mardi 8 janvier 2013

Saint CLAUDE APOLLINAIRE d'HIÉRAPOLIS (l'Apologiste), évêque


Saint Apollinaire

Évêque d'Hiérapolis (+ v. 180)

Évêque en Phrygie, sous l'empereur Marc Aurèle, il brilla par sa doctrine et sa sainteté et sa lutte contre l'hérésie des Phrygiens.

"auteur ecclésiastique auquel Eusèbe de Césarée consacre une notice" ('D'Apollinaire beaucoup de livres ont été conservés chez beaucoup de gens; voici ceux qui sont venus jusqu'à nous : "Le Discours" à l'empereur dont il a été parlé; cinq livres "Aux Grecs, Sur la vérité I et II; Aux Juifs I et II"; puis ceux qu'il a composés plus tard contre l'hérésie des Phrygiens, qui enseigna ses nouveautés un peu plus tard, mais qui dès lors commençait en quelque sorte à sortir de terre : Montan et ses pseudo-prophétesses faisaient alors leurs débuts dans l'erreur.' Histoire écclésiastique, chap XXVII)

À Hiérapolis en Phrygie, après 175, saint Apollinaire, évêque, qui, sous l'empereur Marc Aurèle, brilla par sa doctrine et sa sainteté.

Martyrologe romain

SOURCE : https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/389/Saint-Apollinaire.html

8 janvier

Bouquet spirituel: Ma nourriture est de faire la volonté de Celui qui M'a envoyé et d'accomplir Son oeuvre. Jn 4,34

SAINT CLAUDE APOLLINAIRE

Évêque d'Hiéraple

(mort vers l'an 180)

Claude Apollinaire, évêque d'Hiéraple, en Phrygie, fut une des plus brillantes lumières de l'Église au second siècle. Il ne nous reste plus rien de ses écrits, ni aucune histoire de sa vie; mais l'éloge que les anciens auteurs font de lui ne permet pas de douter qu'il n'ait eu toutes les vertus qui caractérisent les saints évêques.

Les hérétiques trouvèrent toujours en lui un ennemi redoutable; il composa de savants traités où il réfutait sans réplique leurs systèmes impies, et, afin de leur ôter tout subterfuge, il montrait dans quelle secte de philosophes chacun d'eux avait puisé ses erreurs. Le saint pasteur, attristé des ravages que la persécution faisait parmi son troupeau, ne se contenta pas d'en gémir devant Dieu: il osa prendre ouvertement la défense des chrétiens, dont le paganisme avait juré d'anéantir la religion. Il fit l'apologie du christianisme et l'adressa à l'empereur Marc-Aurèle.

Dans cet ouvrage, il anéantissait tous les prétextes dont les idolâtres couvraient leur injuste acharnement contre les disciples de Jésus-Christ; il implorait ensuite la clémence du prince en faveur des chrétiens; il rappelait à l'empereur que, de son aveu même, c'était aux prières de la légion chrétienne appelée depuis Fulminante, qu'il avait dû une pluie abondante par laquelle son armée, mourante de soif, avait retrouvé force et courage pour vaincre des ennemis prêts à l'écraser. Il paraît que l'empereur Marc-Aurèle reçut favorablement cet ouvrage, aussi éloquent que solide, et qu'il arrêta pour le moment la fureur des ennemis de la religion chrétienne. Ce qui le ferait croire, c'est que saint Apollinaire ne fut point inquiété et qu'il gouverna son Église en paix jusqu'à sa mort.

Le mérite de ce courageux Pontife est d'avoir en même temps soutenu la foi de son troupeau et combattu sans relâche les ennemis du christianisme.

Abbé L. Jaud, Vie des Saints pour tous les jours de l'année, Tours, Mame, 1950.

SOURCE : https://livres-mystiques.com/partieTEXTES/Jaud_Saints/calendrier/Vies_des_Saints/01-08.htm

Saint Claude Apollinaire

Évêque d'Hiéraple

(† 180)

Claude Apollinaire, évêque de Hiérapolis en Phrygie, fut une des plus brillantes lumières de l’Église au second siècle. Il ne nous reste plus rien de ses écrits, ni aucune histoire de sa vie ; mais l’éloge que les anciens auteurs font de lui ne permet pas de douter qu’il n’ait eu toutes les vertus qui caractérisent les saints évêques.

Les hérétiques trouvèrent toujours en lui un ennemi redoutable ; il composa de savants traités où il réfutait sans réplique leurs systèmes impies, et, afin de leur ôter tout subterfuge, il montrait dans quelle secte de philosophes chacun d’eux avait puisé ses erreurs.

Le saint pasteur, attristé des ravages que la persécution faisait parmi son troupeau, ne se contenta pas d’en gémir devant Dieu : il osa prendre ouvertement la défense des Chrétiens, dont le paganisme avait juré d’anéantir la religion. Il fit l’apologie du Christianisme et l’adressa à l’empereur Marc-Aurèle, versl’an 177. Il anéantissait dans cet ouvrage tous les prétextes dont les idolâtres couvraient leur injuste acharnement contre les disciples de Jésus-Christ ; il implorait ensuite la clémence du prince en faveur des Chrétiens ; il rappelait à l’empereur que, de son aveu même, c’était aux prières de la légion chrétienne appelée depuis Fulminante qu’il avait dû une pluie abondante par laquelle son armée, mourante de soif, avait retrouvé force et courage pour vaincre des ennemis prêts à l’écraser.

Il paraît que l’empereur Marc-Aurèle reçut favorablement cet ouvrage, aussi éloquent que solide, et qu’il arrêta pour le moment la fureur des ennemis de la religion chrétienne. Ce qui le ferait croire, c’est que saint Apollinaire ne fut point inquiété dans l’exercice de son zèle et qu’il gouverna son Église en paix jusqu’au moment où il plut à Dieu de le retirer de ce monde, vers l’an 180, saint Éleuthère étant pape et Marc-Aurèle et Commode empereurs romains.

Le grand mérite de ce courageux pontife est d’avoir en même temps soutenu la Foi de son troupeau, combattu sans relâche les ennemis de la vérité chrétienne et affronté, pour la gloire de Dieu et le salut de l’Église, la puissance d’un prince persécuteur.

Voilà bien un successeur des Apôtres, comme eux ne craignant que Dieu, et pouvant dire avec eux : « La parole de Dieu doit être libre et ne se peut enchaîner ; il nous est impossible de nous taire. » À notre époque de lâcheté générale, où le respect humain fait tant de victimes, faisons œuvre de courage, montrons la liberté des enfants de Dieu. Combien de Chrétiens ont la faiblesse de rougir et de se taire, quand la religion est indignement attaquée en leur présence ! Combien se cachent pour accomplir leurs devoirs et n’osent manifester au grand jour les sentiments qui les animent ! Pour nous, ne craignons qu’une chose : le péché !

SOURCE : http://www.cassicia.com/FR/Vie-de-saint-Apollinaire-eveque-de-Hierapolis-Fete-le-8-janvier-No_1355.htm

Saint Apollinaris the Apologist

Also known as

Apollinaris Claudius

Apollinaris of Hierapolis

Claudius Apollinaris

Apollinare di Gerapoli

Memorial

8 January

Profile

Second century bishop of Heirapolis, Phrygia. Held in high regard by other early saints including Saint Jerome and the historian Theodoret. Noted for writing a defense of the faith to Emperor Marcus Aurelius that reminded the Emperor of a miraculous victory that resulted from the prayers of Christian soldiers, and of his promise of protection for Christians. Worked and wrote against all the major heresies of his time, refuting them by logically destroying the heresy‘s philosophical roots. A prolific writer, most of his work has been lost over the centuries.

Died

c.175

Canonized

Pre-Congregation

Additional Information

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Character Calendar, by Sister Mary Fidelis and Sister Mary Charitas, S.S.N.D

Catholic Encyclopedia, by T J Campbell

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Readings

We therefore grossly deceive ourselves in not allotting more time to the study of divine truths. It is not enough barely to believe them, and let our thoughts now and then glance upon them: that knowledge which shows us heaven, will not bring us to the possession of it, and will deserve punishments, not rewards, if it remain slight, weak, and superficial. By serious and frequent meditation it must be concocted, digested, and turned into the nourishment of our affections, before it can be powerful and operative enough to change them, and produce the necessary fruit in our lives. For this all the saints affected solitude and retreats from the noise and hurry of the world, as much as their circumstances allowed them. – Saint Apollinaris

MLA Citation

“Saint Apollinaris the Apologist“. CatholicSaints.Info. 25 May 2022. Web. 7 January 2025. <https://catholicsaints.info/saint-apollinaris-the-apologist/>

SOURCE : https://catholicsaints.info/saint-apollinaris-the-apologist/

St. Apollinaris

Feastday: January 8

St. Apollinaris was one of the most illustrious bishops of the second century. Eusebius, St. Jerome, Theodoret, and others speak of him in the highest terms, and they furnish us with the few facts that are known of him. He addressed an "Apology," that is, a defense, of the Christian religion to the emperor Marcus Aurelius, who, shortly before, had obtained a signal victory over the Quadi, a people inhabiting the country now called Moravia. One of his legions, the twelfth, was composed chiefly of Christians. When the army was perishing for want of water, the soldiers of this legion fell upon their knees and invoked the assistance of God. The result was sudden, for a copious rain fell, and, aided by the storm, they conquered the Germans. The emperor gave this legion the name "Thundering Legion" and mitigated his persecution.

It was to protect his flock against persecution that St. Apollinaris, who was bishop of Hierapolis in Phrygia, addressed his apology to the Emperor to implore his protection and to remind him of the favor he had received from God through the prayers of the Christians. The date of the death of St. Apollinaris is not known, but it probably occurred before that of Marcus Aurelius, about the year 175.

SOURCE : https://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=448

Book of Saints – Apollinaris – 8 January

Article

APOLLINARIS (Saint) Bishop (January 8) (2nd century) A Bishop of Hierapolis in Phrygia, and one of the great lights of the Early Church. He refuted the doctrines of Christian Stoicism promulgated by Tatian, and exposed the hypocrisy of the heretic Montanus. In the year 177 he delivered Ins famous Apology for the Christians to Marcus Aurelius, the philosophic Emperor. He died about A.D. 180. He is also called Claudius Apollinaris.

MLA Citation

Monks of Ramsgate. “Apollinaris”. Book of Saints1921. CatholicSaints.Info. 25 July 2012. Web. 7 January 2025. <http://catholicsaints.info/book-of-saints-apollinaris-8-january/>

SOURCE : https://catholicsaints.info/book-of-saints-apollinaris-8-january/

Catholic Encyclopedia – Saint Apollinaris Claudius

Article

A Christian apologist, Bishop of Hierapolis in Phrygia in the second century. He became famous for his polemical treatises against the heretics of his day, whose errors he showed to be entirely borrowed from the pagans. He wrote two books against the Jews, five against the pagans, and two on “Truth.” In 177 he published an eloquent “Apologia” for the Christians, addressed to Marcus Aurelius, and appealing to the Emperor’s own experience with the “Thundering Legion”, whose prayers won him the victory over the Quadi. The exact date of his death is not known, but it was probably while Marcus Aurelius was still Emperor. None of his writings is extant. His feast is kept 8 January.

MLA Citation

Thomas Campbell. “Saint Apollinaris Claudius”. Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume 1, 1907. CatholicSaints.Info. 16 October 2010. Web. 7 January 2025. <http://catholicsaints.info/catholic-encyclopedia-saint-apollinaris-claudius/>

SOURCE : https://catholicsaints.info/catholic-encyclopedia-saint-apollinaris-claudius/

Apollinaris of Hierapolis B (RM)

(also known as Apollinaris the Apologist)

Died c. 180. Claudius Apollinaris, bishop of Hierapolis in Phrygia, was an outstanding Christian teacher of the second century. He wrote defenses of the Catholic faith against many errors, including those of the Encratites and the Montanists. His most famous work, The Apology, was written to the Emperor Marcus Aurelius about 175. In it he described a miracle that had brought victory to the emperor in Germany when his army was surrounded by Quadi in Moravia and threatened with annihilation--a miracle ascribed by Apollinaris to the prayers of the 12th Legion, which was mainly Christian. Apollinaris's enumeration of the great benefit Christianity gave to Roman society, and request that the emperor not anger God by punishing such distinguished subjects, resulted in an imperial edict forbidding the denunciation of Christians for their religion. Unfortunately, none of his writing has survived (Benedictines, Delaney, Encyclopedia).

SOURCE : http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/0108.shtml#luci

St. Apollinaris

St. Apollinaris was one of the most illustrious bishops of the second century. Eusebius, St. Jerome, Theodoret, and others speak of him in the highest terms, and they furnish us with the few facts that are known of him. He addressed an “Apology,” that is, a defense, of the Christian religion to the emperor Marcus Aurelius, who, shortly before, had obtained a signal victory over the Quadi, a people inhabiting the country now called Moravia.

One of his legions, the twelfth, was composed chiefly of Christians. When the army was perishing for want of water, the soldiers of this legion fell upon their knees and invoked the assistance of God. The result was sudden, for a copious rain fell, and, aided by the storm, they conquered the Germans. The emperor gave this legion the name “Thundering Legion” and mitigated his persecution.

It was to protect his flock against persecution that St. Apollinaris, who was bishop of Hierapolis in Phrygia, addressed his apology to the Emperor to implore his protection and to remind him of the favor he had received from God through the prayers of the Christians. The date of the death of St. Apollinaris is not known, but it probably occurred before that of Marcus Aurelius, about the year 175.

SOURCE : http://www.ucatholic.com/saints/saint-apollinaris/

APOLLINARIS OF HIERAPOLIS, ST.

Bishop in Phrygia who received his see in the second half of the second century during the reign of Marcus Aurelius (161–180). In the early days of montanism Apollinaris the Apologist, also called Claudius Apollinaris, was an outstanding champion of orthodoxy whose writings served to counteract the heresy. Though none of his works is extant, he wrote much, including an apology of the Christian faith addressed to the Emperor Marcus Aurelius. Apollinaris wrote also five books: Against the Greeks, two On the Truth, and two Against the Jews. There is no serious reason to attribute to Apollinaris the Cohortatio ad Graecos, nor is he the author of the long anti-Montanist fragments cited by Eusebius (Hist. Eccl. 5.16–19). Since Apollinaris wrote against the early Montanists and these fragments were written 14 years after Maximilla's death, they could not have been written by Apollinaris.

Feast: Jan. 8.

Bibliography: P. de Labriolle, Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques, ed. A. Baudrillart et al. (Paris 1912) 3:959–960. J. Quasten, Patrology (Westminster, MD 1950) 1:228–229. H. Rahner, Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche, ed. J. Hofer and K. Rahner (Freiburg 1957–65) 1:713–714.

[E. Day]

New Catholic Encyclopedia

SOURCE : https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/apollinaris-hierapolis-st

St. Apollinaris Claudius

Christian apologistBishop of Hierapolis in Phrygia in the second century. He became famous for his polemical treatises against the heretics of his day, whose errors he showed to be entirely borrowed from the pagans. He wrote two books against the Jews, five against the pagans, and two on "Truth." In 177 he published an eloquent "Apologia" for the Christians, addressed to Marcus Aurelius, and appealing to the Emperor's own experience with the "Thundering Legion", whose prayers won him the victory over the Quadi. The exact date of his death is not known, but it was probably while Marcus Aurelius was still Emperor. None of his writings is extant. His feast is kept 8 January.

Sources

BUTLER, Lives of the Saints, 8 January; MICHAUD, Biog. univ.; VERSCHAFFEL, in Dict. de théol. cath.; SALMON in Dict. of Christ. Biogr.

SOURCE : http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01617b.htm

Claudius Apollinaris, Bishop of Hierapolis, and Apologist.

From an Unknown Book.

From the Book Concerning the Passover.

From the Same Book.

Claudius Apollinaris, Bishop of Hierapolis, and Apologist.

[a.d. 160-180.] This author, an early apologist, is chiefly interesting as a competent witness, who tells the story of the Thundering Legion in an artless manner, and gives it the simple character of an answer to prayer. This subject is treated by Lightfoot, in his recent work on the Apostolic Fathers, in an exhaustive manner; and the story, reduced to the simple narrative as Apollinaris gives it, receives from him a just and discriminating approval.

Apollinaris, as well as Rhodon, has been imagined the author of the work (ascribed to Asterius Urbanus) against Montanism, dedicated to Abiricius Marcellus. This is sufficiently refuted by Routh whose Greek text, with notes, must be consulted by the studious.

Apollinaris was bishop of Hierapolis on the Maeander, and, Lightfoot thinks, was probably with Melito and Polycrates, known to Polycarp, and influenced by his example and doctrine. He addressed his Apology, which is honourably mentioned by Jerome, to M. Antoninus, the emperor. He also wrote Adversus Gentes and De Veritate; also against the Jews. Serapion calls him "most blessed."

From an Unknown Book.

"This narration (says Eusebius, Hist., v. 5) is given" (it relates to that storm of rain which was sent to the army of the Emperor M. Antoninus, to allay the thirst of the soldiers, whilst the enemy was discomfited by thunderbolts hurled upon them) "even by those historians who are at a wide remove from the doctrines that prevail among us, and who have been simply concerned to describe what related to the emperors who are the subjects of their history; and it has been recorded also by our own writers. But historians without the pale of the Church, as being unfriendly to the faith, while they have recorded the prodigy, have refrained from acknowledging that it was sent in answer to our prayers. On the other hand, our writers, as lovers of truth, have reported the matter in a simple and artless way. To this number Apollinaris must be considered as belonging. `Thereupon, 'he says, `the legion which had by its prayer caused the prodigy received from the emperor a title suitable to the occurrence, and was called in the Roman language the Thunder-hurling Legion.'"

From the Book Concerning the Passover.

There are, then, some who through ignorance raise disputes about these things (though their conduct is pardonable: for ignorance is no subject for blame-it rather needs further instruction), and say that on the fourteenth day the Lord ate the lamb with the disciples, and that on the great day of the feast of unleavened bread He Himself suffered; and they quote Matthew as speaking in accordance with their view. Wherefore their opinion is contrary to the law, and the Gospels seem to be at variance with them.

From the Same Book.

The fourteenth day, the true Passover of the Lord; the great sacrifice, the Son of God instead of the lamb, who was bound, who bound the strong, and who was judged, though Judge of living and dead, and who was delivered into the hands of sinners to be crucified, who was lifted up on the horns of the unicorn, and who was pierced in His holy side, who poured forth from His side the two purifying elements, water and blood, word and spirit, and who was buried on the day of the passover, the stone being placed upon the tomb.

SOURCE : http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/apollinaris.html

St. Apollinaris, the Apologist, Bishop

From Eusebius, Theodoret, St. Jerom, &c. See Tillemont, Mem. T. 2. p. 492. and Hist. des Emp. T. 2. p. 369

A.D. 175.

CLAUDIUS APOLLINARIS, bishop of Hierapolis, in Phrygia, was one of the most illustrious prelates of the second age. Notwithstanding the great encomiums bestowed on him by Eusebius, St. Jerom, Theodoret, and others, we know but very little of his actions; and his writings which then were held in great esteem, seem now to be all lost. Photius, 1 who had read them, and who was a very good judge, commends them both for their style and matter. He wrote against the Encratites and other heretics, and pointed out, as St. Jerom testifies, 2 from what philosophical sect each heresy derived its errors. The last of these works was against the Montanists and their pretended prophets, who began to appear in Phrygia about the year 171. But nothing rendered his name so illustrious, as his noble apology for the Christian religion, which he addressed to the Emperor Marcus Aurelius, about the year 175, soon after the miraculous victory that prince had obtained over the Quadi by the prayers of the Christians, of which the saint made mention.

Marcus Aurelius having long attempted, without success, to subdue the Germans by his generals, resolved in the thirteenth year of his reign, and of Christ 171, to lead a powerful army against them. He was beyond the Danube, for Germany was extended much further eastward than it is at present, when the Quadi, a people inhabiting that tract now called Moravia, surrounded him in a very disadvantageous situation: so that there was no possibility that either he or his army could escape out of their hands, or subsist long where they were, for want of water. The twelfth legion, called the Melitine, from a town of that name in Armenia, where it had been quartered a long time, was chiefly composed of Christians. These when the army was drawn up, but languid and perishing with thirst, fell upon their knees, “as we are accustomed to do at prayer,” says Eusebius, and poured forth earnest supplications to God in this public extremity of their state and emperor, though hitherto he had been a persecutor of their religion. The strangeness of the sight surprised the enemies, who had more reason to be astonished at the event; for all on a sudden the sky was darkened with clouds, and a thick rain showered down with impetuosity just as the Barbarians had assailed the Roman camp. The Romans fought and drank at the same time, catching the rain as it fell, in their helmets, and often swallowing it mingled with blood. Though by this means exceedingly refreshed, the Germans were much too strong for them; but the storm being driven by a violent wind upon their faces, and accompanied with dreadful flashes of lightning and loud thunder, the Germans were deprived of their sight, beaten down to the ground, and terrified to such a degree, that they were entirely routed and put to flight. Both heathen and Christian writers give this account of the victory. The heathens ascribe it, some to the power of magic, others to their gods, as Dio Cassius; 3 but the Christians unanimously recount it as a miracle obtained by the prayers of this legion, as St. Apollinaris in his apology to this very emperor; who adds, that as an acknowledgment, the emperor immediately gave it the name of the Thundering Legion, and from him it is so called by Eusebius, 4 Tertullian, 5 Saint Jerom, 6 and St. Gregory of Nyssa. 7

The Quadi and Sarmatians brought back thirteen thousand prisoners whom they had taken, and begged for peace on whatever conditions it should please the emperor to grant it to them. Marcus Aurelius hereupon took the title of the seventh time emperor, contrary to custom, and without the consent of the senate, regarding it as given him by heaven. Out of gratitude to his Christian soldiers, he published an edict, in which he confessed himself indebted for his delivery to the shower obtained, PERHAPS, by the prayers of the Christians, 8 and more he could not say without danger of exasperating the pagans. In it he forbad, under pain of death, any one to accuse a Christian on account of his religion; yet by a strange inconsistency, especially in so wise a prince, being over-awed by the opposition of the senate, he had not the courage to abolish the laws already made and in force against Christians. Hence, even after this, in the same reign, many suffered martyrdom, though their accusers were also put to death; as in the case of St. Apollonius and the martyrs of Lyons. Trajan had in like manner forbid Christians to be accused, yet commanded them to be punished with death if accused, as may be seen declared by him in his famous letter to Pliny the Younger. The glaring injustice of which law Tertullian demonstrates by an unanswerable dilemma.

St. Apollinaris, who could not see his flock torn in pieces and be silent, penned his apology to the emperor, about the year 172, to remind him of the benefit he had received from God by the prayers of the Christians, and to implore his protection. We have no account of the time of this holy man’s death, which probably happened before that of Marcus Aurelius. The Roman Martyrology mentions him on the 8th of January.

We believe the same great truths, and divine mysteries, we profess the same faith which produced such wonderful fruits in the souls of the saints. Whence comes it that it has not the like effects on us? Although we acknowledge virtue to be the richest treasure of the soul of man, we take little pains about it; passionately seek the things of this world, are cast down and broken under every adversity, and curb and restrain our passions only by halves! The most glorious objects, God and heaven, and the amazing and dreadful truths, a judgment to come, hell and eternity, strike us so feebly, and operate so little on us! The reason is plain, because we meditate not sufficiently on these great truths. Our notions of them are dim and imperfect; our thoughts pass so slightly over them, that they scarce retain any print or traces of them. Otherwise it is impossible that things so great and terrible should excite in us no fear, or that things in their own nature infinitely amiable, should enkindle in us no desire. Slight and faint images of things move our minds very weakly, and affect them very coldly; especially in such matters as are not subject to our senses. We therefore grossly deceive ourselves in not allotting more time to the study of divine truths. It is not enough barely to believe them, and let our thoughts now and then glance upon them: that knowledge which shows us heaven, will not bring us to the possession of it, and will deserve punishments, not rewards, if it remain slight, weak, and superficial. By serious and frequent meditation it must be concocted, digested, and turned into the nourishment of our affections, before it can be powerful and operative enough to change them, and produce the necessary fruit in our lives. For this all the saints sought solitude and retreats from the noise and hurry of the world, as much as their circumstances allowed them.

Note 1. Cod. 14. [back]

Note 2. Ep. 83. ad Magn. [back]

Note 3. B. 71. [back]

Note 4. Hist. B. 5. c. 5. [back]

Note 5. Apol. c. 5. L. ad Scap. c. 4. [back]

Note 6. Chron. [back]

Note 7. Or. 2. de 40 mart. [back]

Note 8. Christianorum FORTE militum precationibus impetrato imbri. Tertull. Apolog. c. 5. Euseb. l. 5. c. 5. Some take the word forte here to signify, casually, accidentally, as hap was. Several learned Protestants have written in defence of this miracle: See Mr. Weston’s dissertation in 1748. The exceptions of Le Clerc, Hist. Eccl. p. 774, and of Moyle, in his essay, on the Thundering Legion, deserve no notice. The deliverance of the emperor is represented on the Columna Antoniniana, in Rome, by the figure of a Jupiter Pluvius, being that of an old man flying in the air, with his arms expanded, and a long beard which seems to waste away in rain. The soldiers are there represented as relieved by this sudden tempest, and in a posture, partly drinking of the rain water, and partly fighting against the enemy; who, on the contrary, are represented as stretched out on the ground with their horses, and upon them only the dreadful part of the storm descending. The original letter of Marcus Aurelius concerning this matter was extant when Tertullian and St. Jerom wrote. See Hier in Chron. Euseb. ad annum 176. Tert. Apol. c. 5. et lib. ad Scapul. The letter of Marcus Aurelius to the senate now extant is rejected as suppositious by Scaliger, (Animadv. in Eus. ad an. 189.) It is published in the new edition of the works of Marcus Aurelius, printed by Robert Fowlis in 1748, T. 1. p. 127. in Greek, T. 2. p. 126. in Latin, with notes, ib. p. 212. Mamachi, T. 1. p. 366. [back]

Rev. Alban Butler (1711–73). Volume I: January. The Lives of the Saints. 1866.

SOURCE : https://www.bartleby.com/lit-hub/lives-of-the-saints/volume-i-january/st-apollinaris-the-apologist-bishop/

Pictorial Lives of the Saints – Saint Apollinaris, The Apologist, Bishop

Claudius Apollinaris, Bishop of Hierapolis, in Phrygia, was one of the most illustrious prelates of the second age. Notwithstanding the great encomiums bestowed on him by Eusebius, Saint Jerome, Theodoret, and others, but little is known of his actions ; and his writings, which then were held in great esteem, seem now to be all lost. He wrote many able treatises against the heretics, and pointed out, as Saint Jerome testifies, from what philosophical sect each heresy derived its errors. Nothing rendered his name so illustrious, however, as his noble apology for the Christian religion which he addressed to the Emperor Marcus Aurelius, about the year 175, soon after the miraculous victory that prince had obtained over the Quadi by the prayers of the Christians. Saint Apollinaris reminded the emperor of the benefit he had received from God through the prayers of his Christian subjects, and implored protection for them against the persecution of the pagans. Marcus Aurelius published an edict in which he forbade any one, under pain of death, to accuse a Christian on account of his religion; but, by a strange inconsistency, he had not the courage to abolish the laws then in force against the Christians, and, as a consequence, many of them suffered martyrdom, though their accusers were also put to death. The date of Saint Apollinaris’ death is not known; the Roman Martyrology mentions him on the 8th of January.

Reflection – “Therefore I say unto you, all things whatsoever you ask when ye pray, believe that you shall receive: and they shall come unto you.”

SOURCE : https://catholicsaints.info/pictorial-lives-of-the-saints-saint-apollinaris-the-apologist-bishop/

Sant' Apollinare di Gerapoli Vescovo

Festa: 8 gennaio

Fu un uomo di grande dottrina e santità, che operò in Frigia, nell'odierna Turchia, nel II secolo d.C. Fu un fiero difensore della fede cristiana contro gli errori del suo tempo, e per questo fu perseguitato e infine martirizzato. Le sue opere, tra cui il trattato "Sulla natura del Figlio di Dio", sono ancora oggi fonte di ispirazione per i cristiani.

Martirologio Romano: A Gerapoli in Frigia, nell’odierna Turchia, sant’Apollinare, vescovo, che rifulse sotto l’imperatore Marco Aurelio per dottrina e santità.

Visse al tempo dell'imperatore Marco Aurelio (161-80) e fu senza dubbio uno dei presuli di maggior rilievo dell'Asia. Ciò si ricava dal numero e dalla risonanza delle sue opere, che, sebbene oggi perdute, conosciamo attraverso la testimonianza di altri. Eusebio (Hist. Ecci., IV, 27), che scriveva verso il 311, parla di una sua apologia a Marco Aurelio, di cinque libri ai Greci, di due ai Giudei, di due sulla Verità e di diversi altri contro l'eresia dei Frigi o montanismo; l'autore del Chronicon Paschale (PG, XCII, col. 80) accenna nel sec. VII ad uno scritto di lui sulla Pasqua, e Fozio (Bibl., 14) nel IX ad un trattato sulla Pietà. Qualcuno gli attribuisce la Cohortatio ad Graecos (PG, VI, coli. 241-312), ma con poco o nessun fondamento, né ha maggiore probabilità di appartenergli un frammento sullo scisma dei montanisti, citato da Eusebio (op. cit., V, 16-19). Sappiamo che il vescovo di Antiochia Serapione diffondeva tra i suoi fedeli le opere di Apollinare come la più forte requisitoria contro gli errori dei suoi tempi. Non si trova iscritto nei sinassari greci, né nel Martirologio Geronimiano, né negli altri martirologi antichi. Fu introdotto nel Martirologio Romano dal Baronio, il quale assegnò senza ragione la sua festa all'8 gennaio. Altri preferiscono celebrare la ricorrenza il 7 febbraio. Mancano le prove della venerazione prestatagli dagli antichi.

Autore: Pietro Burchi

SOURCE : https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/36610

CLAUDIO Apollinare

di Maria Fermi

Enciclopedia Italiana (1931)

CLAUDIO Apollinare (Κλαύδιος 'Απολλινάριος)

vescovo di Gerapoli (Frigia), contemporaneo di Marco Aurelio (161-180), scrisse moltissimo, a detta di Eusebio, ma non ne abbiamo che scarsi frammenti. Da Eusebio (Hist. eccl., IV, 36, 1; IV, 27) sappiamo che indirizzò a Marco Aurelio verso il 172 un'opera Intorno alla fede, identificata generalmente, contro l'opinione del Harnack (in Texte u. Untersuchungen, I, 1-2, Lipsia 1882, pp. 232-239), con quella ricordata da Fozio (Bibl., cod. 14) come Intorno alla pietà (Περί εὐσεβείας). Di cinque libri Contro i Greci c'informano ancora Eusebio e Niceforo Callisto. Vengono inoltre ricordati due libri Della verità e uno scritto in forma di pastorale Contro i Montanisti, unito dal vescovo Serapione a una sua lettera contro la medesima setta, e contenente anche numerosi atti di vescovi di varî paesi contro l'eresia frigia. Questa pastorale fu scritta dopo l'apologia a Marco Aurelio e prima del 175. Dal Chronicon Paschale (ed. Dindorf, p. 13 segg.) è ricordato uno scritto Sulla Pasqua.

Frammenti, in R. Otto, Corpus apolog. christ. saec II, Jena 1872, IX, pp. 479-495; De Routh, Reliquiae sacrae, Oxford 1846, I, pp. 155-174.

Bibl.: O. Bardenhewer, Gesch. der altkirchl. Lit., I, Friburgo in B. 1902, pp. 264-67.

© Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana fondata da Giovanni Treccani - Riproduzione riservata

SOURCE : https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/claudio-apollinare_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/

Den hellige Apollinaris Apologeten (d. ~179)

Minnedag:

8. januar

Keiser Markus Aurelius (161-80) skal ha utstedt et edikt som favoriserte kristne (under omstendigheter som beskrives av Apollinaris). Men i virkeligheten var keiseren fast bestemt på ikke å la statens religion ble undergravd av fanatiske sekter, inkludert kristendommen, som han betraktet som å kaste bort sine liv for en illusjon. Situasjonen for kristne ble forverret i hans regjeringstid, noe skriftene til en rekke apologeter demonstrerer, blant dem Apollinaris.

Den klareste indikasjonen på bølgen av lokale forfølgelser kommer fra et felles brev fra de kristne kommunitetene i Lyon og Vienne i Gallia, som den berømte kirkehistorikeren Eusebius av Caesarea (ca 260-340) tok med praktisk talt i sin helhet i sin Kirkehistorie (Historia ecclesiastica). Kristne der som andre steder ble anklaget (ofte av deres hedenske slaver) for umoral og ateisme. Straffen for sistnevnte forbrytelse var noen ganger døden, noen ganger tvangsarbeid. Apostasi (frafall) sikret benådning, men den offentlige mening heller enn den til individuelle keisere vendte seg mot de kristne, kanskje fordi de var i ferd med å bli mer prominente i det offentlige og det intellektuelle liv. Det ble produsert en flom av spottende anti-kristne taler, pamfletter og bøker, som spente fra den bitende satiren til Lucian av Samostrata til de filosofiske argumentene til Celsus.

De kristne intellektuelle satte i gang et motangrep i form av de apologetiske verkene som karakteriserte andre halvdel av 100-tallet. Den fremste apologeten var den hellige greske filosofen Justin Martyr, som ble kalt «filosofen» og ble martyrdrept i 165. Han rettet rundt 150 en apologi til keiser Antoninus Pius (138-61) og hans sønn Markus Aurelius. Han ble fulgt av Tatian, Athenagoras, den hellige Meliton av Sardis og Apollinaris.

I sine skrifter angrep Apollinaris ulike kjettere, spesielt enkratittene (ekstreme asketer) og montanistene, som også ble kalt katafrygere, ettersom deres opphavsmann Montanus kom fra Frygia. Gjennom ord og handling, lære og skrift avslørte han hyklerne som under skinn av gudfryktighet henga seg til de mest skjendige laster. Han arrangerte rundt 170 eller 171 en synode i Hierapolis hvor Montanus ble utestengt fra kirkefellesskapet.

Apollinaris skrev to bøker mot jødene, fem mot hedningene og to om «Sannheten». Bare fragmenter av hans skrifter er bevart, men de er kjent gjennom omtale, prist av Eusebius (Historia ecclesiastica, IV, 27), den hellige Hieronymus (ca 342-420), Theodoret og andre. Theodoret av Kyrros er en av kirkehistorikerne som fortsatte kirkehistorikeren Eusebius av Caesareas arbeid og dekker årene fra 323 til 428. Forfatteren av Chronicon Paschale på 600-tallet nevner et skrift av Apollinaris om påskefeiringen, og Fozio på 800-tallet nevner en avhandling om barmhjertighet. Noen tilskriver ham Cohortatio ad Graecos, men med lite eller intet grunnlag. Vi vet at biskop Serapion av Antiokia spredte Apollinaris’ verker blant sine troende som de beste våpnene mot datidens feiltakelser.

Apollinaris’ apologia til Markus Aurelius ble skrevet i 177, etter at keiseren i 174 hadde vunnet en seier i Germania da han var omringet av folkestammen kvaderne i Morava og truet av utslettelse. I sitt verk tilskriver han seieren i vesentlig grad tolvte legion, som hovedsakelig besto av kristne. Seieren ble forårsaket både av deres bønner og av deres militære dyktighet, gjennom et mirakuløst regn som først slukket deres tørst og deretter utviklet seg til et tordenvær som blindet og skremte fienden. Apollinaris minnet keiseren om dette og sa at det fikk ham til å gi tolvte legion tittelen «Tordenlegionen». Han tilskriver også keiseren et edikt hvor han erklærer at seieren ble vunnet takket være «regnskyllet som kanskje ble fremkalt gjennom de kristnes bønner».

I virkeligheten ble tittelen Tordenlegionen gitt på keiser Augustus’ tid, og Apollinaris er den eneste kilden for beskrivelsen av seieren, som neppe er den eneste gangen i historien at et naturens lune har blitt hyllet som mirakuløst.

Apollinaris’ skrifter viser at han må ha vært en av de mest fremstående biskopene i Asia på sin tid. Den eksakte datoen for Apollinaris’ død og omstendighetene rundt den er ikke kjent, men han døde trolig i 179, i alle fall før Markus Aurelius i 180.

Det finnes ingen bevis på en tidlig kult, men hans navn ble satt inn i Martyrologium Romanum på slutten av 1500-tallet da det ble revidert av den ærverdige kardinal Cesare Baronius (1538-1607), lærd oratorianer og kirkehistoriker. Hans minnedag i Martyrologium Romanum er 8. januar. Migne tilføyer at han hos grekerne ble feiret den 7. februar, men bollandistene hevder at hans navn ikke forekommer i de greske menologiene. De har ham imidlertid selv den 7. februar, med den begrunnelse at de fleste eldre martyrologiene har ham på denne dagen. I Florarium Sanctorum oppføres den 1. juni begravelsen til den hellige bekjenneren og læreren Apollinaris i Antiochia. Da denne Antiokia i Lilleasia ligger ved grensen til Frygia, er det nærliggende å anta at Apollinaris døde og ble gravlagt i denne byen.

Kilder: Attwater/Cumming, Butler (I), Benedictines, Delaney, Bunson, KIR, CE, CSO, Patron Saints SQPN, Heiligenlexikon, santiebeati.it, en.wikipedia.org, zeno.org - Kompilasjon og oversettelse: p. Per Einar Odden

Opprettet: 26. juli 2006

Linken er kopiert til utklippstavlen!

SOURCE : https://www.katolsk.no/biografier/historisk/apapolog

Apollinaris Claudius

Gedenktag katholisch: 8. Januar

Name bedeutet: A: dem Lichtgott (Apollon) geweiht (griech. - latein.)

C: Der Hinkende / aus dem (altröm.) Geschlecht der Claudier (latein.)

Bischof von Hierapolis

† um 179

Apollinaris wurde um 161 Bischof von Hierapolis - heute Ruinen bei Pamukkale. Er tat sich hervor als Verfasser apologetischer Schriften gegen die griechische Philosophie, gegen die Juden und gegen den Montanismus. 177 publizierte er eine Apologie des Christentums, adressiert an Kaiser Marc Aurel. Seine Werke sind verloren, aber durch Eusebius bekannt. Erhalten sind Fragmente eines Werkes über Ostern.

 Die Fragmente des Apollinaris gibt es online zu lesen in den Documenta Catholica Omnia.

Das antike Hierapolis

Catholic Encyclopedia

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Autor: Joachim Schäfer - zuletzt aktualisiert am 25.08.2023

Quellen:

• https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01617b.htm - abgerufen am 19.07.2023

• Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz. In: Friedrich-Wilhelm Bautz (Hg.): Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon, Bd. I, Hamm 1990

• Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche, begr. von Michael Buchberger. Hrsg. von Walter Kasper, 3., völlig neu bearb. Aufl., Bd. 1. Herder, Freiburg im Breisgau 1993

korrekt zitieren: Joachim Schäfer: Artikel Apollinaris Claudius, aus dem Ökumenischen Heiligenlexikon - https://www.heiligenlexikon.de/BiographienA/Apollinaris_Claudius.html, abgerufen am 7. 1. 2025

Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet das Ökumenische Heiligenlexikon in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über https://d-nb.info/1175439177 und https://d-nb.info/969828497 abrufbar.

SOURCE : https://www.heiligenlexikon.de/BiographienA/Apollinaris_Claudius.html