a few months after. The tyrant was slain by Heraclius,
governor of Africa, after a tottering reign of eight years. When Phocas mounted
the throne, his images were received and set up at Rome: nor could St. Gregory
for the sake of the public good, omit writing to him letters of congratulation. 49 In them he makes some compliments to Phocas, which are not so much
praises as respectful exhortations to a tyrant in power, and wishes of the
public liberty, peace, and happiness. 50 The saint no where approved his injustices or tyranny, though he
regarded him, like Jehu, as the instrument of God to punish other sinners. He
blamed Mauritius, but in things truly blameable; and drew from his punishment a
seasonable occasion of wholesome advice which he gave to Phocas, whom the
public safety of all Italy obliged him not to exasperate.
This holy pope had laboured many
years under a great weakness of his breast and stomach, and was afflicted with
slow fevers, and frequent fits of the gout, which once confined him to his bed
two whole years. On the 25th of January, 604, he gave to the church of St. Paul
several parcels of land to furnish it with lights: the act of donation remains
to this day engraved on a marble stone in the same church. God called him to
himself on the 12th of March, the same year, about the sixty-fourth of his age,
after he had governed the church thirteen years, six months, and ten days. His
pallium, the reliquary which he wore about his neck, and his girdle were
preserved long after his death, when John the deacon wrote, who describes his
picture drawn from the life, then to be seen in the monastery of St. Andrew. 51 His holy remains rest in the Vatican church. Both the Greeks and Latins
honour his name. The council of Clif, or Cloveshove, under archbishop Cuthbert,
in 747, commanded his feast to be observed a holiday in all the monasteries in
England; which the council of Oxford, in 1222, extended to the whole kingdom. This
law subsisted till the change of religion. 52
Every superior, who is endued with
the sincere spirit of humility and charity, looks upon himself with this great
hope, as the servant of all, bound to labour and watch night and day, to bear
every kind of affront, to suffer all manner of pains, to do all in his power,
to put on every shape, and sacrifice, his own ease and life to procure the
spiritual improvement of the least of those who are committed to his charge. He
is incapable of imperious haughtiness, which alienates the minds of inferiors,
and renders their obedience barely exterior and a forced hypocrisy. His
commands are tender entreaties, and if he be obliged to exert his authority,
this he does with secret repugnance, losing sight of himself, intent alone on
God’s honour and his neighbour’s salvation, placing himself, in spirit, beneath
all his subjects, and all mankind, and esteeming himself the last of all
creatures. St. Paul, though vested with the most sublime authority, makes use
of terms so mild and so powerfully ravishing, that they must melt the hardest
heart. Instead of commanding in the name of God, see how he usually expresses
himself: “I entreat you, O Timothy, by the love which you bear me. I conjure
you, by the bowels of Jesus Christ. I beseech you, by the meekness of Christ.
If you love me, do this.” And see how he directs us to reprove those who sin:
“If any one should fall, do you who are spiritual remind him in the spirit of
meekness, remembering that you may also fall,” and into a more grievous crime.
St. Peter, who had received the keys of the kingdom of heaven, shed more tears
of tender charity than he speaks words. What heart can be so savage and
unnatural, as to refuse to obey him who, having authority to lay injunctions,
and thunder out anathemas, weeps instead of commanding? If SS. Peter and Paul
pour out the water of tears and mildness, St. John casts darts of fire into the
hearts of those whom he commands. “My little children,” says he, “if you love
Christ, do this. I conjure you, by Christ, our good Master, love
affectionately, and this is enough. Love will teach you what to do. The unction
of the Holy Ghost will instruct you.” This is the true spirit of governing; a
method sure to gain the hearts of others, and to inspire them with a love of
the precept itself and of virtue. St. Macarius of Egypt was styled the god of
the monks, so affectionately and readily was he obeyed by them, because he
never spoke a word with anger or impatience. Moses was chosen by God to be the
leader and legislator of his people, because he was the meekest of men: and
with what astonishing patience did he bear the murmers and rebellions of an
ungrateful and stiff-necked people! David’s meekness towards Saul and others
purchased him the crown, and was one of the principal virtues by which he was
rendered a king according to God’s own heart. Those who command with imperious
authority show they are puffed up with the empty wind of pride, which makes
them feel an inordinate pleasure in the exercise of power, the seed of tyranny,
and the bane of virtue in their souls. Anger and impatience, which are more
dangerous, because usually canonised under the name of zeal, demonstrate
persons to be very ill qualified for governing others, who are not masters of
themselves or their own passions. How few are so crucified to themselves, and
so perfectly grounded in humility, patience, meekness, and charity, that power
and authority infect not their souls with the deadly poison of secret pride, or
in whom no hurry, importunity, or perverseness can extinguish the spirit of
meekness, in which, in all occurrences, they preserve the same evenness of
mind, and the same angelical sweetness of countenance? Yet with this they are
sons of thunder in resisting evil, and in watching against all the artifices of
the most subtle and flattering passions of sinners, and are firm and inflexible
in opposing every step towards any dangerous relaxation. St. Gregory, by his
whole conduct, sets us an example of this perfect humility and meekness, which
he requires as an essential qualification in every pastor, and in all who are
placed over others. 53 He no less excelled in learning, with which, he says, that humility
must be accompanied, lest the pastor should lead others astray. But above all
other qualities for the pastoral charge, he requires an eminent gift of prayer
and contemplation. Præ cæteris contemplatione suspensus. Pastor. Cura,
part 2. c. 5.
Note 1. See Annot. at the end of the life, p. 145 infra. [
back]
Note 2. Dial. l. 3. c. 33. [back]
Note 3. Hist. b. 2. c. 1. [back]
Note 4. Bede adds, that he again asked what
was the name of that nation, and was answered, that they were called Angli or
Angles. “Right,” said he, “for they have angelical faces, and it becomes such
to be companions with the angels in heaven. What is the name (proceeded he) of
the province from which they are brought?” It was replied, that the natives of
that were called Deiri. “Truly Deiri, because withdrawn from wrath, and called
to the mercy of Christ,” said he, alluding to the Latin De irâ Dei eruti. He
asked further, “How is the king of that province called?” They told him his
name was Alle; and he, making an allusion to the word, said: “Alleluiah, the
praise of God the Creator, must be sung in those parts.” Some censure this
conversation of St. Gregory as a piece of low punning. But the taste of that
age must he considered. St. Austin found it necessary to play sometimes with
words to please auditors whose ears had, by custom, caught an itch to be
sometimes tickled by quibbles to their fancy. The ingenious author of the late
life of the Lord Chancellor Bacon, thought custom an apology for the most
vicious style of that great man, of whom he writes: “His style has been
objected to as full of affectation, full of false eloquence. But that was the
vice, not of the man, but of the times he lived in; and particularly of a court
that delighted in the tinsel of wit and learning, in the poor ingenuity of
punning and quibbling.” St. Gregory was a man of a fine genius and of true
learning; yet in familiar converse might conform to the taste of the age. Far
from censuring his wit, or the judgment of his historian, we ought to admire
his piety, which from every circumstance, even from words, drew allusions to
nourish devotion, and turn the heart to God. This we observe in other saints,
and if it be a fault, we might more justly censure on this account the elegant
epistles of St. Paulinus, or Sulpicius Severus, than this dialogue of St.
Gregory. [
back]
Note 5. Eutychius had formerly defended the Catholic faith with great zeal
against the Eutychians and the errors of the emperor Justinian, who, though he
condemned those heretics, yet adopted one part of their blasphemies, asserting
that Christ assumed a body which was by its nature incorruptible, not formed of
the Blessed Virgin, and subject to pain, hunger, or alteration, only by a
miracle. This was called the heresy of the Incorrupticolæ, of which Justinian
declared himself the abettor; and, after many great exploits to retrieve the
ancient glory of the empire, tarnished his reputation by persecuting the
Catholic church and banishing Eutychius. [
back]
Note 6. St. Greg. Moral. l. 14. c. 76. t. 1.
p. 465. [
back]
Note 7. He died in 582, and is ranked by the Greeks among the saints. See the
Bollandists in vitâ S. Eutychii ad 6 Apr. [back]
Note 8. Fleury thinks he was chosen abbot
before his embassy to Constantinople; but Ceillier and others prove, that this
only happened after his return. [
back]
Note 9. It appears from the life of St. Theodosius the Cenobiarch, from Saint
Ambrose’s funeral oration on Valentinian, and other monuments, that it was the
custom, from the primitive ages, to keep the third, seventh, and thirtieth, or
sometimes fortieth day after the decease of a Christian, with solemn prayers
and sacrifices for the departed soul. From this fact of St. Gregory, a trental
of masses for a soul departed are usually called the Gregorian masses, on which
see Gavant and others. [
back]
Note 10. Dial. l. 4. c. 55. p. 465. t. 2. [
back]
Note 11. It is inserted by St. Gregory of Tours in his history. Greg. Touron. l.
10. c. 1. [back]
ote 12. Some moderns say, an angel was seen
sheathing his sword on the stately pile of Adrian’s sepulchre. But no such
circumstance is mentioned by Saint Gregory of Tours, Bede, Paul, or John. [
back]
Note 13. Paul the deacon says, it was by a pillar of light appearing over the
place where he lay concealed. [
back]
Note 14. L. 1. ep. 21. l. 7. ep. 4. [
back]
Note 15. L. 1. ep. 25. [back]
Note 16. L. 1. ep. 5. p. 491. [back]
Note 17. L. 1. ep. 6. p. 498. [back]
Note 18. Conc. 3. Touron. can. 3. See Dom
Bulteau’s Preface to his French translation of St. Gregory’s Pastoral, printed
in 1629. [
back]
Note 19. He reformed the Sacramentary, or Missal and Ritual of the Roman Church.
In the letters of SS. Innocent I., Celestine I., and St. Leo, we find mention
made of a written Roman Order of the mass: in this the essential parts were
always the same; but accidental alterations in certain prayers have been made.
Pope Gelasius thus augmented and revised the liturgy, in 490; his genuine
Sacramentary was published at Rome by Thomasi, in 1680. In it are mentioned the
public veneration of the cross on Good Friday, the solemn benediction of the
holy oils, the ceremonies of baptism, frequent invocation of saints, veneration
shown to their relics, the benediction of holy water, votive masses for
travellers, for the sick and the dead, masses on festivals of saints, and the
like. The Sacramentary of St. Gregory differs from that of Gelasius only in
some collects or prayers. The conformity between the present church office and
the ancient appears from this work, and the saint’s Antiphonarius and
Responsorium. The like ceremonies and benedictions are found in the apostolic
constitutions, and all other ancient liturgic writings; out of which Grabe,
Hickes, Deacon, and others have formed new liturgies very like the present
Roman, and several of them have restored the idea of a true sacrifice. Dom
Menard has enriched the Sacramentary of St. Gregory with most learned and
curious notes.
Besides his Comments or Morals on the Book of Job, which he wrote
at Constantinople, about the year 582, in which we are not to look for an
exposition of the text, but an excellent compilation of the main principles of
morality, and an interior life, we have his exposition of Ezekiel, in
twenty-two homilies. These were taken in short hand as he pronounced them, and
were preached by him at Rome, in 592, when Agilulph the Lombard was laying
waste the whole territory of Rome. See l. 2. in Ezech. hom. 6. and Paul the
deacon, l. 4. hist. Longob. c. 8. The exposition of the text is allegorical, and
only intended for ushering in the moral reflections, which are much shorter
than in the books on Job. His forty homilies on the gospels he preached on
several solemnities whilst he was pope. His incomparable book, on the Pastoral
Care, which is an excellent instruction of pastors, and was drawn up by him
when he saw himself placed in the pontificate, consists of four parts. In the
first he treats of the dispositions requisite in one called to the pastoral
charge; in the second of the duties of a pastor; in the third, on the
instruction which he owes to his flock; and, in the fourth, on his obligation
of watching over his own heart, and of diligent self-examination. In four books
of dialogues, between himself and his disciple Peter, he recounts the miracles
of his own times, upon the authority of vouchers, on whose veracity he thought
he could rely. He so closely adheres to their relations, that the style is much
lower than in his other writings. See the preface of the Benedictin editor on
this work. His letters are published in fourteen books, and are a very
interesting compilation. We have Saint Gregory’s excellent exposition of the
book of Canticles, which Ceillier proves to be genuine against Oudin, the
apostate, and some others. The six books on the First Book of Kings are a
valuable work, but cannot be ascribed to St. Gregory the Great. The commentary
on the Seven Penitential Psalms Ceillier thinks to be his work: but it seems
doubtful. Paterius, a notary, one of St. Gregory’s auditors, compiled, out of his
writings and sermons, several comments on the Scriptures. Claudius, abbot of
Classius, a disciple of our saint, did the same. Alulphus, a monk at Tournay,
in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, made the like compilations from his
writings. Dom Dionysius of Saint Marthe, a Maurist Benedictin monk, favoured
the world with an accurate edition of the works of St. Gregory the Great,
published at Paris in four volumes folio, in 1705. This has been reprinted at
Verona, and again at Ausburgh, in 1758, with the addition of the useful
anonymous book, De Formula Prælatorum. [
back]
Note 20. L. 6. Ep. 35. [back]
Note 21. L. 7. Ep. 26. [back]
Note 22. Animæ nostra pericula, l. 1. Ep.
14. [back]
Note 23. L. 1. Ep. 35, &c. [back]
Note 24. L. 1. Ep. 35. [back]
Note 25. L. 7. Ep. 5. l. 12. Ep. 30. [
back]
Note 26. L. 4. Ep. 47. [back]
Note 27. Præf. in Dial. [back]
Note 28. L. 9. Ep. 221. [back]
Note 29. L. 2. Ep. 121. [back]
Note 30. L. 12. Ep. 24. [back]
Note 31. The Lombards came originally from Scandinavia, and settled first in
Pomerania, and afterwards with the Hunns in Pannonia, who had remained there
when they returned out of Italy under Attila. Narses, the patrician, after
having governed Italy sixteen years with great glory, was recalled by the
emperor Justin the Younger. But, resenting this treatment, he invited the
Lombards into that country. Those barbarians leaving Pannonia to the Hunns,
entered Italy, easily made themselves masters of Milan, under their king
Alboinus, in 568; and extending their dominions, often threatened Rome itself.
In the reign of Charles the Fat, the Hunns were expelled from Pannonia by the
Hongres, another swarm from the same northern hive, akin to the Hunns, who gave
to that kingdom the name of Hungary. That the Lombards were so called, not from
their long swords, as some have pretended, but from their long beards, see
demonstrated from the express testimony of Paul the deacon, himself a Lombard,
of Constantine Porphyrogenetta, by Jos. Assemani, Hist. Ital. scriptor. t. l.
c. 3. p. 33. [back]
Note 32. Paul. Diac. de Gest.
Longobard. l. 4. c. 8. S. Greg. l. 2. Ep. 46. [
back]
Note 33. L. 5. Ep. 41. [back]
Note 34. L. 4. Ep. 30. [back]
Note 35. L. 9. Ep. 6. p. 930. [back]
Note 36. Sublatâ exinde, quâ par est veneratione,
imagine et cruce. L. 9. Ep. 6. p. 930. [
back]
Note 37. L. 14. Ep. 12. p. 1270. [back]
Note 38. These words are quoted by Paul the
deacon, in the council of Rome, Conc. t. 6. p. 1462, and Pope Adrian I., in his
letter to Charlemagne in defence of holy images. [
back]
Note 39. L. 11. Ep. 13. [back]
Note 40. L. 3. Ep. 56. l. 3. Ep. 53. l. 9.
Ep. 59. l. 6. Ep. 66. l. 7. Ep. 19. l. 5. En. 20.
St. Gregory was always a zealous asserter of the celibacy of the
clergy, which law he extended also to subdeacons, who had before been ranked
among the clergy of the Minor orders. (1. 1. Ep. 44. l. 4. Ep. 34.) The
Centuriators, Heylin, and others, mention a forged letter, under the name of
Udalricus, said to be written to Pope Nicholas, concerning the heads of
children found by St. Gregory in a pond. But a more ridiculous fable was never
invented, as is demonstrated from many inconsistencies of that forged letter:
and St. Gregory in his epistles everywhere mentions the law of the celibacy of
the clergy as ancient and inviolable. Nor was any Pope Nicholas contemporary
with St. Udalricus. See Baronius and Dom de Sainte Marthe, in his life of St.
Gregory. [
back]
Note 41. L. 3. Ep. 39. l. 5. Ep. 13. [
back]
Note 42. L. 6. Ep. 15, 16, 17. [back]
Note 43. L. 11. Ep. 28. olim. 58. p. 1180, &c. [back]
Note 44. L. 7. Ep. 25. [back]
Note 45. Some Protestants slander St. Gregory, as if by this publication of the
imperial edict he had concurred to what he condemned as contrary to the divine
law. Dr. Mercier, in his letter in favour of a law commanding silence, with
regard to the constitution Unigenitus in France, in 1759, pretends that this
holy pope thought obedience to the emperor a duty even in things of a like
nature. But Dr. Launay, Réponse à la Lettre d’un Docteur de Sorbonne, partie 2.
p. 51. and Dr. N. Examen de la Lettre d’un Docteur de Sorbonne sur la necessité
de garder le silence sur la Constitution Unigenitus, p. 33. t. 1. demonstrate
that St. Gregory regarded the matter, as it really is, merely as a point of
discipline, and no where says the edict was contrary to the divine law, but
only not agreeable to God, and tending to prejudice the interest of his greater
glory. In matters of faith or essential obligation, he calls forth the zeal and
fortitude of prelates to stand upon their guard in opposing unjust laws, even
to martyrdom, as the same authors demonstrate. [
back]
Note 47. Theophanes Chronogr. [back]
Note 49. L. 13. Ep. 31. 38. [back]
Note 50. We say the same of the compliments which he paid to the impious French
queen Brunehalt, at which Lord Bolingbroke takes offence; but a respect is due
to persons in power. St. Gregory no where flatters their vices, but admonishes
by compliments those who could not be approached without them. Thus did St.
Paul address Agrippa and Festus, &c. In refusing the sacraments of the
church to impenitent wicked princes, and in checking their crimes by seasonable
remonstrances, St. Gregory was always ready to exert the zeal of a Baptist: as
he opposed the unjust projects of Mauritius, so would he have done those of
Phocas when in his power. [
back]
Note 51. The antiquarian will read with pleasure the curious notes of Angelus
Rocca, and the Benedictins on the pictures of St. Gregory and his parents, and
on this holy pope’s pious donations. [
back]
Note 52. The antiquarian will read with pleasure the curious notes of Angelus
Rocca, and the Benedictins on the pictures of St. Gregory and his parents, and
on this holy pope’s pious donations. [
back]
Note 53. Gregor. M. in l. 1. Reg. c. 16. v. 3 & 9. [back]
Rev.
Alban Butler (1711–73). Volume III: March. The Lives of the Saints. 1866.
March 12
Annotation on the Life
of St. Gregory
BARONIUS
thinks that his monastery of St. Andrew’s followed the rule of St. Equitius
because its first abbots were drawn out of his province, Valeria. On another
side, Dom. Mabillon (t. 1. Actor. Sanct. & t. 2. Analect. and Annal. Bened.
l. 6.) maintains that it followed the rule of St. Benedict, which St. Gregory
often commends and prefers to all other rules. His colleagues, in their life of
St. Gregory, Natalis Alexander, in his Church History, and others, have written
to support the same opinion: who all, with Mabillon, borrow all their arguments
from the learned English Benedictin, Clemens Reynerus, in his Apostolatus
Benedictinorum in Anglia. Others object that St. Gregory in his epistles
ordains many things contrary to the rule of St. Benedict, and think he who has
written so much concerning St. Benedict, would have mentioned by some epithet
the circumstance of being his disciple, and would have called the rule of that
patriarch his own. These antiquaries judge it most probable that the monastery
of St. Andrew had its own rule prescribed by the first founders, and borrowed
from different places: for this was the ordinary method of most monasteries in
the west, till afterwards the rule of St. Benedict was universally received for
better uniformity and discipline: to which the just commendations of St.
Gregory doubtless contributed.
F. Clement
Reyner, in the above-mentioned book, printed at Doway, in folio, in 1626,
displays much erudition in endeavouring to prove that St. Austin, and the other
monks sent by St. Gregory to convert the English, professed the order of St.
Benedict. Mabillon borrows his arguments on this subject in his preface to the
Acts of the Benedictins, against the celebrated Sir John Marsham, who in his
long preface to the Monasticon, sets himself to show that the first English
monks followed rules instituted by their own abbots often gleaned out of many.
Dr. Hickes confirms this assertion against Mabillon with great erudition.
(Diss. p. 67, 68.) which is espoused by Dr. Tanner, bishop of St. Asaph’s, in
his preface to his exact Notitia Monastica, by the author of Biographia
Britannica, in the life of Bede, (t. 1. p. 656.) and by the judicious William
Thomas, in his additions to the new edition of Dugdale’s Antiquities of
Warwickshire, (t. 1. p. 157.) These authors think that the rule of St. Benedict
was not generally received by the English monks before the regulations of St.
Dunstan; nor perfectly till after the Norman conquest. For Pope Constantine, in
709, in the bull wherein he establishes the rule of St. Benedict to be followed
in the abbey of Evesham, says of it: “Which does not prevail in those parts.”
“Quæ minus in illis partibus habetur.” In 747, Cuthbert, archbishop of
Canterbury, in a synod held in presence of Ethelband, king of the Mercians, at
Cloveshove, (which town some place in Kent, others more probably in Mercia,
about Reading,) published Monastic Constitutions, which were followed by the
English monks till the time of St. Dunstan. In these we find no mention of the
rule of St. Benedict: nor in Bede. The charter of King Ethelbald which mentions
the Black Monks, is a manifest forgery. Even that name was not known before the
institution of the Camaldulenses, in 1020, and the Carthusians, who
distinguished themselves by white habits. Dom. Mege, in his commentary on the
rule of St. Benedict, shows that the first Benedictins wore white, not black.
John of Glastenbury, and others, published by Hearne, who call the apostles of
the English Black Monks, are too modern, unless they produce some ancient
vouchers. The monastery of Evesham adopted the rule of St. Benedict, in 709.
St. Bennet Biscop and St. Wilfrid both improved the monastic order in the
houses which they founded, from the rule of St. Benedict, at least borrowing
some constitutions from it. The devastations of the Danes scarcely left a
convent of monks standing in England, except those of Glanstenbury and
Abingdon, which was their state in the days of King Alfred, as Leland observes.
St. Dunstan, St. Oswald, and St. Ethelwold, restored the monasteries, and
propagated exceedingly the monastic state. St. Oswald had professed the order
of St. Benedict in France, in the monastery of Fleury; and, together with the
aforesaid two bishops, he established the same in a great measure in England.
St. Dunstan published a uniform rule for the monasteries of this nation,
entitled, Regularia Concordiæ Anglicæ Nationis, extant in Reyner, and Spelman,
(in Spicilegio ad Eadmerum, p. 145,) in which he adopts, in a great measure,
the rule of St. Benedict, joining with it many ancient monastic customs. Even
after the Norman conquest the synod of London, under Lanfranc, in 1075, says,
that the regulations of monks were drawn from the rule of St. Bennet and the
ancient custom of regular places, as Baronius takes notice, which seems to
imply former distinct institutes. From that time down to the dissolution, all
the cathedral priories, except that of Carlile, and most of the rich abbeys in
England were held by monks of the Benedictin order. See Dr. Brown Willis, in
his separate histories of Cathedral Priories, Mitred Abbeys, &c.
Rev. Alban
Butler (1711–73). Volume III: March. The Lives of the Saints. 1866.
SOURCE :
http://www.bartleby.com/210/3/122.html
San Gregorio I, detto Magno Papa e dottore della Chiesa
Roma, 540 - 12 marzo 604
(Papa dal
03/09/590 al 12/03/604)
Nacque verso il 540 dalla famiglia senatoriale degli Anici e alla morte del
padre Gordiano, fu eletto, molto giovane, prefetto di Roma. Divenne poi monaco
e abate del monastero di Sant'Andrea sul Celio. Eletto Papa, ricevette
l'ordinazione episcopale il 3 settembre 590. Nonostante la malferma salute,
esplicò una multiforme e intensa attività nel governo della Chiesa, nella
sollecitudine caritativa, nell'azione missionaria. Autore e legislatore nel
campo della liturgia e del canto sacro, elaborò un Sacramentario che porta il
suo nome e costituisce il nucleo fondamentale del Messale Romano. Lasciò
scritti di carattere pastorale, morale, omiletico e spirituale, che formarono
intere generazioni cristiane specialmente nel Medio Evo. Morì il 12 marzo 604. (Avvenire)
Patronato: Cantanti, Musicisti, Papi
Etimologia: Gregorio = colui che risveglia, dal greco
Emblema: Colomba, Gabbiano
Martirologio Romano: Memoria di san Gregorio Magno, papa e dottore della
Chiesa: dopo avere intrapreso la vita monastica, svolse l’incarico di legato
apostolico a Costantinopoli; eletto poi in questo giorno alla Sede Romana,
sistemò le questioni terrene e come servo dei servi si prese cura di quelle
sacre. Si mostrò
vero pastore nel governare la Chiesa, nel soccorrere in ogni modo i bisognosi,
nel favorire la vita monastica e nel consolidare e propagare ovunque la fede,
scrivendo a tal fine celebri libri di morale e di pastorale. Morì il 12 marzo.
(12 marzo: A Roma presso san Pietro, deposizione di san Gregorio I, papa, detto
Magno, la cui memoria si celebra il 3 settembre, giorno della sua ordinazione).
Fu uno
dei più grandi Padri nella storia della Chiesa, uno dei quattro dottori
dell’Occidente: Papa san Gregorio, che fu Vescovo di Roma tra il 590 e il 604,
e che meritò dalla tradizione il titolo di Magnus/Grande. Gregorio fu veramente
un grande Papa e un grande Dottore della Chiesa! Nacque a Roma, intorno al 540,
da una ricca famiglia patrizia della gens Anicia, che si distingueva non solo
per la nobiltà del sangue, ma anche per l’attaccamento alla fede cristiana e
per i servizi resi alla Sede Apostolica. Da tale famiglia erano usciti due
Papi: Felice III (483-492), trisavolo di Gregorio, e Agapito (535-536). La casa
in cui Gregorio crebbe sorgeva sul Clivus Scauri, circondata da solenni edifici
che testimoniavano la grandezza della Roma antica e la forza spirituale del
cristianesimo. Ad ispirargli alti sentimenti cristiani vi erano poi gli esempi
dei genitori Gordiano e Silvia, ambedue venerati come santi, e quelli delle due
zie paterne, Emiliana e Tarsilia, vissute nella propria casa quali vergini consacrate
in un cammino condiviso di preghiera e di ascesi.
Gregorio entrò presto nella carriera amministrativa, che aveva seguito anche il
padre, e nel 572 ne raggiunse il culmine, divenendo prefetto della città.
Questa mansione, complicata dalla tristezza dei tempi, gli consentì di
applicarsi su vasto raggio ad ogni genere di problemi amministrativi, traendone
lumi per i futuri compiti. In particolare, gli rimase un profondo senso
dell’ordine e della disciplina: divenuto Papa, suggerirà ai Vescovi di prendere
a modello nella gestione degli affari ecclesiastici la diligenza e il rispetto
delle leggi propri dei funzionari civili. Questa vita tuttavia non lo doveva
soddisfare se, non molto dopo, decise di lasciare ogni carica civile, per
ritirarsi nella sua casa ed iniziare la vita di monaco, trasformando la casa di
famiglia nel monastero di Sant’Andrea al Celio. Di questo periodo di vita
monastica, vita di dialogo permanente con il Signore nell’ascolto della sua
parola, gli resterà una perenne nostalgia che sempre di nuovo e sempre di più
appare nelle sue omelie: in mezzo agli assilli delle preoccupazioni pastorali,
lo ricorderà più volte nei suoi scritti come un tempo felice di raccoglimento
in Dio, di dedizione alla preghiera, di serena immersione nello studio. Poté
così acquisire quella profonda conoscenza della Sacra Scrittura e dei Padri
della Chiesa di cui si servì poi nelle sue opere.
Ma il ritiro claustrale di Gregorio non durò a lungo. La preziosa esperienza
maturata nell’amministrazione civile in un periodo carico di gravi problemi, i
rapporti avuti in questo ufficio con i bizantini, l’universale stima che si era
acquistata, indussero Papa Pelagio a nominarlo diacono e ad inviarlo a
Costantinopoli quale suo “apocrisario”, oggi si direbbe “Nunzio Apostolico”,
per favorire il superamento degli ultimi strascichi della controversia
monofisita e soprattutto per ottenere l’appoggio dell’imperatore nello sforzo
di contenere la pressione longobarda. La permanenza a Costantinopoli, ove con
un gruppo di monaci aveva ripreso la vita monastica, fu importantissima per
Gregorio, poiché gli diede modo di acquisire diretta esperienza del mondo
bizantino, come pure di accostare il problema dei Longobardi, che avrebbe poi
messo a dura prova la sua abilità e la sua energia negli anni del Pontificato.
Dopo alcuni anni fu richiamato a Roma dal Papa, che lo nominò suo segretario.
Erano anni difficili: le continue piogge, lo straripare dei fiumi, la carestia
affliggevano molte zone d’Italia e la stessa Roma. Alla fine scoppiò anche la
peste, che fece numerose vittime, tra le quali anche il Papa Pelagio II. Il
clero, il popolo e il senato furono unanimi nello scegliere quale suo
successore sulla Sede di Pietro proprio lui, Gregorio. Egli cercò di resistere,
tentando anche la fuga, ma non ci fu nulla da fare: alla fine dovette cedere.
Era l’anno 590.
Riconoscendo in quanto era avvenuto la volontà di Dio, il nuovo Pontefice si
mise subito con lena al lavoro. Fin dall’inizio rivelò una visione
singolarmente lucida della realtà con cui doveva misurarsi, una straordinaria
capacità di lavoro nell’affrontare gli affari tanto ecclesiastici quanto
civili, un costante equilibrio nelle decisioni, anche coraggiose, che l’ufficio
gli imponeva. Si conserva del suo governo un’ampia documentazione grazie al
Registro delle sue lettere (oltre 800), nelle quali si riflette il quotidiano
confronto con i complessi interrogativi che affluivano sul suo tavolo. Erano
questioni che gli venivano dai Vescovi, dagli Abati, dai clerici, e anche dalle
autorità civili di ogni ordine e grado. Tra i problemi che affliggevano in quel
tempo l’Italia e Roma ve n’era uno di particolare rilievo in ambito sia civile
che ecclesiale: la questione longobarda. Ad essa il Papa dedicò ogni energia
possibile in vista di una soluzione veramente pacificatrice. A differenza
dell’Imperatore bizantino che partiva dal presupposto che i Longobardi fossero
soltanto individui rozzi e predatori da sconfiggere o da sterminare, san
Gregorio vedeva questa gente con gli occhi del buon pastore, preoccupato di
annunciare loro la parola di salvezza, stabilendo con essi rapporti di
fraternità in vista di una futura pace fondata sul rispetto reciproco e sulla
serena convivenza tra italiani, imperiali e longobardi. Si preoccupò della
conversione dei giovani popoli e del nuovo assetto civile dell’Europa: i
Visigoti della Spagna, i Franchi, i Sassoni, gli immigrati in Britannia ed i
Longobardi, furono i destinatari privilegiati della sua missione
evangelizzatrice. Abbiamo celebrato ieri la memoria liturgica di sant’Agostino
di Canterbury, il capo di un gruppo di monaci incaricati da Gregorio di andare
in Britannia per evangelizzare l’Inghilterra.
Per ottenere una pace effettiva a Roma e in Italia, il Papa si impegnò a fondo
- era un vero pacificatore - , intraprendendo una serrata trattativa col re
longobardo Agilulfo. Tale negoziazione portò ad un periodo di tregua che durò
per circa tre anni (598 - 601), dopo i quali fu possibile stipulare nel 603 un
più stabile armistizio. Questo risultato positivo fu ottenuto anche grazie ai
paralleli contatti che, nel frattempo, il Papa intratteneva con la regina
Teodolinda, che era una principessa bavarese e, a differenza dei capi degli
altri popoli germanici, era cattolica, profondamente cattolica. Si conserva una
serie di lettere del Papa Gregorio a questa regina, nelle quali egli dimostra
la sua stima e la sua amicizia per lei. Teodolinda riuscì man mano a guidare il
re al cattolicesimo, preparando così la via alla pace. Il Papa si preoccupò
anche di inviarle le reliquie per la basilica di S. Giovanni Battista da lei
fatta erigere a Monza, né mancò di farle giungere espressioni di augurio e
preziosi doni per la medesima cattedrale di Monza in occasione della nascita e
del battesimo del figlio Adaloaldo. La vicenda di questa regina costituisce una
bella testimonianza circa l’importanza delle donne nella storia della Chiesa.
In fondo, gli obiettivi sui quali Gregorio puntò costantemente furono tre:
contenere l’espansione dei Longobardi in Italia; sottrarre la regina Teodolinda
all’influsso degli scismatici e rafforzarne la fede cattolica; mediare tra
Longobardi e Bizantini in vista di un accordo che garantisse la pace nella
penisola e in pari tempo consentisse di svolgere un’azione evangelizzatrice tra
i Longobardi stessi. Duplice fu quindi il suo costante orientamento nella
complessa vicenda: promuovere intese sul piano diplomatico-politico, diffondere
l’annuncio della vera fede tra le popolazioni.
Accanto all’azione meramente spirituale e pastorale, Papa Gregorio si rese
attivo protagonista anche di una multiforme attività sociale. Con le rendite
del cospicuo patrimonio che la Sede romana possedeva in Italia, specialmente in
Sicilia, comprò e distribuì grano, soccorse chi era nel bisogno, aiutò
sacerdoti, monaci e monache che vivevano nell’indigenza, pagò riscatti di
cittadini caduti prigionieri dei Longobardi, comperò armistizi e tregue.
Inoltre svolse sia a Roma che in altre parti d’Italia un’attenta opera di
riordino amministrativo, impartendo precise istruzioni affinché i beni della
Chiesa, utili alla sua sussistenza e alla sua opera evangelizzatrice nel mondo,
fossero gestiti con assoluta rettitudine e secondo le regole della giustizia e
della misericordia. Esigeva che i coloni fossero protetti dalle prevaricazioni
dei concessionari delle terre di proprietà della Chiesa e, in caso di frode,
fossero prontamente risarciti, affinché non fosse inquinato con profitti
disonesti il volto della Sposa di Cristo.
Questa intensa attività Gregorio la svolse nonostante la malferma salute, che
lo costringeva spesso a restare a letto per lunghi giorni. I digiuni praticati
durante gli anni della vita monastica gli avevano procurato seri disturbi
all’apparato digerente. Inoltre, la sua voce era molto debole così che spesso
era costretto ad affidare al diacono la lettura delle sue omelie, affinché i
fedeli presenti nelle basiliche romane potessero sentirlo. Faceva comunque il
possibile per celebrare nei giorni di festa Missarum sollemnia, cioè la Messa
solenne, e allora incontrava personalmente il popolo di Dio, che gli era molto
affezionato, perché vedeva in lui il riferimento autorevole a cui attingere
sicurezza: non a caso gli venne ben presto attribuito il titolo di consul Dei.
Nonostante le condizioni difficilissime in cui si trovò ad operare, riuscì a
conquistarsi, grazie alla santità della vita e alla ricca umanità, la fiducia
dei fedeli, conseguendo per il suo tempo e per il futuro risultati veramente
grandiosi. Era un uomo immerso in Dio: il desiderio di Dio era sempre vivo nel
fondo della sua anima e proprio per questo egli era sempre molto vicino al
prossimo, ai bisogni della gente del suo tempo. In un
tempo disastroso, anzi disperato, seppe creare pace e dare speranza. Quest’uomo di Dio ci mostra dove
sono le vere sorgenti della pace, da dove viene la vera speranza e diventa così
una guida anche per noi oggi.
Nonostante i molteplici impegni connessi con la sua funzione di Vescovo di
Roma, egli ci ha lasciato numerose opere, alle quali la Chiesa nei secoli
successivi ha attinto a piene mani. Oltre al cospicuo epistolario – il Registro
a cui accennavo nella scorsa catechesi contiene oltre 800 lettere – egli ci ha
lasciato innanzitutto scritti di carattere esegetico, tra cui si distinguono il
Commento morale a Giobbe - noto sotto il titolo latino di Moralia in Iob -, le
Omelie su Ezechiele, le Omelie sui Vangeli. Vi è poi un’importante opera di
carattere agiografico, i Dialoghi, scritta da Gregorio per l’edificazione della
regina longobarda Teodolinda. L’opera principale e più nota è senza dubbio la
Regola pastorale, che il Papa redasse all’inizio del pontificato con finalità
chiaramente programmatiche.
Volendo passare in veloce rassegna queste opere, dobbiamo anzitutto notare che,
nei suoi scritti, Gregorio non si mostra mai preoccupato di delineare una “sua”
dottrina, una sua originalità. Piuttosto, egli intende farsi eco
dell’insegnamento tradizionale della Chiesa, vuole semplicemente essere la
bocca di Cristo e della sua Chiesa sul cammino che si deve percorrere per
giungere a Dio. Esemplari sono a questo proposito i suoi commenti esegetici.
Egli fu un appassionato lettore della Bibbia, a cui si accostò con intendimenti
non semplicemente speculativi: dalla Sacra Scrittura, egli pensava, il
cristiano deve trarre non tanto conoscenze teoriche, quanto piuttosto il
nutrimento quotidiano per la sua anima, per la sua vita di uomo in questo
mondo. Nelle Omelie su Ezechiele, ad esempio, egli insiste fortemente su questa
funzione del testo sacro: avvicinare la Scrittura semplicemente per soddisfare
il proprio desiderio di conoscenza significa cedere alla tentazione
dell’orgoglio ed esporsi così al rischio di scivolare nell’eresia. L’umiltà
intellettuale è la regola primaria per chi cerca di penetrare le realtà
soprannaturali partendo dal Libro sacro. L’umiltà, ovviamente, non esclude lo
studio serio; ma per far sì che questo risulti spiritualmente proficuo,
consentendo di entrare realmente nella profondità del testo, l’umiltà resta
indispensabile. Solo con questo atteggiamento interiore si ascolta realmente e
si percepisce finalmente la voce di Dio. D’altra parte, quando si tratta di
Parola di Dio, comprendere non è nulla, se la comprensione non conduce
all’azione. In queste omelie su Ezechiele si trova anche quella bella
espressione secondo cui “il predicatore deve intingere la sua penna nel sangue
del suo cuore; potrà così arrivare anche all’orecchio del prossimo”. Leggendo
queste sue omelie si vede che realmente Gregorio ha scritto con il sangue del
suo cuore e perciò ancora oggi parla a noi.
Questo discorso Gregorio sviluppa anche nel Commento morale a Giobbe. Seguendo la tradizione
patristica, egli esamina il testo sacro nelle tre dimensioni del suo senso: la
dimensione letterale, la dimensione allegorica e quella morale, che sono dimensioni
dell’unico senso della Sacra Scrittura. Gregorio tuttavia attribuisce una netta
prevalenza al senso morale. In questa prospettiva, egli propone il suo pensiero
attraverso alcuni binomi significativi - sapere-fare, parlare-vivere,
conoscere-agire -, nei quali evoca i due aspetti della vita umana che
dovrebbero essere complementari, ma che spesso finiscono per essere antitetici.
L’ideale morale, egli commenta, consiste sempre nel realizzare un’armoniosa
integrazione tra parola e azione, pensiero e impegno, preghiera e dedizione ai
doveri del proprio stato: è questa la strada per realizzare quella sintesi
grazie a cui il divino discende nell’uomo e l’uomo si eleva fino alla
immedesimazione con Dio. Il grande Papa traccia così per l’autentico credente
un completo progetto di vita; per questo il Commento morale a Giobbe costituirà
nel corso del medioevo una specie di Summa della morale cristiana.
Di notevole rilievo e bellezza sono pure le Omelie sui Vangeli. La prima di
esse fu tenuta nella basilica di San Pietro durante il tempo di Avvento del 590
e dunque pochi mesi dopo l’elezione al Pontificato; l’ultima fu pronunciata
nella basilica di San Lorenzo nella seconda domenica dopo Pentecoste del 593.
Il Papa predicava al popolo nelle chiese dove si celebravano le “stazioni” -
particolari cerimonie di preghiera nei tempi forti dell’anno liturgico - o le
feste dei martiri titolari. Il principio ispiratore, che lega insieme i vari
interventi, si sintetizza nella parola “praedicator”: non solo il ministro di
Dio, ma anche ogni cristiano, ha il compito di farsi “predicatore” di quanto ha
sperimentato nel proprio intimo, sull’esempio di Cristo che s’è fatto uomo per
portare a tutti l’annuncio della salvezza. L’orizzonte di questo impegno è
quello escatologico: l’attesa del compimento in Cristo di tutte le cose è un
pensiero costante del grande Pontefice e finisce per diventare motivo
ispiratore di ogni suo pensiero e di ogni sua attività. Da qui scaturiscono i
suoi incessanti richiami alla vigilanza e all’impegno nelle buone opere.
Il testo forse più organico di Gregorio Magno è la Regola pastorale, scritta
nei primi anni di Pontificato. In essa Gregorio si propone di tratteggiare la
figura del Vescovo ideale, maestro e guida del suo gregge. A tal fine egli
illustra la gravità dell’ufficio di pastore della Chiesa e i doveri che esso
comporta: pertanto, quelli che a tale compito non sono stati chiamati non lo
ricerchino con superficialità, quelli invece che l’avessero assunto senza la
debita riflessione sentano nascere nell’animo una doverosa trepidazione.
Riprendendo un tema prediletto, egli afferma che il Vescovo è innanzitutto il
“predicatore” per eccellenza; come tale egli deve essere innanzitutto di
esempio agli altri, così che il suo comportamento possa costituire un punto di
riferimento per tutti. Un’efficace azione pastorale richiede poi che egli
conosca i destinatari e adatti i suoi interventi alla situazione di ognuno:
Gregorio si sofferma ad illustrare le varie categorie di fedeli con acute e
puntuali annotazioni, che possono giustificare la valutazione di chi ha visto
in quest’opera anche un trattato di psicologia. Da qui si capisce che egli
conosceva realmente il suo gregge e parlava di tutto con la gente del suo tempo
e della sua città.
Il grande Pontefice, tuttavia, insiste sul dovere che il Pastore ha di
riconoscere ogni giorno la propria miseria, in modo che l’orgoglio non renda
vano, dinanzi agli occhi del Giudice supremo, il bene compiuto. Per questo il
capitolo finale della Regola è dedicato all’umiltà: “Quando ci si compiace di
aver raggiunto molte virtù è bene riflettere sulle proprie insufficienze ed
umiliarsi: invece di considerare il bene compiuto, bisogna considerare quello
che si è trascurato di compiere”. Tutte queste preziose indicazioni dimostrano
l’altissimo concetto che san Gregorio ha della cura delle anime, da lui
definita “ars artium”, l’arte delle arti. La Regola
ebbe grande fortuna al punto che, cosa piuttosto rara, fu ben presto tradotta
in greco e in anglosassone.
Significativa
è pure l’altra opera, i Dialoghi, in cui all’amico e diacono Pietro, convinto
che i costumi fossero ormai così corrotti da non consentire il sorgere di santi
come nei tempi passati, Gregorio dimostra il contrario: la santità è sempre
possibile, anche in tempi difficili. Egli lo prova narrando la vita di persone
contemporanee o scomparse da poco, che ben potevano essere qualificate sante,
anche se non canonizzate. La narrazione è accompagnata da riflessioni
teologiche e mistiche che fanno del libro un testo agiografico singolare,
capace di affascinare intere generazioni di lettori. La materia è attinta alle
tradizioni vive del popolo ed ha lo scopo di edificare e formare, attirando
l’attenzione di chi legge su una serie di questioni quali il senso del
miracolo, l’interpretazione della Scrittura, l’immortalità dell’anima,
l’esistenza dell’inferno, la rappresentazione dell’aldilà, temi tutti che
abbisognavano di opportuni chiarimenti. Il libro II è interamente dedicato alla
figura di Benedetto da Norcia ed è l’unica testimonianza antica sulla vita del
santo monaco, la cui bellezza spirituale appare nel testo in tutta evidenza.
Nel disegno teologico che Gregorio sviluppa attraverso le sue opere, passato,
presente e futuro vengono relativizzati. Ciò che per lui conta più di tutto è
l’arco intero della storia salvifica, che continua a dipanarsi tra gli oscuri
meandri del tempo. In questa prospettiva è significativo che egli inserisca
l’annunzio della conversione degli Angli nel bel mezzo del Commento morale a
Giobbe: ai suoi occhi l’evento costituiva un avanzamento del Regno di Dio di
cui tratta la Scrittura; poteva quindi a buona ragione essere menzionato nel
commento ad un libro sacro. Secondo lui le guide delle comunità cristiane
devono impegnarsi a rileggere gli eventi alla luce della Parola di Dio: in
questo senso il grande Pontefice sente il dovere di orientare pastori e fedeli
nell’itinerario spirituale di una lectio divina illuminata e concreta,
collocata nel contesto della propria vita.
Prima di concludere è doveroso spendere una parola sulle relazioni che Papa
Gregorio coltivò con i Patriarchi di Antiochia, di Alessandria e della stessa
Costantinopoli. Si preoccupò sempre di riconoscerne e rispettarne i diritti,
guardandosi da ogni interferenza che ne limitasse la legittima autonomia. Se
tuttavia san Gregorio, nel contesto della sua situazione storica, si oppose al
titolo di “ecumenico” assunto da parte del Patriarca di Costantinopoli, non lo
fece per limitare o negare la sua legittima autorità, ma perché egli era preoccupato
dell’unità fraterna della Chiesa universale. Lo fece soprattutto per la sua
profonda convinzione che l’umiltà dovrebbe essere la virtù fondamentale di ogni
Vescovo, ancora più di un Patriarca. Gregorio era rimasto semplice monaco nel
suo cuore e perciò era decisamente contrario ai grandi titoli. Egli voleva
essere - è questa la sua espressione - servus servorum Dei. Questa parola da
lui coniata non era nella sua bocca una pia formula, ma la vera manifestazione
del suo modo di vivere e di agire. Egli era intimamente colpito dall’umiltà di
Dio, che in Cristo si è fatto nostro servo, ci ha lavato e ci lava i piedi
sporchi. Pertanto egli era convinto che soprattutto un Vescovo dovrebbe imitare
questa umiltà di Dio e così seguire Cristo. Il suo desiderio veramente era di
vivere da monaco in permanente colloquio con la Parola di Dio, ma per amore di
Dio seppe farsi servitore di tutti in un tempo pieno di tribolazioni e di
sofferenze; seppe farsi “servo dei servi”. Proprio perché fu questo, egli è
grande e mostra anche a noi la misura della vera grandezza.
Autore: Papa
Benedetto XVI (Udienza Generale 4.06.2008)
SOURCE :
http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/24350
BENEDETTO
XVI
UDIENZA GENERALE
Piazza San Pietro
Mercoledì, 28 maggio 2008
San Gregorio
Magno
Cari fratelli e
sorelle!
mercoledì
scorso ho parlato di un Padre della Chiesa poco conosciuto in Occidente, Romano
il Melode, oggi vorrei presentare la figura di uno dei più grandi Padri nella
storia della Chiesa, uno dei quattro dottori dell’Occidente, il Papa san
Gregorio, che fu Vescovo di Roma tra il 590 e il 604, e che meritò dalla
tradizione il titolo di Magnus/Grande. Gregorio fu veramente
un grande Papa e un grande Dottore della Chiesa! Nacque a Roma, intorno al 540,
da una ricca famiglia patrizia della gens Anicia, che si
distingueva non solo per la nobiltà del sangue, ma anche per l’attaccamento
alla fede cristiana e per i servizi resi alla Sede Apostolica. Da tale famiglia
erano usciti due Papi: Felice III (483-492), trisavolo di Gregorio, e Agapito
(535-536). La casa in cui Gregorio crebbe sorgeva sul Clivus Scauri, circondata
da solenni edifici che testimoniavano la grandezza della Roma antica e la forza
spirituale del cristianesimo. Ad ispirargli alti sentimenti cristiani vi erano
poi gli esempi dei genitori Gordiano e Silvia, ambedue venerati come santi, e
quelli delle due zie paterne, Emiliana e Tarsilia, vissute nella propria casa
quali vergini consacrate in un cammino condiviso di preghiera e di ascesi.
Gregorio entrò presto nella carriera
amministrativa, che aveva seguito anche il padre, e nel 572 ne raggiunse il
culmine, divenendo prefetto della città. Questa mansione, complicata dalla
tristezza dei tempi, gli consentì di applicarsi su vasto raggio ad ogni genere
di problemi amministrativi, traendone lumi per i futuri compiti. In
particolare, gli rimase un profondo senso dell’ordine e della disciplina:
divenuto Papa, suggerirà ai Vescovi di prendere a modello nella gestione degli
affari ecclesiastici la diligenza e il rispetto delle leggi propri dei
funzionari civili. Questa vita tuttavia non lo doveva soddisfare se, non molto
dopo, decise di lasciare ogni carica civile, per ritirarsi nella sua casa ed
iniziare la vita di monaco, trasformando la casa di famiglia nel monastero di
Sant’Andrea al Celio. Di questo periodo di vita monastica, vita di dialogo
permanente con il Signore nell’ascolto della sua parola, gli resterà una
perenne nostalgia che sempre di nuovo e sempre di più appare nelle sue omelie:
in mezzo agli assilli delle preoccupazioni pastorali, lo ricorderà più volte
nei suoi scritti come un tempo felice di raccoglimento in Dio, di dedizione
alla preghiera, di serena immersione nello studio. Poté così acquisire quella
profonda conoscenza della Sacra Scrittura e dei Padri della Chiesa di cui si
servì poi nelle sue opere.
Ma il ritiro claustrale di Gregorio non durò a
lungo. La preziosa esperienza maturata nell’amministrazione civile in un
periodo carico di gravi problemi, i rapporti avuti in questo ufficio con i
bizantini, l’universale stima che si era acquistata, indussero Papa Pelagio a
nominarlo diacono e ad inviarlo a Costantinopoli quale suo “apocrisario”, oggi
si direbbe “Nunzio Apostolico”, per favorire il superamento degli ultimi
strascichi della controversia monofisita e soprattutto per ottenere l’appoggio
dell’imperatore nello sforzo di contenere la pressione longobarda. La
permanenza a Costantinopoli, ove con un gruppo di monaci aveva ripreso la vita
monastica, fu importantissima per Gregorio, poiché gli diede modo di acquisire
diretta esperienza del mondo bizantino, come pure di accostare il problema dei
Longobardi, che avrebbe poi messo a dura prova la sua abilità e la sua energia
negli anni del Pontificato. Dopo alcuni anni fu richiamato a Roma dal Papa, che
lo nominò suo segretario. Erano anni difficili: le continue piogge, lo
straripare dei fiumi, la carestia affliggevano molte zone d’Italia e la stessa
Roma. Alla fine scoppiò anche la peste, che fece numerose vittime, tra le quali
anche il Papa Pelagio II. Il clero, il popolo e il senato furono unanimi nello
scegliere quale suo successore sulla Sede di Pietro proprio lui, Gregorio. Egli
cercò di resistere, tentando anche la fuga, ma non ci fu nulla da fare: alla
fine dovette cedere. Era l’anno 590.
Riconoscendo in quanto era avvenuto la volontà di
Dio, il nuovo Pontefice si mise subito con lena al lavoro. Fin dall’inizio
rivelò una visione singolarmente lucida della realtà con cui doveva misurarsi,
una straordinaria capacità di lavoro nell’affrontare gli affari tanto
ecclesiastici quanto civili, un costante equilibrio nelle decisioni, anche
coraggiose, che l’ufficio gli imponeva. Si conserva del suo governo un’ampia
documentazione grazie al Registro delle sue lettere (oltre
800), nelle quali si riflette il quotidiano confronto con i complessi
interrogativi che affluivano sul suo tavolo. Erano questioni che gli venivano
dai Vescovi, dagli Abati, dai clerici, e anche dalle autorità
civili di ogni ordine e grado. Tra i problemi che affliggevano in quel tempo
l’Italia e Roma ve n’era uno di particolare rilievo in ambito sia civile che
ecclesiale: la questione longobarda. Ad essa il Papa dedicò ogni energia
possibile in vista di una soluzione veramente pacificatrice. A differenza
dell’Imperatore bizantino che partiva dal presupposto che i Longobardi fossero
soltanto individui rozzi e predatori da sconfiggere o da sterminare, san
Gregorio vedeva questa gente con gli occhi del buon pastore, preoccupato di
annunciare loro la parola di salvezza, stabilendo con essi rapporti di fraternità
in vista di una futura pace fondata sul rispetto reciproco e sulla serena
convivenza tra italiani, imperiali e longobardi. Si preoccupò della conversione
dei giovani popoli e del nuovo assetto civile dell’Europa: i Visigoti della
Spagna, i Franchi, i Sassoni, gli immigrati in Britannia ed i Longobardi,
furono i destinatari privilegiati della sua missione evangelizzatrice. Abbiamo
celebrato ieri la memoria liturgica di sant’Agostino di Canterbury, il capo di
un gruppo di monaci incaricati da Gregorio di andare in Britannia per
evangelizzare l’Inghilterra.
Per ottenere una pace effettiva a Roma e in Italia,
il Papa si impegnò a fondo - era un vero pacificatore - , intraprendendo una
serrata trattativa col re longobardo Agilulfo. Tale negoziazione portò ad un
periodo di tregua che durò per circa tre anni (598 – 601), dopo i quali fu
possibile stipulare nel 603 un più stabile armistizio. Questo risultato
positivo fu ottenuto anche grazie ai paralleli contatti che, nel frattempo, il
Papa intratteneva con la regina Teodolinda, che era una principessa bavarese e,
a differenza dei capi degli altri popoli germanici, era cattolica,
profondamente cattolica. Si conserva una serie di lettere del Papa Gregorio a
questa regina, nelle quali egli rivela dimostrano la sua stima e la sua
amicizia per lei. Teodolinda riuscì man mano a guidare il re al cattolicesimo,
preparando così la via alla pace. Il Papa si preoccupò anche di inviarle le
reliquie per la basilica di S. Giovanni Battista da lei fatta erigere a Monza,
né mancò di farle giungere espressioni di augurio e preziosi doni per la
medesima cattedrale di Monza in occasione della nascita e del battesimo del
figlio Adaloaldo. La vicenda di questa regina costituisce una bella
testimonianza circa l’importanza delle donne nella storia della Chiesa. In
fondo, gli obiettivi sui quali Gregorio puntò costantemente furono tre:
contenere l’espansione dei Longobardi in Italia; sottrarre la regina Teodolinda
all’influsso degli scismatici e rafforzarne la fede cattolica; mediare tra
Longobardi e Bizantini in vista di un accordo che garantisse la pace nella
penisola e in pari tempo consentisse di svolgere un’azione evangelizzatrice tra
i Longobardi stessi. Duplice fu quindi il suo costante orientamento nella
complessa vicenda: promuovere intese sul piano diplomatico-politico, diffondere
l’annuncio della vera fede tra le popolazioni.
Accanto all’azione meramente spirituale e
pastorale, Papa Gregorio si rese attivo protagonista anche di una multiforme
attività sociale. Con le rendite del cospicuo patrimonio che la Sede romana
possedeva in Italia, specialmente in Sicilia, comprò e distribuì grano,
soccorse chi era nel bisogno, aiutò sacerdoti, monaci e monache che vivevano
nell’indigenza, pagò riscatti di cittadini caduti prigionieri dei Longobardi,
comperò armistizi e tregue. Inoltre svolse sia a Roma che in altre parti
d’Italia un’attenta opera di riordino amministrativo, impartendo precise
istruzioni affinché i beni della Chiesa, utili alla sua sussistenza e alla sua
opera evangelizzatrice nel mondo, fossero gestiti con assoluta rettitudine e
secondo le regole della giustizia e della misericordia. Esigeva che i coloni
fossero protetti dalle prevaricazioni dei concessionari delle terre di
proprietà della Chiesa e, in caso di frode, fossero prontamente risarciti,
affinché non fosse inquinato con profitti disonesti il volto della Sposa di
Cristo.
Questa intensa attività Gregorio la svolse
nonostante la malferma salute, che lo costringeva spesso a restare a letto per
lunghi giorni. I digiuni praticati durante gli anni della vita monastica gli
avevano procurato seri disturbi all’apparato digerente. Inoltre, la sua voce
era molto debole così che spesso era costretto ad affidare al diacono la
lettura delle sue omelie, affinché i fedeli presenti nelle basiliche romane
potessero sentirlo. Faceva comunque il possibile per celebrare nei giorni di
festa Missarum sollemnia, cioè la Messa solenne, e
allora incontrava personalmente il popolo di Dio, che gli era molto
affezionato, perché vedeva in lui il riferimento autorevole a cui attingere
sicurezza: non a caso gli venne ben presto attribuito il titolo di consul
Dei. Nonostante le condizioni difficilissime in cui si trovò ad
operare, riuscì a conquistarsi, grazie alla santità della vita e alla ricca umanità,
la fiducia dei fedeli, conseguendo per il suo tempo e per il futuro risultati
veramente grandiosi. Era un uomo immerso in Dio: il desiderio di Dio era sempre
vivo nel fondo della sua anima e proprio per questo egli era sempre molto
vicino al prossimo, ai bisogni della gente del suo tempo. In un tempo disastroso, anzi disperato, seppe
creare pace e dare speranza. Quest’uomo di Dio ci mostra dove sono le vere
sorgenti della pace, da dove viene la vera speranza e diventa così una guida
anche per noi oggi.
Saluti:
Je suis heureux de vous accueillir chers pèlerins
francophones, en particulier les jeunes du Canada et les prêtres de Bruges. En
cette fin du mois de mai, je vous confie à la Vierge Marie, Mère de l’Église et
notre Mère. Avec ma Bénédiction apostolique.
I offer a warm
greeting and prayerful good wishes to the participants in the Christian-Hindu
symposium being held these days in Castel Gandolfo. Upon all the
English-speaking pilgrims, especially those from England, Scotland, Sweden,
Australia, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Canada and the United States, I
cordially invoke God’s blessings of joy and peace.
Gerne heiße ich
alle deutschsprachigen Pilger in dieser Audienz willkommen. Nach dem Beispiel
des heiligen Gregor des Großen wollen auch wir all unsere Fähigkeiten
einsetzen, um die uns anvertrauten Aufgaben in Kirche und Welt zu erfüllen. Der
Herr schenke euch dazu die Kraft und den Beistand des Heiligen Geistes.
Saludo con afecto a los peregrinos de lengua
española, en particular, a los fieles procedentes de Alicante, Madrid, Sevilla
y Navarra, así como a los venidos de Honduras, Brasil y otros países
latinoamericanos. Que San Gregorio Magno os estimule con su ejemplo de santidad
en el camino de la vida. Muchas gracias.
Saúdo cordialmente a quantos me escutam de língua
portuguesa, desejando-lhes todo o bem no Senhor. Em particular saúdo o
numeroso grupo de peregrinos provindos de diversas partes do Brasil.
Faço votos de que a visita à cidade, onde foram martirizados os Apóstolos São
Pedro e São Paulo, reavive a fé em Cristo Jesus, que por amor nos redimiu e nos
chamou filhos de Deus, para que vivamos na justiça e na paz. A todos de coração
dou a minha Bênção, que faço extensiva aos vossos familiares e amigos.
Saluto in lingua slovacca:
S láskou vítam žiakov a pedagógov Základnej
školy Antona Bernoláka z Nových Zámkov.
Bratia a sestry, Kristus je cesta k Otcovi a v Eucharistii sa ponúka
každému z nás ako prameň božského života. Čerpajme vytrvalo z toho prameňa. S
týmto želaním žehnám vás i vašich drahých.
Pochválený buď Ježiš Kristus!
Traduzione italiana:
Un affettuoso benvenuto agli allievi e insegnanti
della Scuola elementare “Anton Bernolák” di Nové Zámky.
Fratelli e sorelle, Cristo è la via che conduce al Padre e nell’Eucaristia si
offre ad ognuno di noi come sorgente di vita divina. Attingiamone con perseveranza. Con questi voti benedico voi ed i vostri
cari.
Sia lodato Gesù Cristo!
Saluto in
lingua ucraina:
Вітаю делегацію українських військовослужбовців 50-го міжнародного військового паломництва, що відбулось у місті Люрд. Нехай Мир Божий єднає і сповняє ваше життя у християнському служінні своїй Батьківщині і миру у світі.
Traduzione italiana:
Saluto la delegazione dei militari ucraini del 50°
Pellegrinaggio Internazionale Militare, svoltosi nella città di Lourdes. Che la
pace di Dio vi unisca e riempia la vostra vita nel servizio cristiano alla
Patria e alla pace nel mondo.
Saluto in lingua ceca:
Srdečně vítám a zdravím poutníky z České
republiky, zejména z Hradce Králové, Hovězí, a vozíčkáře Petýrkova z
Prahy
Rád vám všem žehnám! Chvála Kristu!
Traduzione italiana:
Un cordiale benvenuto e saluti ai pellegrini
provenienti dalla Repubblica Ceca, in particolare da Hradec Králové, Hovězí e
portatori di handicap (Comunità Petýrkova), di Praga.
Volentieri vi benedico tutti. Sia lodato Gesù
Cristo!
Saluto in
lingua polacca:
Witam
pielgrzymów z Polski. Pozdrawiam szczególnie obecnych tu neoprezbiterów.
Wdzięczni Bogu za dar kapłaństwa wiernie głoście Ewangelię, sprawujcie
sakramenty i podejmujcie posługę uświęcania siebie i innych. Pojutrze, w
uroczystość Najświętszego Serca Pana Jezusa będziemy obchodzili dzień modlitw o
świętość kapłanów. Wszystkich zachęcam do gorącej modlitwy w tej intencji.
Niech wam Bóg błogosławi.
Traduzione
italiana:
Do il benvenuto
ai pellegrini provenienti dalla Polonia. Saluto in modo particolare i
neopresbiteri qui presenti. Grati a Dio per il dono del sacerdozio fedelmente
proclamate il Vangelo, amministrate i sacramenti e assumete il ministero di
santificazione di voi stessi e degli altri. Dopodomani, nella solennità del
Sacratissimo Cuore di Gesù celebreremo la giornata della preghiera per la
santità dei sacerdoti. Invito tutti all’ardente preghiera secondo questa
intenzione. Dio vi benedica.
Saluto in lingua croata:
Pozdravljam sve hrvatske hodočasnike, a posebno
vjernike župa Svetoga Antuna Padovanskoga te Blaženoga Alojzija Stepinca iz
Zagreba. Na izmaku ovog mjeseca posvećenoga nebeskoj Majci, želim vam da vas
uvijek prati njezin zagovor i pomoć. Hvaljen Isus i Marija!
Traduzione italiana: