dimanche 13 novembre 2016

Saint NICOLAS I, le Grand, Pape


Illustration extraite des The Lives and Times of the Popes (1842) 
du Chevalier Artaud de Montor (1772–1849)
New York: The Catholic Publication Society of America, 1911

Saint Nicolas Ier le Grand

Pape (105 ème) de 858 à 867 ( 867)

Pape d'une brillante personnalité, il sauvegarda la liberté de l'Eglise face à deux empereurs: Michel en Orient et Lothaire en Occident. Il connut bien des difficultés avec le patriarche de Constantinople, Photius. Il fut aussi un pape missionnaire. C'est lui qui envoie saint Anschaire de Corbie, monastère en Picardie, évangéliser la Scandinavie et d'autres saints moines convertir les païens bulgares.

À Rome, près de saint Pierre, en 867, saint Nicolas Ier, pape, qui montra une vigueur apostolique pour affermir l’autorité du pontife romain dans toute l’Église de Dieu.

Martyrologe romain



13 novembre

Saint Nicolas 1er, le Grand

Fils du régionnaire Théodore, un très important fonctionnaire de la ville, Nicolas naquit à Rome au début du IX° siècle. Nanti d'une solide culture, Nicolas, pieux, intelligent, vertueux et travailleur, entra dans les ordres et fit toute sa carrière dans la Curie, au patriarcharum du Latran. Sous-diacre de Serge II (844-847), diacre attaché à Léon IV (847-855), il fut un si proche conseiller de Benoît III (855-858) qu’il assura le gouvernement de l'Eglise lorsque l’infortuné pontife, à peine élu et non encore couronné, fut arrêté par les missi de l’empereur Louis II qui lui préférait Anastase (21 septembre 855). Le clergé romain, barricadé dans la basilique des Quatre-Saints-Couronnés, résista et les missi s’inclinèrent. Benoît III ne tint le Saint-Siège que deux ans et demi et mourut le 10 mars 858

Avec l’approbation de l’Empereur, présent à Rome, Nicolas, après à peine quinze jours de vacance du Siège, fut élu, quasi à l'unanimité, à la succession de Benoît III ; présenté par l'empereur Louis II, acclamé par le peuple, soutenu par le clergé vertueux, le pape Nicolas I° fut sacré à Saint-Pierre de Rome le 24 avril 858.

Après Grégoire le Grand (590-604) et avant Grégoire VII (1073-1085), Nicolas I° fut le premier grand pape médiéval, alliant la piété, l'autorité, l'activité, la charité et l'intelligence. Ayant su s'entourer de personnages efficaces et cultivés, il s'appuya fermement sur tout ce que l'Eglise connaissait de textes législatifs et administratifs. Il sut aussi s’attacher les ennemis de ses prédécesseurs et choisit des conseillers dans l’entourage de Louis II, au point qu’Anastase le Bibliothécaire que Benoît III avait fait abbé de Sainte-Marie-du-Trantévère, devint un des plus brillants rédacteurs de la chancellerie pontificale et le biographe de Nicolas I°. Profitant du mouvement de l'époque, il se mit au-dessus des empereurs en leur refusant d'intervenir dans les affaires de l'Eglise et se posa comme dernier recours pour toutes les affaires. Son autorité fut telle qu’il put s’imposer aux monarques carolingiens : Charles le Chauve recourut à lui lorsque son frère, Louis le Germanique, malgré la foi jurée, envahit la France (858), et, quatre ans plus tard, lorsque ses deux fils, Charles et Louis, se révoltèrent contre lui en Aquitaine ; quand le roi de Lotharingie, Lothaire II, avec l’appui de ses évêques, voulut divorcer, Nicolas fulmina l’excommunication et le roi eut beau l’assiéger au Vatican, le pape l’emporta. Nicolas le Grand affirmait sa primauté pontificale sur toutes les églises d’Occident dont il était le patriarche : il intervint pour défendre ou pour soumettre les archevêques métropolitains en Bretagne, en Touraine, en Champagne, à Ravenne, à Vienne ... Gêné par l'insubordination de quelques grands évêques, en particulier par Hincmar de Reims, alors le plus puissant évêque d'Occident, et par le patriarche Jean de Ravenne, le Pape les fait plier. Si quelqu’un brave les dogmes, les ordres, les interdictions, les sanctions ou les décrets promulgués sainement par le chef du siège apostolique, lit-on dans l’ultime canon du concile romain qu’il avait rassemblé en 863, qu’il s’agisse de la foi catholique, de la discipline ecclésiastique, de la réprimande des fidèles, du châtiment des scélérats, des interdictions concernant les maux imminents ou futurs, qu’il soit anathème.

Le peuple romain l’aima en raison de ses grandes charités, au point de professer qu’il n’y eut dans toute la ville un seul pauvre qui ne vécût des bienfaits du saint pontife. Il venait juste de monter sur le trône de Pierre, lorsque, le 30 octobre 860, le Tibre déborda, le Pape organisa les secours aux sinistrés qu’il accueillit dans l’hospice de Sainte-Marie. Durant tout son pontificat, il fut attentif aux aveugles et aux infirmes. Il entreprit efficacement la défense de la ville contre les Sarrasins et, à cet effet, construisit la place forte d’Ostie où il entretint une garnison considérable. Il condamnait toute guerre qui ne fût pas proprement défensive et proscrivit comme un crime la torture des voleurs et des brigands.

En Orient où Nicolas I° entendait aussi s’imposer, son règne entier fut empoisonné par le patriarche Photius de Constantinople. Au printemps 860, on apprit la démission et le remplacement du patriarche Ignace de Constantinople dont le pape était officiellement averti par la profession de foi orthodoxe envoyée par son successeur. Le fait était si surprenant que le Pape, profitant de ce que l’Empereur demandait qu’il lui envoyât deux représentants au concile qui devait régler une fois pour toutes l’affaire des images, députa deux légats (Radoald, évêque de Porto, et Zacharie, évêque d’Anagni) avec mission d’enquêter sur place à propos de la démission d’Ignace (septembre 860). Les deux légats furent achetés par l'empereur Michel qui, en fait, avait déposé le Patriarche et l’avait fait enfermer sur l’île de Thérébinthe (été 858) pour le remplacer par Photius, savant laïc à sa solde et président de la chancellerie impériale, qui, en six jours avait reçu tous les ordres et fut sacré à Noël par l’évêque Grégoire Asbestas, évêque de Syracuse, qu’Ignace avait anathémisé et déposé ; malgré ses promesses formelles, Photius avait réuni un synode pour déposer Ignace (859). Le synode réuni le 6 avril 861, avec l’accord des légats, déposa Ignace et reconnut Photius ; Nicolas I° désavouant ses légats fit savoir à l’Empereur et au prétendu patriarche, en rappelant la primauté romaine, qu’il considérait toujours Ignace comme patriarche de Constantinople. Ignace envoya au Pape un Libellus (fin 862) et le synode romain d’avril 863 déclara l’irrégularité de l’élection et de l’ordination de Photius qu’il priva de toute dignité ecclésiastique. Il s'ensuivit d’interminables négociations, ourlées de correspondances violentes, tandis que Rome était opposée à Constantinople à propos de la juridiction sur la Bulgarie dont le roi Boris venait de recevoir le baptême (864). Le Pape ne voulut céder sur rien mais proposa de faire entendre Ignace et Photius devant un synode romain (28 septembre 865). Cependant, à propos de la Bulgarie, le pseudo-patriarche Photius ameutait par une encyclique les églises d'Orient contre l'Eglise d'Occident et ses pratiques, fournissant ainsi tout ce qui fera désormais l’arsenal critique orthodoxe contre les catholiques romains : jeûne du samedi, permission des laitages dans la semaine qui précède le carême, célibat des prêtres, réitération de la confirmation conférée par de simples prêtres et surtout le Filioque.  Au mois d’août 867, il réunit à Constantinople un concile prétendument œcuménique qui, en septembre, excommunia et déposa Nicolas I°, lequel ne le sut jamais, puisqu’il mourut le 13 novembre 867, non sans avoir rallié contre Photius les théologiens latins. L'Empereur Michel avait été assassiné par Basile (24 septembre 867) qui força Photius à la démission, rappela Ignace (23 novembre 867) et renoua avec Rome alors sous le pontificat d’Hadrien II.

Nicolas I°, malade depuis plusieurs années, mourut à Rome, après neuf ans et sept mois de pontificat,  le 13 novembre 867 et fut enterré à Saint-Pierre du Vatican. Son principal collaborateur Anastase resta à la bibliothèque du Vatican d'où il ne manqua pas de conserver tout ce qui avait trait au Pape de sa jeunesse.

La ferveur populaire le plaça au nombre des saints mais il faut attendre la fin du Moyen-Age pour que l'Eglise le fasse officiellement en l'associant à la fête de Saint Nicolas (6 décembre). Il fut fêté à partir de 1850 au 5 novembre et, à partir de 1883, au 13 novembre.

SOURCE : http://missel.free.fr/Sanctoral/11/13.php

Nicolas Ier le Grand, pape

Nicolas, fils du régionnaire Théodore, un très important fonctionnaire de la ville, naît à Rome vers 800/820.

Nanti d'une solide culture, Nicolas, pieux, intelligent, vertueux et travailleur, entre dans les ordres et fait toute sa carrière dans la Curie, au patriarcharum du Latran.

Sous-diacre de Serge II (844-847), puis diacre attaché à Léon IV (847-855), il est un proche conseiller de Benoît III (855-858).

A la mort de Benoît III (17 avril 858), il est élu pape, avec l’approbation de l’empereur Louis II présent à Rome ; il est sacré le 24 avril 858.

Nicolas est un des hommes les plus remarquables de son temps ; il montre une grande fermeté dans tous les actes de son pontificat ; il s’attache à maintenir dans leur intégrité les principes du christianisme et se fait aimer à Rome par ses vertus, notamment par son inépuisable charité.

Il tient tête à Lothaire II qui le protège néanmoins ; il consacre la majeure partie de son pontificat à empêcher le divorce demandé par Lothaire II, roi de Lorraine, qui songe à se remarier (le roi cherche à obtenir son divorce d’avec la reine stérile Theutberge pour épouser sa concubine Waldrade dont il a un fils, Hugues), cassant les sentences des conciles nationaux favorables au roi et excommuniant les évêques qui apportent leur soutien à ce dernier.

Il envoie saint Anschaire de Corbie évangéliser la Scandinavie.

Il s’appuie sur les fausses décrétales pour soumettre les ecclésiastiques francs à Rome.

Il fait respecter le droit des évêques à faire appel au Vatican face à l’autorité de leurs supérieurs.

Il soutient Rothade, évêque de Soissons, contre Hincmar, archevêque de Reims.

Il interdit aux princes bretons de transformer Dol en archevêché, rappelle aux métropolites son autorité sur eux et affirme sa primauté sur l'archevêque de Ravenne.

Il ajoute à Sainte-Marie-in-Cosmedin, un oratoire en l'honneur de son saint patron : Nicolas.

Il meurt à Rome le 13 novembre 867.

Saint Nicolas Ier dit le Grand est fêté le 13 novembre. Son zèle et sa fermeté à défendre l’autorité du Saint-Siège lui ont valu une place dans le martyrologe romain ; selon sa propre expression "les canons ont voulu que de toutes les parties du monde on appelât à l’autorité du souverain pontife, dont il n’est point permis d’appeler". Il s'est dit le "représentant de Dieu sur terre".

Au XIe siècle, dans sa Chronique de l'année 868, Réginon de Prüm écrit à son sujet : « Depuis le bienheureux Grégoire, il n’y eut pas sur le trône de saint Pierre de pontife comparable à Nicolas Ier. Il a dompté des rois et des tyrans ; il a gouverné le monde en maître ; il était doux et plein de mansuétude envers les évêques et les prêtres qui avaient de la piété ; mais, envers ceux qui manquaient de vertu et de conscience, il était terrible ».

"Pape d'une brillante personnalité, il sauvegarda la liberté de l'Eglise face à deux empereurs : Michel en Orient et Lothaire en Occident. Il connut bien des difficultés avec le patriarche de Constantinople, Photius. Il fut aussi un pape missionnaire. C'est lui qui envoie saint Anschaire de Corbie, monastère en Picardie, évangéliser la Scandinavie et d'autres saints moines convertir les païens bulgares." 2


858. 24 avril, sacre du pape. Le pape demande à Ignace et à Photios de venir à Rome ; Photios refuse ; le pape annule l’élection de Photios au patriarcat de Constantinople où il est remplacé par Ignace. 11 mai, à Dunhuang en Chine, impression, par Wan Jie, du premier livre : une édition xylographique (procédé de gravure sur bois) du Sutra de diamant, le plus ancien livre-rouleau imprimé conservé. En août, Louis le Germanique, à l'appel des grands du royaume de Francie occidentale, rassemble ses forces à Worms, traverse la Lotharingie par le Col de Saverne et Bar-le-Duc et entre en Neustrie. 1er septembre, les leudes révoltés de Neustrie rejoignent Louis le Germanique à Ponthion et lui prêtent serment ; de là, ils se rendent à Sens, où archevêque Ganelon a pris le parti de Louis, puis entrent en Orléanais, peut-être pour faire leur jonction avec les Aquitains et les Bretons révoltés. 12 novembre, les armées de Charles le Chauve et de Louis le Germanique, depuis trois jours en présence à Brienne, sont prêtes à se livrer bataille, lorsque Charles abandonne ses soldats, dont il se méfie, et s'enfuit en Bourgogne auprès du comte Conrad d'Auxerre. 25 novembre, synode de Quierzy : les évêques de Francie occidentale envoient une lettre de reproche à Louis le Germanique. 7 décembre, Louis le Germanique est à Attigny où il signe un diplôme comme roi de Francie occidentale, après avoir déposé son frère Charles le Chauve : ce dernier n'est sauvé que par l'intervention du clergé dirigé par Hincmar de Reims ; Louis doit se retirer en janvier suivant. Hincmar de Reims tente vainement de christianiser les guildes (tailleurs de pierres, verriers, négociants), qui se réunissent en conjurations lors de la fête du dieu païen Yule (26 décembre) dans de gigantesques banquets.

859-862. Les Vikings, venus d’Espagne et du Portugal, ravagent la côte marocaine, gagnent la Toscane, détruisent Pise et remontent jusqu’au Rhône à Valence où ils sont arrêtés.

859. Girard de Vienne fonde le monastère de Vézelay. 11 mars, décapitation d'Euloge, évêque de Cordoue, arrêté parce qu’il prône la résistance contre l’arabisation de la société et a recueilli une jeune musulmane devenue chrétienne, Léocricia ou Lucrèce, laquelle sera exécutée le 15 (Martyrologe). 28 mai, synode de Metz convoqué par Hincmar en présence de Lothaire II et de Charles le Chauve : une délégation de neuf évêques est envoyé à Louis le Germanique pour qu'il reconnaisse ses torts dans l'invasion de la Neustrie en 858. En juillet, échec de l'entrevue d'Andernach entre Charles le Chauve et Louis le Germanique. En septembre, Charles le Chauve est sur la Loire. 13 octobre, Charles le Chauve est à Tusey, près de Toul. Hiver très rude, probablement le plus froid du IXe siècle.

Vers 860. Le Varègue Riourik fonde Novgorod. Fin de la rédaction du Martyrologe du moine Usuard.

860. 9 janvier et mi-Février, conciles d'Aix-la-Chapelle : Theutberge, épouse de Lothaire II, est accusé d'inceste et enfermée dans un couvent ; elle s'échappe et se réfugie auprès de son frère Hucbert ; début de la crise du divorce de Lothaire II (Lothaire II, n'ayant pas d'héritier de sa femme Theutberge, cherche à divorcer pour épouser sa maîtresse Waldrade qui lui a donné un fils) ; ce divorce provoque l'opposition de l'archevêque de Reims Hincmar et du pape. Poussée arabe contre l'empire byzantin en Anatolie appuyée par les pauliciens de Karbeas (fin en 863). En avril, les Vikings de la Somme, commandés par Weeland, acceptent 3 000 livres d'argent pour attaquer ceux de la Seine ; ils accordent un délai à Charles le Chauve puis passent en Angleterre avec des otages. Avril à mai, les Vikings de Hasteinn et Björn Côte de fer, après avoir hiverné en Camargue, vont à Arles et Nîmes, remontent le Rhône et sont refoulés à Romans par Girart de Roussillon, comte de Vienne pendant l'été ou au début de l'automne ; ils se rendent en Italie où ils pillent Pise et d'autres villes. 1er juin, une bande de Danois, qui ont débarqué sur l'Yser, attaquent les monastères de Saint-Omer et de Saint-Bertin le jour de Pentecôte désertés par les moines, puis ravagent le Ternois. 1er au 7 juin, Conférence de Coblence : paix entre Charles le Chauve, Lothaire II et Louis le Germanique. 18 juin, commandés par Askold et Dir, les Slaves de Kiev et les Varègues (200 bateaux) organisent une expédition maritime contre Constantinople ; en l'absence de l'empereur Michel III, la ville est facilement assiégée, mais une forte tempête éloigne les envahisseurs qui subissent une grave défaite sur terre ; les Byzantins attribuent cette circonstance fortuite à l'intercession de la Vierge et l'épisode sera commémoré sous le nom de fête du Pokrov (Voile). 30 octobre, crue du Tibre : Nicolas organise les secours aux sinistrés qu’il accueille dans l’hospice de Sainte-Marie.

861. En janvier, les Vikings dévastent Paris et l'abbaye de Saint-Germain-des-Prés ; ils pillent Melun. 25 mai, au concile de Constantinople, le patriarche de Constantinople Ignace est déposé et Photios confirmé. En juin, plaid de Compiègne : Charles le Chauve confie au duc Robert le Fort la mission de défendre la région entre Seine et Loire (Marche de Neustrie). 25 juin, ouverture du concile de Pîtres (Eure).

862. Riourik fonde le premier Etat russe. Baudoin, comte de Flandres, enlève et épouse la fille de Charles II le Chauve : le scandale remonte en vain jusqu’au pape.

Vers 863. Sur les conseils de Photios, l’empereur envoie Cyrille et Méthode chez les Khazars (tribu turque convertie au judaïsme) : ils évangélisent la Dalmatie, la Hongrie et la Bulgarie ; Cyrille traduit la Bible en slavon et invente l’alphabet glagolitique ; l’alphabet glagolitique ne ressemble à aucun alphabet connu ; l’alphabet dit cyrillique, plus proche du grec par la forme des lettres, ne tarde pas à supplanter le précédent et reste seul en usage.

863. 24 janvier, mort de Charles, roi de Provence et fils de Lothaire : son royaume est partagé entre ses frères Lothaire II et Louis II. Au concile de Rome, au début de l'année, quelques iconoclastes abjurent leur erreur, et disent anathème à leurs chefs, nommément à Théodore, surnommé Crithin ; un anathème solennel, contre les iconoclastes, contre leur faux concile et contre leurs chefs, est lu ; le patriarche de Constantinople, Photios, est excommunié et déposé ; le dernier canon stipule : "Si quelqu’un brave les dogmes, les ordres, les interdictions, les sanctions ou les décrets promulgués sainement par le chef du siège apostolique, qu’il s’agisse de la foi catholique, de la discipline ecclésiastique, de la réprimande des fidèles, du châtiment des scélérats, des interdictions concernant les maux imminents ou futurs, qu’il soit anathème" 1. Mi-juin, le concile de Metz accepte le divorce de Lothaire II ; le pape Nicolas Ier cassera les décisions prises à Metz dès le début de l'année suivante et excommuniera les évêques. 3 septembre, la campagne de l'émir de Mélitène jusqu'à Amisos est arrêtée par la victoire byzantine de Petronas à la bataille de Poson, sur le fleuve Halys, en Anatolie ; le chef des Pauliciens Karbeas est tué et remplacé par son neveu et gendre Chrysocheir (main d'or) ; Petronas remporte une seconde victoire sur l'émir d'Arminiya au col de Haloras (Olor). En octobre, les Vikings de Maurus, s'installent à l'embouchure de la Charente ; ils pillent Saintes, Angoulême, Poitiers (décembre), Ligugé et vont peut-être jusqu'à Limoges et Clermont (864) ; le 4 octobre, dans les environs de Saintes, Turpion, comte d'Angoulême voyant l'inaction de Landry, comte de Saintonge, défie le chef normand Maurus ; les deux adversaires se précipitent l'un sur l'autre avec leurs chevaux et se transpercent mutuellement avec leurs lances ; les Normands, vainqueurs mais intimidés par la mort de leur chef, regagnent leurs navires avec leur butin après avoir pillé Saintes.

864. Au début de l'année, baptême de Boris Ier, roi des Bulgares (en 870, il passera au rite grec). Photios tente de convertir les Russes. En février, l'empereur Louis II assiège Rome pour obliger Nicolas Ier à reconnaître le divorce de son frère Lothaire : le pape fuit, mais Louis tombe malade, ce qu'il prend pour un signe de Dieu, alors il se réconcilie avec le pape. 20 juin, concile de Pîtres en Normandie auquel souscrit Rotland l'archevêque d'Arles. 25 juin, l'Édit de Pîtres déclare Pépin le Jeune, roi d'Aquitaine, déchu de ses États et décide une refonte des monnaies et la fortification des ponts contre les Normands, en particulier le pont de Pîtres ; la diète de Pîtres impose au roi Salomon de Bretagne le paiement d'un tribut à Charles le Chauve. En août, entrevue de Tulln (Autriche) entre Louis le Germanique et le tsar bulgare Boris Ier ; les armées franques interviennent en Grande-Moravie conjointement avec les Bulgares ; assiégé au château de Devin, le prince Ratislav doit reconnaitre la suzeraineté franque et contraindre le clergé à renoncer à la liturgie en langue slave instituée par Cyrille et Méthode ; l'empereur Michel III mène des opérations navales et terrestres contre les Bulgares et contraint Boris Ier à se soumettre et à renoncer à son alliance avec Louis II le Germanique. 19 octobre, à Cordoue (Andalousie), Laura ou Laurence, veuve devenue moniale, est martyrisée avec d’autres chrétiennes qui refusent de se convertir à l’islam (Martyrologe).

865. 29 septembre, mort de Charles, roi d’Aquitaine, fils de Charles le Chauve.

866. Mort de Lothaire le Boiteux (abbé de Saint-Germain d'Auxerre et fils de Charles II le Chauve). Robert le Fort, arrière-grand-père d'Hugues Capet, meurt en combattant les Normands. Le pape interdit la torture. L’archevêque Hincmar de Reims affirme les droits des églises métropolitaines contre l’autorité papale. Concile de Soissons auquel souscrit Jean Ier l'évêque de Cambrai et d’Arras. 29 septembre, un accident de chasse cause la mort de Charles l'Enfant, fils de Charles le Chauve.

867. Concile de Troyes auquel souscrit Jean (Ier) l'évêque de Cambrai et d’Arras. Dans son Encyclique aux Patriarches orientaux, le patriarche de Constantinople, Photios, dénonce l’hérésie latine (le filioque). En août, un synode, réuni par Photios (déposé par Nicolas en 863), dépose le pape ; Nicolas meurt le 13 novembre sans rien connaître de cette initiative et du schisme qui s’ensuit entre les Eglises d’Orient et d’Occident. 24 septembre, l'empereur Michel est assassiné par Basile qui force Photius à la démission, rappelle Ignace (le 23 novembre) et renoue avec Rome alors sous le pontificat de Adrien II (toutefois l’empereur Basile Ier rappellera Photios en 877).

Notes

1 http://missel.free.fr/Sanctoral/11/13.php

2 http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/93/Saint-Nicolas-Ier-le-Grand.html

Sources


Nicholas I, Pope (RM)


Born in Rome between 819-822; died there in 867. Born into a distinguished Roman family, Nicholas served in the Curia under Pope Sergius II, became a deacon under Pope Leo IV, and was a trusted adviser to Pope Benedict III. Nicholas was elected bishop of Rome on April 22, 858, while still a deacon, and occupied the see with distinguished courage and energy for nine troubled years. Among the matters with which he had to deal was the long dispute about the patriarchal see of Constantinople, the turbulence of Archbishop John of Ravenna and the ambition of Hincmar of Rheims, in addition to the matrimonial troubles of several important persons. He insisted on the sanctity and indissolubility of marriage, despite the threat of the invasion of Rome, when he denounced the bigamous marriage of the emperor's nephew, King Lothair II of Lorraine. This precipitated a struggle during which Nicholas deposed two German archbishops and Lothair's army threatened Rome.


He also insisted on the freedom to marry when he forced King Charles the Bald of Burgundy to accept the marriage of his daughter Judith to Baldwin of Flanders without the king's consent and compelled the Frankish bishops to withdraw the excommunication they had imposed on her for marrying without her father's consent.

In 861 Nicholas compelled Archbishop Hincmar of Rheims to accept papal appellate jurisdiction in important cases when he obliged Hincmar to restore Bishop Rothad of Soissons, whom he had deposed.

Twice he excommunicated recalcitrant and powerful Archbishop John of Ravenna, who counted on imperial support, for infringing on the rights of the Holy See and for abuses of his office, and made him submit to papal authority.

Nicholas was also involved in controversy with Constantinople throughout his pontificate over the illegal deposition of Ignatius and the appointment of Photius as patriarch of Constantinople by Emperor Michael III. Nicholas excommunicated Michael in 863; the matter was not finally resolved until newly crowned Emperor Basil I expelled Photius, who had declared the pope deposed, on the day Nicholas died.

Faced by disorder or scandal, Nicholas could not rest until he had dealt with it; but he sometimes invoked the aid of persons considerably less moderate and reasonable than himself.

He encouraged missionary activities, sending Saint Anskar as papal missionary to Scandinavia and bringing about the conversion of Bulgaria with missionaries he sent there. A letter (Responsa Nicolai ad consulta Bulgarum) he sent to the newly baptized Khan Boris of the Bulgars has been characterized as 'a masterpiece of pastoral wisdom and one of the finest documents of the history of the papacy.' The letter summarizes Christian faith and discipline.

A champion of papal primacy and the ascendancy of the Church over emperors, kings, and other secular authorities in matters concerning the Church, he was responsible for restoring the papacy to the highest prestige.

Nicholas's generosity made him beloved by the people and his defense of justice and virtue earned the respect of his contemporaries generally. He was famous for the reforms he instituted among the clergy and laity, was a patron of the arts and learning, and was a man of the highest personal integrity. Saint Nicholas is one of the three popes to whom the epithet 'the Great' is given (Saint Leo I and Saint Gregory I being the other two) (Attwater, Benedictines, Delaney). 


SOURCE : http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/1113.shtml

Pope St. Nicholas I

Born at Rome, date unknown; died 13 November, 867.

One of the great popes of the Middle Ages, who exerted decisive influence upon the historical development of the papacy and its position among the Christian nations of Western Europe.

He was of a distinguished family, being the son of the Defensor Theodore, and received an excellent training. Already distinguished for his piety, benevolence, ability, knowledge, and eloquence, he entered, at an early age, the service of the Church, was made subdeacon by Pope Sergius II (844-47), and deacon by Leo IV (847-55). After Benedict's death (7 April, 858) the Emperor Louis II, who was in the neighbourhood of Rome, came into the city to exert his influence upon the election. On 24 April Nicholas was elected pope, and on the same day was consecrated and enthroned in St. Peter's in the presence of the emperor. Three days after, he gave a farewell banquet to the emperor, and afterward, accompanied by the Roman nobility, visited him in his camp before the city, on which occasion the emperor came to meet the pope and led his horse for some distance.

Christianity in Western Europe was then in a most melancholy condition. The empire of Charlemagne had fallen to pieces, Christian territory was threatened both from the north and the east, and Christendom seemed on the brink of anarchy. Christian morality was despised; many bishops were worldly and unworthy of their office. There was danger of a universal decline of the higher civilization. Pope Nicholas appeared as a conscientious representative of the Roman Primacy in the Church. He was filled with a high conception of his mission for the vindication of Christian morality, the defence of God's law against powerful bishops.

Archbishop John of Ravenna oppressed the inhabitants of the papal territory, treated his suffragan bishops with violence, made unjust demands upon them for money, and illegally imprisoned priests. He also forged documents to support his claims against the Roman See and maltreated the papal legates. As the warnings of the pope were without result, and the archbishop ignored a thrice-repeated summons to appear before the papal tribunal, he was excommunicated. Having first visited the Emperor Louis at Pavia, the archbishop repaired, with two imperial delegates, to Rome, where Nicholas cited him before the Roman synod assembled in the autumn of 860. Upon this John fled from Rome. Going in person to Ravenna, the pope then investigated and equitably regulated everything. Again appealing to the emperor, the archbishop was recommended by him to submit to the pope, which he did at the Roman Synod of November, 861. Later on, however, he entered into a pact with the excommunicated Archbishops of Trier and Cologne, was himself again excommunicated, and once more forced to make his submission to the pope.

Another conflict arose between Nicholas and Archbishop Hincmar of Reims: this concerned the prerogatives of the papacy. Bishop Rothad of Soissons had appealed to the pope against the decision of the Synod of Soissons, of 861, which had deposed him; Hincmar opposed the appeal to the pope, but eventually had to acknowledge the right of the papacy to take cognizance of important legal causes (causæ majores) and pass independent judgment upon them. A further dispute broke out between Hincmar and the pope as to the elevation of the cleric Wulfad to the archiepiscopal See of Bourges, but here, again, Hincmar finally submitted to the decrees of the Apostolic See, and the Frankish synods passed corresponding ordinances.

Nicholas showed the same zeal in other efforts to maintain ecclesiastical discipline, especially as to the marriage laws. Ingiltrud, wife of Count Boso, had left her husband for a paramour; Nicholas commanded the bishops in the dominions of Charles the Bold to excommunicate her unless she returned to her husband. As she paid no attention to the summons to appear before the Synod of Milan in 860, she was put under the ban. The pope was also involved in a desperate struggle with Lothair II of Lorraine over the inviolability of marriage. Lothair had abandoned his lawful wife Theutberga to marry Waldrada. At the Synod of Aachen, 28 April, 862, the bishops of Lorraine, unmindful of their duty, approved of this illicit union. At the Synod of Metz, June, 863, the papal legates, bribed by the king, assented to the Aachen decision, and condemned the absent Theutberga. Upon this the pope brought the matter before his own tribunal. The two archbishops, Günther of Cologne and Thietgaud of Trier, who had come to Rome as delegates, were summoned before the Lateran Synod of October, 863, when the pope condemned and deposed them as well as John of Ravenna and Hagano of Bergamo. The Emperor Louis II took up the cause of the deposed bishops, while King Lothair advanced upon Rome with an army and laid siege to the city, so that the pope was confined for two days in St. Peter's without food. Yet Nicholas did not waver in his determination; the emperor, after being reconciled with the pope, withdrew from Rome and commanded the Archbishops of Trier and Cologne to return to their homes. Nicholas never ceased from his efforts to bring about a reconciliation between Lothair and his lawful wife, but without effect. Another matrimonial case in which Nicholas interposed was that of Judith, daughter of Charles the Bold, who had married Baldwin, Count of Flanders, without her father's consent. Frankish bishops had excommunicated Judith, and Hincmar of Reims had taken sides against her, but Nicholas urged leniency, in order to protect freedom of marriage. In many other ecclesiastical matters, also, he issued letters and decisions, and he took active measures against bishops who were neglectful of their duties.
In the matter of the emperor and the patriarchs of Constantinople Nicholas showed himself the Divinely appointed ruler of the Church. In violation of ecclesiastical law, the Patriarch Ignatius was deposed in 857 and Photius illegally raised to the patriarchal see. In a letter addressed (8 May, 862) to the patriarchs of the East, Nicholas called upon them and all their bishops to refuse recognition to Photius, and at a Roman synod held in April, 863, he excommunicated Photius. He also encouraged the missionary activity of the Church. He sanctioned the union of the Sees of Bremen and Hamburg, and confirmed to St. Anschar, Archbishop of Bremen, and his successors the office of papal legate to the Danes, Swedes, and Slavs. Bulgaria having been converted by Greek missionaries, its ruler, Prince Boris, in August, 863, sent an embassy to the pope with one hundred and six questions on the teaching and discipline of the Church. Nicholas answered these inquiries exhaustively in the celebrated "Responsa Nicolai ad consulta Bulgarorum" (Mansi, "Coll. Conc.", XV, 401 sqq.). The letter shows how keen was his desire to foster the principles of an earnest Christian life in this newly-converted people. At the same time he sent an embassy to Prince Boris, charged to use their personal efforts to attain the pope's object. Nevertheless, Boris finally joined the Eastern Church.

At Rome, Nicholas rebuilt and endowed several churches, and constantly sought to encourage religious life. His own personal life was guided by a spirit of earnest Christian asceticism and profound piety. He was very highly esteemed by the citizens of Rome, as he was by his contemporaries generally (cf. Regino, "Chronicon", ad an. 868, in "Mon. Germ. Hist." Script.", I, 579), and after death was regarded as a saint. A much discussed question and one that is important in judging the position taken by this pope is, whether he made use of the forged pseudo-Isidorian papal decretals. After exhaustive investigation, Schrörs has decided that the pope was neither acquainted with the pseudo-Isidorian collection in its entire extent, nor did he make use of its individual parts; that he had perhaps a general knowledge of the false decretals, but did not base his view of the law upon them, and that he owed his knowledge of them solely to documents which came to him from the Frankish Empire [Schrörs, "Papst Nikolaus I. und Pseudo-Isidor" in "Historisches Jahrbuch", XXV (1904), 1 sqq.; Idem, "Die pseudoisidorische 'Exceptio spolii' bei Papst Nikolaus I" in "Historisches Jahrbuch", XXVI (1905), 275 sqq.].

Kirsch, Johann Peter. "Pope St. Nicholas I." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 13 Nov. 2016 <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11054a.htm>.

Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Chris Hidley.

Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. February 1, 1911. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York.


Pope Saint Nicholas I

Also known as
  • Nicholas the Great
Profile

Son of the Theodore, who held the title Defensor. An excellent student, known for his piety and eloquence. Ordained as a sub-deacon by Pope Sergius II, and then a deacon by Pope Leo IV. Elected pope after the disintegration of the empire of Charlemagne when Christianity was threatened by apathy and indifference, and churchmen were becoming worldly. Nicholas became a vigorous, politically active pope who strengthened the Holy See. He arbitrated temporal and religious disputes, often setting important precedents, such as upholding the right of a bishop to appeal to Rome against his archbishop. Worked to prevent the proposed divorce of Lothair of Lotharingia, who wished to re-marry. Even when Holy Roman Emperor Louis II occupied Rome, Nicholas refused to yield, and finally forced Lothair to reinstate his wife. Challenged the right of Photius to occupy the see of Constantinople, and tried to get Saint Ignatius of Constantinople re-instated. Worked with Boris I to introduce Roman ecclesiastical jurisdiction in Bulgaria, which had recently been converted by the Byzantines.

Born
Papal Ascension

Nicholas I

858-867

Saint Nicholas I, surnamed the Great, deserved the title by his virtues, comparable to those of Saint Gregory and Saint Leo. He was a Roman, and son of Theodore of the Conti family. He was made cardinal-deacon by Leo IV. Notwithstanding the resistance which he manifested, he was elected and consecrated pope on the 24th of April, 858, in presence of Louis II, who held the new pope's stirrup as he mounted his horse to go to take the possession. He was the first pope crowned with the papal tiara. The coronation took place at Saint John Lateran, but the custom had prevailed that the pope should be crowned at Saint Peter's, and that he should go to Saint John Lateran to take possession. A few days after those ceremonies, Louis II left Rome for a neighboring place called Tor di Quinto. The pope, accompanied by all the Roman nobles, paid a visit to the prince at that place. On the arrival of the pontiff, Louis dismounted from his own horse, took the pope's bridle, and conducted His Holiness to Tor di Quinto, where a magnificent banquet was prepared. The same honors were paid by Louis II to Nicholas when he returned to Rome.

The pope at this time commenced that series of great achievements by which his name and pontificate were made illustrious.

With admirable constancy he defended Ignatius, Patriarch of Constantinople, whom Bardanes, uncle of the Emperor Michael, and governing in his name, had deposed on a charge of high treason. Bardanes had named, in place of the deposed Ignatius, the eunuch Photius, a man of corrupt morals, whom Nicholas deemed it his duty to excommunicate in a council in the year 863.

In 866 Nicholas required of Lothaire that he should take back his wife, Queen Tielberge, and dismiss his concubine Waldrade. But subsequently Lothaire took back the concubine, abandoning and ill-treating his lawful wife. In one of the seven councils which he celebrated at Rome, Nicholas extinguished the reviving sect of the Theopaschites. He says himself in the seventh of his letters, published by Labbe, that they maintained that Jesus Christ, on the cross, suffered in his divinity.

The Bulgarians were converted in 861. Nicholas sent to them, in 866, his legates, among whom was distinguished Formosus, Bishop of Porto, who became pope in 891. For their instruction he gave them one hundred and six replies to as many questions asked by Michael, king of the Bulgarians.

On the subject of the divorce of Lothaire, Fleury notices a letter which Nicholas wrote to Adventius, Bishop of Mainz, in which the pope seems to authorize bishops to disobey princes whom they do not consider legitimate.

"You say that you are subject to the prince because the apostle says: 'Obey the king, as being set over you.' You are right; but be sure that these kings and princes are genuine. See whether they act uprightly, govern their subjects well, for what is he good for who is bad in himself? See whether they are princes justly; otherwise we must rather hold them as tyrants than kings, and resist, rather than by obeying them place ourselves under the necessity of favoring their vices. Be subject to the king as being above all by his virtues, not by his vices, and obey him for God's sake, as the apostle says, and not against God."

Fleury adds: "Pope Nicholas forgot that the king, or rather emperor, whom Saint Peter ordered Christians to obey, was Nero; and that he says immediately after, 'Slaves, obey your masters, not only those who are good, but the froward also.' Moreover, the pope makes bishops judges whether princes are legitimate or tyrants; and not only bishops but all their subjects, for the reason he cites in general." Fleury frequently censures Nicholas.

Nicholas governed the Church nine years, six months, and twenty days.

In various ordinations he created sixty-five bishops, seven priests, and four deacons. The eighth general council, assembled in Constantinople in 870, calls Nicholas the new Elias, the new Phineas (Phineas, son of Eleazar and grandson of Aaron, was the third high priest of the Jews), new Daniel, and new Martin. Anastasius, in the preface to that same council, calls Nicholas a "heavenly man" and an "earthly angel." He showed great munificence in the restoration of the churches of Rome. All authors agree that he was enthusiastically beloved by the poor, because he had said that there should not be one of them in Rome that had not shared in his bounty. Nicholas was also respected on account of the just severity with which he enforced ecclesiastical discipline. He died on the 13th of November, 867, and was interred before the doors of Saint Peter.

This biographical data is from "The Lives and Times of the Popes" by The Chevalier Artaud De Montor. Published by The Catholic Publication Society of New York in ten volumes in 1911. The pictures, included in the volumes, were reproduced from " Effigies Pontificum Romanorum Dominici Basae."
 

The Legacy of Pope St. Nicholas the Great

The titanic papacy of Pope St. John Paul II saw a renewed discussion of the few “Great” popes in history.  With the addition of the Polish pontiff to the list, many historians now number three “Great” popes.  They have forgotten a pope so grand, so profound, that in his lifetime he dealt with direct challenges to his papal authority, meeting each with mettle rivalling most of his papal peers.  He was Pope St. Nicholas the Great, a pope who in both thought and deed transformed the papacy of his day and the Church as a whole.

Pope St. Nicholas lived in the mid-800s, a time of great upheaval in the Church.  In the centuries between the death of the last “Great” pope, Pope St. Gregory I (d. 604), Christendom faced an onslaught at the hands of militant Muslims and faced the rising tide of Viking invaders.  In Constantinople, political intrigue shifted the Byzantine Empire’s throne between families.  In Europe, barbarian tribes accepted the Faith, though more often than not with problematic pagan practices intermixed.  In a word, it was a time of discord.  Times of discord are perfect stages for great men; it was the perfect time for a man like Pope Nicholas I.

A Pastoral Pope

In Nicholas we see a pope with a strong papalogy, or theology of the papacy.  His papalogy sounds typical today, but in Nicholas’s day, his view of the papacy stood out among the popes: all doctrinal questions or issues should be brought to the Holy See for clarification; all secular leaders should see in the pope their judge and guide; all bishops must be approved by the pope, for he is the prince of the Apostles.  As Nicholas himself said, “The Pope shall judge everyone and be judged by none.”  Such a strong view of the papacy manifested itself throughout Nicholas’ reign, leading to some of the most dramatic moments in Church History.

There was the intriguing incident with the Bulgarians, who had converted in large numbers but still needed strong catechesis.  Unsure of how to live as Christians (the Bulgarians were stuck in the middle of a dispute over whether they were Latin or Byzantine Christians), the Bulgarian king Boris wrote to Pope Nicholas with 115 questions, many of which come across as strange today (the Bulgarians, for example, wanted to know if men or women should wear pants, a question which Nicholas wasn’t sure how to answer).  Other popes in the Church’s history might address the major questions, or have one of their bishops answer them; Pope Nicholas took the time to answer every single question, even the most bizarre ones.  By addressing these questions, Nicholas not only brought the Bulgarians closer to Christ, but he also exemplified how a teacher of the Faith must educate and inspire, even in strange circumstances.

Defender of Marriage

Another dramatic moment was when Pope Nicholas defended the marriage of Lothair II (brother of Holy Roman Emperor Louis II) and Theutberga.  The marriage had been an arranged one, and the displeased Lothair rejected his young wife for his mistress Waldrada.  Seeking to divorce his queen, Lothair turned to the bishops in the Holy Roman Empire, and after a trial where Theutberga was forced to say she had incestuous relations prior to marriage, the bishops voted in favor of Lothair’s proposal.  He sent away his wife and wed his mistress.  Theutberga appealed to Nicholas, who sent legates to a synod in Metz in 863 (the year after Lothair’s second marriage).  The legates were bribed into accepting Lothair’s position, infuriating Nicholas.

The pope called the archbishops who had run the synod to Rome; there he deposed them and suspended their faculties as priests.  The archbishops returned home furious (they would later refer to Nicholas as “the lord Nicholas who is called pope, who pretends to be an apostle among the apostles and who poses as emperor of the world”) and Holy Roman Emperor Louis II sent an invading force to Rome to put the pope in his place.  Pilgrims and processions fled as the Frankish army tore through the city, vandalizing in the ensuing chaos.  Yet despite this threat on his life, Nicholas refused to recant his position and give in to the demands of Louis and Lothair.  “The Holy See does not change its mind,” Nicholas said; “Let these men carry their shame.”  His tenacity worked; Lothair took Theutberga back as his wife (though the whole affair repeated itself a few years later under the reign of Pope Hadrian II) and the invaders returned home.  In a time where clerics again debate the Church’s teaching on marriage, it is wise to reflect on what men like Nicholas did to defend the sanctity of marriage, even risking their very lives.

Firmness in Politics

The last moment we’ll examine is Nicholas’s struggle with Patriarch Photius of Constantinople.  Photius was one of the most well educated men of his age.  He seemed the perfect choice to become Patriarch of Constantinople.  Unfortunately, Photius was not yet a cleric when this idea came into the head of the Byzantine Emperor Michael “the Drunkard” (side note: we should really bring back “the” based nicknames).  Also, perhaps even more unfortunately, the see of Constantinople was already occupied by one Ignatius, who had been on Michael’s bad side ever since Ignatius reprimanded Michael’s uncle Bardas for his illicit relations with his daughter-in-law.  Michael exiled Ignatius and had Photius elevated in his place.  Ignatius wrote to Pope Nicholas, and Pope Nicholas sided with Ignatius (not surprising).  Despite behind-the-scenes intrigues in Constantinople (which included, among other things, bribing the papal legates sent to investigate the situation), Nicholas remained firm.  In 863, Nicholas held a synod in Rome which discussed the situation; from this synod’s discussion, Nicholas decided to depose Photius, excommunicate him, reinstate Ignatius, and depose the legates who had been bribed in Constantinople.

He sent letters informing Photius and Emperor Michael of his decision.  Emperor Michael threatened to invade Rome; Nicholas responded by writing a lengthy letter summarizing the authority the pope had in these affairs.  Photius responded in 867 by “excommunicating” Nicholas and all who supported him (since bishops can only excommunicate while in union with the Holy See, a bishop can’t really excommunicate the pope).  Despite all of this, Nicholas remained firm.

The sort of political intrigue that caused the schism led to its resolution.  Basil the Macedonian, Emperor Michael’s second-in-command, and murdered Michael in his sleep on September 24, 867.  Basil then became emperor, exiled Photius, and re-installed Ignatius as patriarch.  We don’t know if Nicholas heard of the exploits of Basil and the sudden, bloody resolution to the schism; he died on November 13.  Doubtless he wouldn’t have approved of the methods to resolve the schism, but he may have been pleased that the Church was once again united.

There are many other stories from Pope St. Nicholas I’s reign, and each of the above stories could be expanded into their own reflections.  Yet we see in these three stories the key aspects of a pope’s mission.  We see in the story of the Bulgarians Nicholas’s zeal for teaching the truths of the Faith.  We see in the stand-off with Lothair Nicholas’s strengths against the corruption of secular leaders.  We see in the Photian Schism Nicholas’s strengths as the Church’s shepherd.  Catholics throughout the world should learn more about this great hero of the Faith, this great pope.  He may be frequently forgotten, but his Greatness cannot be denied.  He deserves to be listed with his great saintly papal companions: Leo, Gregory, and John Paul II.


Matthew B. Rose received his BA (History and English) and MA (Systematic Theology) from Christendom College. He teaches Theology and History at Bishop Denis J. O'Connell High School in Arlington, VA. Matthew also runs Quidquid Est, Est!, a Catholic Q & A blog, and has contributed to various online publications. He lives with his wife and two sons in Falls Church, VA.