vendredi 8 novembre 2013

Bienheureux JEAN DUNS SCOT, prêtre franciscain


Bienheureux Jean Duns Scot

Frère mineur, théologien ( 1308)

John Duns Scot (ou Scott), franciscain, né en Écosse d'où son surnom 'Scot', (appelé aussi John Duns Scotus) est avec saint Thomas d'Aquin, dominicain, et saint Bonaventure, franciscain, l'un des trois plus grands scolastiques du Moyen Age, même s'il s'oppose à eux. Il enseigna dans les plus grandes universités de l'époque: Cambridge, Oxford, Paris et Cologne, où il meurt à l'âge de quarante-deux ans, laissant une œuvre considérable. Alors que les doctes de l'époque refusaient la doctrine de l'Immaculée Conception de la sainte Mère de Dieu, il la fit accepter dans les écoles.

Il a été béatifié le 20 mars 1993 par Jean-Paul II.

Le 7 juillet 2010 - Benoît XVI, Cité du Vatican: Jean Duns Scott, né en Écosse en 1266. Franciscain, il devint prêtre en 1291. "Sa brillante intelligence le fit surnommer Docteur subtil". Il enseigna la théologie à Oxford, Cambridge et Paris, qu'il quitta après l'affront fait par Philippe le Bel à Boniface VIII. Il rentra en France en 1305 puis, toujours comme enseignant, il gagna Cologne où il mourut trois ans plus tard. Sa réputation de sainteté fit que son culte se développa au sein de son ordre, et Jean-Paul II le proclama bienheureux en 1993, en le décrivant comme un "chantre du Verbe incarné et défenseur de l'Immaculée Conception, résumant ainsi l'apport notable de Duns Scott à l'histoire théologique". Puis le Saint-Père a expliqué que ce théologien, conscient de ce que le Christ nous a rachetés du péché originel, rappela que "l'Incarnation est la plus haute et la plus belle œuvre de l'histoire du salut, n'étant conditionnée par aucun autre acte. Disciple de François, il aimait admirer et prêcher le mystère de la Passion, expression salvifique de l'immense amour divin...qui se révèle aussi dans l'Eucharistie que Duns Scott vénérait tant... Sa vision théologique christocentrique ouvre à la contemplation et à la gratitude, car le Christ est le cœur de l'histoire et du cosmos, qui donne sens, dignité et valeur à la vie humaine". Évoquant ensuite le volet marial des travaux du saint écossais, Benoît XVI a rappelé qu'il défendit que Marie "fut épargnée par le péché dès sa conception" et mit en avant "l'argument de la rédemption préventive. Selon cet argument, l'immaculée conception est le chef d’œuvre de la rédemption opérée par le Christ. La puissance de son amour et de sa médiation a obtenu que la Mère soit préservée du péché originel. Cette doctrine, diffusée avec enthousiasme par les Franciscains, fut perfectionnée et défendue, parfois solennellement, par d'autres théologiens".

Le Pape a alors souligné combien Duns Scott avait travaillé sur le rapport entre liberté, volonté et intelligence. "L'idée d'une liberté innée et absolue, résidant dans la volonté avant l'intelligence, en Dieu comme dans l'homme, conduirait à celle d'un Dieu non lié à la vérité et au bien... Originelle, la liberté aide à bâtir la civilisation lorsque l'homme se réconcilie avec la vérité. Détachée de la vérité, la liberté devient un principe tragique de destruction de l'harmonie intérieure de l'être, et la source des pires prévarications et souffrances". La liberté "grandit et se renforce, selon Duns Scott, lorsque l'homme s'ouvre à Dieu...lorsqu'on se met à l'écoute de la Révélation, de la Parole. Alors se manifeste le message qui remplit de lumière et d'espérance la vie et nous libère vraiment. Le bienheureux Jean Duns Scott -a conclu Benoît XVI- enseigne que l'essentiel dans la vie est de croire que Dieu nous est proche et qu'il nous aime en Jésus-Christ. Il faut donc cultiver un amour profond du Seigneur et de l'Église, et en témoigner ici bas". (source: VIS 20100707 560)

A lire aussi: "Alors que saint Thomas restait mesuré dans l'étude de la sanctification de Marie, Duns Scott appliquait la notion générale de la grâce opérante prévenante pour conclure que Marie était sans péché depuis le premier instant de sa conception." Commentaire du document 'Marie : Grâce et Espérance dans le Christ' de la Commission internationale anglicane-catholique romaine - 2005 - Jared Wicks, s.j. (John Carroll University, Cleveland/Ohio, USA)

Né en Écosse, il enseigna la philosophie et la théologie à Cantorbéry, Oxford et enfin Cologne, maître renommé par son esprit subtil et son admirable ferveur.
Martyrologe romain



Duns Scotus and Thomas AquinasIllustration de Jacopo Ruphonin Francisco Macedo.,Collationes doctrinae S. Thomae et Scoti, cum differentiis inter utrumque, 1671, p3, Bavarian State Library



BENOÎT XVI

AUDIENCE GÉNÉRALE

Salle Paul VI

Mercredi 7 juillet 2010

Jean Duns Scot


Chers frères et sœurs,

Ce matin — après plusieurs catéchèses sur de nombreux grands théologiens — je veux vous présenter une autre figure importante dans l'histoire de la théologie: il s'agit du bienheureux Jean Duns Scot, qui vécut à la fin du XIIIe siècle. Une antique inscription sur sa tombe résume les points de référence géographiques de sa biographie : «L’Angleterre l'accueillit; la France l'instruisit; Cologne, en Allemagne, en conserve la dépouille; c'est en Écosse qu'il naquit». Nous ne pouvons pas négliger ces informations, notamment parce que nous possédons très peu d'éléments sur la vie de Duns Scot. Il naquit probablement en 1266 dans un village qui s'appelait précisément Duns, non loin d’Edimbourg. Attiré par le charisme de saint François d'Assise, il entra dans la Famille des Frères mineurs et, en 1291, il fut ordonné prêtre. Doué d'une intelligence brillante et porté à la spéculation — cette intelligence qui lui valut de la tradition le titre de Doctor subtilis, «Docteur subtil» — Duns Scot fut dirigé vers des études de philosophie et de théologie auprès des célèbres universités d'Oxford et de Paris. Après avoir conclu avec succès sa formation, il entreprit l'enseignement de la théologie dans les universités d'Oxford et de Cambridge, puis de Paris, en commençant à commenter, comme tous les Maîtres de ce temps, les Sentences de Pierre Lombard. Les principales œuvres de Duns Scot représentent précisément le fruit mûr de ces leçons, et prennent le titre des lieux où il les professa: Ordinatio (appélée dans le passé Opus Oxoniense — Oxford), Reportatio Cantabrigiensis (Cambridge), Reportata Parisiensia (Paris). A celles-ci il faut ajouter au moins les Quodlibeta (ou Quaestiones quodlibetales), œuvre très importante formée de 21 questions sur divers thèmes théologiques. Lorsqu’un grave conflit éclata entre le roi Philippe IV le Bel et le Pape Boniface VIII, Duns Scot s’éloigna de Paris et préféra l'exil volontaire, plutôt que de signer un document hostile au Souverain Pontife, ainsi que le roi l'avait imposé à tous les religieux. De cette manière — par amour pour le Siège de Pierre —, avec les Frères franciscains, il quitta le pays.

Chers frères et sœurs, ce fait nous invite à rappeler combien de fois, dans l’histoire de l'Église, les croyants ont rencontré l'hostilité et même subi des persécutions à cause de leur fidélité et de leur dévotion à l'égard du Christ, de l'Eglise et du Pape. Nous tous regardons avec admiration ces chrétiens qui nous enseignent à conserver comme un bien précieux la foi dans le Christ et la communion avec le Successeur de Pierre et, ainsi, avec l'Eglise universelle.

Toutefois, les rapports entre le roi de France et le successeur de Boniface VIII redevinrent rapidement des rapports d'amitié, et en 1305, Duns Scot put rentrer à Paris pour y enseigner la théologie sous le titre de Magister regens, nous dirions aujourd'hui professeur titulaire. Par la suite, ses supérieurs l'envoyèrent à Cologne comme professeur du Studium de théologie franciscain, mais il mourut le 8 novembre 1308, à 43 ans à peine, laissant toutefois un nombre d’œuvres important.

En raison de la renommée de sainteté dont il jouissait, son culte se diffusa rapidement dans l'Ordre franciscain et le vénérable Pape Jean-Paul II voulut le confirmer solennellement bienheureux le 20 mars 1993, en le définissant «Chantre du Verbe incarné et défenseur de l'Immaculée Conception». Dans cette expression se trouve synthétisée la grande contribution que Duns Scot a offerte à l'histoire de la théologie.

Il a avant tout médité sur le Mystère de l'Incarnation et, à la différence de beaucoup de penseurs chrétiens de l'époque, il a soutenu que le Fils de Dieu se serait fait homme même si l'humanité n'avait pas péché. Il affirme dans la «Reportata Parisiensa»: «Penser que Dieu aurait renoncé à une telle œuvre si Adam n'avait pas péché ne serait absolument pas raisonnable! Je dis donc que la chute n'a pas été la cause de la prédestination du Christ et que — même si personne n'avait chuté, ni l'ange ni l'homme — dans cette hypothèse le Christ aurait été encore prédestiné de la même manière» (in III Sent., d. 7, 4). Cette pensée, peut-être un peu surprenante, naît parce que pour Duns Scot l'Incarnation du Fils de Dieu, projetée depuis l'éternité par Dieu le Père dans son plan d'amour, est l'accomplissement de la création, et rend possible à toute créature, dans le Christ et par son intermédiaire, d'être comblée de grâce, et de rendre grâce et gloire à Dieu dans l'éternité. Même s'il est conscient qu’en réalité, à cause du péché originel, le Christ nous a rachetés à travers sa Passion, sa Mort et sa Résurrection, Duns Scot réaffirme que l'Incarnation est l’œuvre la plus grande et la plus belle de toute l'histoire du salut, et qu'elle n'est conditionnée par aucun fait contingent, mais qu’elle est l'idée originelle de Dieu d'unir en fin de compte toute la création à lui-même dans la personne et dans la chair du Fils.

Fidèle disciple de saint François, Duns Scot aimait contempler et prêcher le Mystère de la Passion salvifique du Christ, expression de la volonté d'amour, qui communique avec une très grande générosité en dehors de lui les rayons de sa bonté et de son amour (cf. Tractatus de primo principio, c. 4). Et cet amour ne se révèle pas seulement sur le Calvaire, mais également dans la Très Sainte Eucharistie, pour laquelle Duns Scot avait une très grande dévotion et qu’il voyait comme le sacrement de la présence réelle de Jésus et comme le sacrement de l’unité et de la communion qui conduit à nous aimer les uns les autres et à aimer Dieu comme le Bien commun suprême (cf. Reportata Parisiensa, in IV Sent., d. 8, q. 1, n. 3). « Et, — ainsi que je l'écrivais dans ma Lettre à l'occasion du Congrès international de Cologne pour le VIIème centenaire de la mort du bienheureux Duns Scot, rapportant la pensée de notre auteur — comme cet amour, cette charité, fut au commencement de tout, de même aussi dans l'amour et dans la charité seulement sera notre béatitude: "le vouloir ou la volonté d'amour est simplement la vie éternelle, bienheureuse et parfaite" » (AAS 101 [2009], 5). 

Chers frères et sœurs, cette vision théologique, fortement «christocentrique», nous ouvre à la contemplation, à l’émerveillement et à la gratitude: le Christ est le centre de l’histoire et de l’univers, il est Celui qui donne un sens, une dignité et une valeur à notre vie! Comme le Pape Paul VI à Manille, je voudrais moi aussi aujourd’hui crier au monde: «[Le Christ] est celui qui nous a révélés le Dieu invisible, il est le premier né de toute créature, il est le fondement de toute chose; Il est le Maître de l’humanité et le rédempteur; Il est né, il est mort, il est ressuscité pour nous; Il est le centre de l’histoire et du monde; Il est Celui qui nous connaît et qui nous aime; Il est le compagnon et l’ami de notre vie... Je n’en finirais plus de parler de Lui» (Homélie, 29 novembre 1970; cf. ORLF n. 50 du 11 décembre 1970).

Non seulement le rôle du Christ dans l’histoire du salut, mais également celui de Marie est l’objet de la réflexion du Doctor subtilis. A l’époque de Duns Scot, la majorité des théologiens opposait une objection, qui semblait insurmontable, à la doctrine selon laquelle la très Sainte Vierge Marie fut préservée du péché originel dès le premier instant de sa conception: en effet, l’universalité de la Rédemption opérée par le Christ, à première vue, pouvait apparaître compromise par une telle affirmation, comme si Marie n’avait pas eu besoin du Christ et de sa rédemption. C’est pourquoi les théologiens s’opposaient à cette thèse. Alors, Duns Scot, pour faire comprendre cette préservation du péché originel, développa un argument qui sera ensuite adopté également par le Pape Pie IX en 1854, lorsqu’il définit solennellement le dogme de l’Immaculée Conception de Marie. Et cet argument est celui de la «Rédemption préventive», selon laquelle l’Immaculée Conception représente le chef d’œuvre de la Rédemption opérée par le Christ, parce que précisément la puissance de son amour et de sa médiation a fait que sa Mère soit préservée du péché originel. Marie est donc totalement rachetée par le Christ, mais avant même sa conception. Les Franciscains, ses confrères, accueillirent et diffusèrent avec enthousiasme cette doctrine, et d’autres théologiens — souvent à travers un serment solennel — s’engagèrent à la défendre et à la perfectionner.

A cet égard, je voudrais mettre en évidence un fait qui me paraît très important. Des théologiens de grande valeur, comme Duns Scot en ce qui concerne la doctrine sur l’Immaculée Conception, ont enrichi de la contribution spécifique de leur pensée ce que le Peuple de Dieu croyait déjà spontanément sur la Bienheureuse Vierge, et manifestait dans les actes de piété, dans les expressions artistiques et, en général, dans le vécu chrétien. Ainsi, la foi tant dans l’Immaculée Conception que dans l’Assomption corporelle de la Vierge, était déjà présente chez le Peuple de Dieu, tandis que la théologie n’avait pas encore trouvé la clé pour l’interpréter dans la totalité de la doctrine de la foi. Le Peuple de Dieu précède donc les théologiens, et tout cela grâce au sensus fidei surnaturel, c’est-à-dire à la capacité dispensée par l’Esprit Saint, qui permet d’embrasser la réalité de la foi, avec l’humilité du cœur et de l’esprit. Dans ce sens, le Peuple de Dieu est un «magistère qui précède», et qui doit être ensuite approfondi et accueilli intellectuellement par la théologie. Puissent les théologiens se placer toujours à l’écoute de cette source de la foi et conserver l’humilité et la simplicité des petits! Je l’avais rappelé il y a quelques mois en disant: «Il y a de grands sages, de grands spécialistes, de grands théologiens, des maîtres de la foi, qui nous ont enseigné de nombreuses choses. Ils ont pénétré dans les détails de l'Ecriture Sainte, [...] mais ils n'ont pas pu voir le mystère lui-même, le véritable noyau [...] L'essentiel est resté caché! [...] En revanche, il y a aussi à notre époque des petits qui ont connu ce mystère. Nous pensons à sainte Bernadette Soubirous; à sainte Thérèse de Lisieux, avec sa nouvelle lecture de la Bible “non scientifique”, mais qui entre dans le cœur de l'Ecriture Sainte» (Homélie lors de la Messe avec les membres de la Commission théologique internationale, 1er décembre 2009; cf. ORLF n. 49 du 8 décembre 2009).

Enfin, Duns Scot a développé un point à l’égard duquel la modernité est très sensible. Il s’agit du thème de la liberté et de son rapport avec la volonté et avec l’intellect. Notre auteur souligne la liberté comme qualité fondamentale de la volonté, en commençant par un raisonnement qui valorise le plus la volonté. Malheureusement, chez des auteurs qui ont suivi le notre, cette ligne de pensée se développa dans un volontarisme en opposition avec ce qu’on appelle l’intellectualisme augustinien et thomiste. Pour saint Thomas d’Aquin, qui suit saint Augustin, la liberté ne peut pas être considérée comme une qualité innée de la volonté, mais comme le fruit de la collaboration de la volonté et de l’intellect. Une idée de la liberté innée et absolue — comme justement elle évolue après Duns Scot — située dans la volonté qui précède l’intellect, que ce soit en Dieu ou dans l’homme, risque en effet de conduire à l’idée d’un Dieu qui ne ne serait même pas lié à la vérité et au bien. Le désir de sauver la transcendance absolue et la différence de Dieu par une accentuation aussi radicale et impénétrable de sa volonté ne tient pas compte du fait que le Dieu qui s’est révélé en Christ est le Dieu «logos», qui a agi et qui agit rempli d’amour envers nous. Assurément, comme l’affirme Duns Scot dans le sillage de la théologie franciscaine, l’amour dépasse la connaissance et est toujours en mesure de percevoir davantage que la pensée, mais c’est toujours l’amour du Dieu «logos» (cf. Benoît XVI, Discours à Ratisbonne, Insegnamenti di Benedetto XVI, II [2006], p. 261; cf. ORLF n. 38 du 19 septembre 2006). Dans l’homme aussi, l’idée de liberté absolue, située dans sa volonté, en oubliant le lien avec la vérité, ignore que la liberté elle-même doit être libérée des limites qui lui viennent du péché. De toute façon, la vision scotiste ne tombe pas dans ces extrêmes: pour Duns Scot un acte libre découle du concours d'un intellect et d'une volonté et s'il parle d'un « primat » de la volonté, il l'argumente exactement parce que la volonté suit toujours l'intellect.

En m’adressant aux séminaristes romains — l’année dernière — je rappelais que «la liberté, à toutes les époques, a été le grand rêve de l’humanité, mais en particulier à l’époque moderne» (Discours au séminaire pontifical romain, 20 février 2009). Mais c’est précisément l’histoire moderne, outre notre expérience quotidienne, qui nous enseigne que la liberté n’est authentique et n’aide à la construction d’une civilisation vraiment humaine que lorsqu’elle est vraiment réconciliée avec la vérité. Si elle est détachée de la vérité, la liberté devient tragiquement un principe de destruction de l’harmonie intérieure de la personne humaine, source de la prévarication des plus forts et des violents, et cause de souffrance et de deuils. La liberté, comme toutes les facultés dont l’homme est doté, croît et se perfectionne, affirme Duns Scot, lorsque l’homme s’ouvre à Dieu, en valorisant la disposition à l’écoute de sa voix, qu’il appelle potentia oboedientialis: quand nous nous mettons à l’écoute de la Révélation divine, de la Parole de Dieu, pour l’accueillir, alors nous sommes atteints par un message qui remplit notre vie de lumière et d’espérance et nous sommes vraiment libres.

Chers frères et sœurs, le bienheureux Duns Scot nous enseigne que dans notre vie l’essentiel est de croire que Dieu est proche de nous et nous aime en Jésus Christ, et donc de cultiver un profond amour pour lui et son Eglise. Nous sommes les témoins de cet amour sur cette terre. Que la Très Sainte Vierge Marie nous aide à recevoir cet amour infini de Dieu dont nous jouirons pleinement pour l’éternité dans le Ciel, lorsque finalement notre âme sera unie pour toujours à Dieu, dans la communion des saints.

* * *
J’accueille avec joie les pèlerins francophones, surtout les jeunes. Je vous exhorte, chers collégiens, lycéens et servants d’autel, à faire croître votre amour pour le Saint Sacrement et pour la Vierge Immaculée. Puissiez-vous aussi vous laisser guider par l’Esprit Saint pour témoigner joyeusement et librement des vérités de la foi chrétienne ! N’ayez pas honte de votre foi et soyez fiers d’être catholiques ! Bon pèlerinage et bonnes vacances !

© Copyright 2010 - Libreria Editrice Vaticana

SOURCE : http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/audiences/2010/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20100707_fr.html#


Présentation de Jean Duns Scot (F. Luc Mathieu, ofm)

Le Bienheureux Jean Duns Scot (1266 – 1308)

Jean Duns Scot, si grand soit-il comme philosophe et théologien n’a jamais été considéré comme un maître spirituel, à la différence de saint Bonaventure, plus connu du public chrétien comme « spirituel » que comme théologien. Jean Duns Scot n’a écrit aucun traité de vie spirituelle, rien ne nous est connu de son ministère apostolique, ni de sa propre vie de religieux.

Je rappellerai simplement que Duns Scot est le dernier grand personnage de l’Ordre qui a été placé sur les autels, qu’il a tenu une place non-négligeable dans l’histoire de la pensée chrétienne développée dans l’Université de Paris où il fit plusieurs séjours, qu’il est à l’origine d’une vision théologique de la primauté du Christ et de l’économie du Salut adoptée par tous les frères et favorablement accueillie par nos contemporains, et que les trois derniers papes (Paul VI, Jean-Paul II et Benoît XVI) ont souligné la grandeur da sa pensée et son inspiration spécifiquement franciscaine.

Je voudrais aussi ajouter une autre considération : l’intérêt pour Duns Scot et le scotisme a été relancé, à la fin du XIXe siècle, début du XXe siècle par un frère franciscain de France : Déodat de Basly (1862-1937) qui fut, certes très controversé, mais dont on ne peut nier l’application, l’enthousiasme et un certain génie. Il avait fondé le couvent du Havre et avait attiré un public considérable intéressé par la pensée franciscaine. Son disciple Léon Sellier fut aussi un adepte reconnu de la théologie scotiste. Je suis heureux de leur rendre hommage aujourd’hui.

La vie du bienheureux Jean Duns Scot

Les données historiques fiables sont assez rares, et il faut reconstituer avec vraisemblance ce qui se situe entre les dates sûres de son existence. – Le père Ephrem Longpré ayant retrouvé la date de son ordination sacerdotale, le 17 mars 1291, c’est à partir de là que l’on situe la naissance de Jean, 25 ans auparavant vers 1266. Sur le lieu de sa naissance, on hésite encore entre deux sites qui revendiquent cette naissance : Duns, près de Berwick, en Ecosse, berceau de sa famille, position communément retenue aujourd’hui, ou Littledean, près de Maxton dans le comté de Roxburgh, en Ecosse. Son nom de famille est bien Duns, Scot désigne son origine écossaise. 

Les Duns, gentilshommes écossais, étaient proches des Franciscains qu’ils avaient aidés à s’établir en leur donnant un terrain. On connaît un frère Hélie Duns, gardien de Dumfries (Écosse) et l’on pense que Duns Scot entra chez les Frères mineurs de cette ville, vers 1280, avant d’entreprendre son cursus théologique à Haddington. Il rejoint ensuite le Studium général d’Oxford, pour y obtenir la maîtrise es arts, puis la licence de théologie, peut-être lors d’un premier séjour à l’université de Paris (1291 - 1296), sous la régence de Gonzalve de Bilbao (connu aussi sous le nom de Gonzalve d’Espagne). En se basant sur les statuts de l’université qui indiquent la durée des différentes étapes d’une carrière d’enseignant, on pense que Jean Duns fut lecteur biblique vers 1296-1298, puis bachelier des Sentences, un an après. Ensuite il obtint la maîtrise d’enseignement qu’il exerça probablement à Oxford (ou partiellement à Cambridge).


De 1301 à 1303, il est de nouveau à Paris, au studium général du Grand Couvent, où il commente le Livre des Sentences pour obtenir le Doctorat. Ici se situe un épisode tout à son honneur : ayant refusé de souscrire l’appel du roi Philippe le Bel contre le pape Boniface VIII, il est contraint de s’exiler précipitamment et il se retrouve à Oxford, sous la houlette du maître Guillaume de la Ware qui exerça sur lui une réelle influence, à moins que ce ne soit l’étudiant qui ait le plus apporté à son maître. Mais Gonzalve d’Espagne, devenu ministre général de l’Ordre, qui se souvient de son brillant élève, le fait revenir à Paris, en 1304, en écrivant au ministre provincial l’éloge de son protégé : « Je recommande à votre charité notre très cher frère dans le Christ, le père Jean Scot, dont la digne vie, l’excellente science, le très subtil génie et d’autres qualités remarquables me sont bien connues, en partie en raison d’une longue communauté de vie avec lui et en partie de sa large réputation… » 

A Paris, il devint Maître Régent du studium général franciscain. De cette époque datent plusieurs de ses œuvres, probablement les Quodlibet. En 1307, le chapitre général de Toulouse auquel il assista, le transfère au couvent d’études de Cologne, peut-être parce qu’il était attaqué, à Paris, en raison de sa doctrine sur l’Immaculée conception de Marie. Mais peu de temps après, le 8 novembre 1308, il meurt à Cologne à l’âge de 42 ans, et est enterré dans cette ville, dans l’église des Frères Mineurs. Dès son trépas, il fut vénéré dans l’Ordre franciscain, qui s’efforça d’obtenir sa béatification, longtemps sans succès en raison de l’opposition des théologiens de l’Ordre des Prêcheurs. Cependant, en 1701, le diocèse de Nole, en Italie, obtint l’autorisation de célébrer annuellement son culte. Le 2 mars 1993, le pape Jean-Paul II a validé la reconnaissance de son culte comme bienheureux. Le corps du bienheureux Jean Duns Scot repose à Cologne (Allemagne), dans la Minoritenkirche, proche de la Cathédrale, dans un sépulcre moderne en pierre, où l’on a reproduit l’épitaphe de son premier tombeau : L’Écosse me vit naître, l’Angleterre m’a accueilli, la France m’a enseigné, et Cologne me garde.


Sa pensée

Les universitaires d’aujourd’hui s’intéressent surtout à Duns Scot comme à un philosophe et un logicien.

A l’époque moderne il fut méconnu ou critiqué, en dehors des écoles des Mineurs, cependant Leibniz, se mit à l’école du scotisme dans sa jeunesse.

Au XIXe siècle, le mathématicien Georg Cantor (+1918), père de la théorie des ensembles, s’inspira de Duns Scot pour développer sa théorie de l’infini en mathématique.


Le philosophe-sémiologue américain Charles Sanders Peirce (+1914) s’en réclame pour fonder une métaphysique scientifique, à partir de la compréhension de l’être comme genre logique ou concept général, faisant de Duns Scot un précurseur du pragmatisme.


Heidegger (+1976) lui consacre sa thèse de doctorat, considérant Scot comme un des penseurs qui finalisent au Moyen Âge l’ontothéologie, c’est-à-dire la réduction de l’Être à Dieu comme l’« Étant » suprême et général.


Hans Blumenberg (+ 1996) : la réception contemporaine de la pensée scotienne de la volonté. Deleuze, philosophe contemporain (+1995) lit Scot comme un penseur anti-théologique : la doctrine de l’univocité de l’être (l’étant est commun à Dieu et aux créatures) serait une arme contre la conception analogique et transcendante de Dieu (Dieu est Être de manière suréminente, sans commune mesure avec l’ensemble du créé). 


Hannah Arendt, philosophe juive (+ 1975) qui a souligné le concept de « liberté » tel que pensé par Duns Scot, le considère comme « le plus important philosophe chrétien du Moyen-Age". 


Je ne puis développer ici les principaux thèmes de la philosophie de Duns Scot, il me faudrait beaucoup de temps, et c’est hors de mes compétences. Par contre je voudrais rappeler quelques thèmes de sa pensée théologique, qui nous est plus familière.


La théologie de Duns Scot

Il ne faut pas oublier que pour les maîtres scolastiques, la philosophie est servante de la théologie. Duns Scot est un théologien épris de rationalité et de logique ; certaines questions majeures de sa pensée théologique sont gouvernées, inspirées par des principes fondamentaux d’ordre philosophique, comme par exemple le primat de la volonté dans l’esprit créé, puisque créé « à l’image de Dieu » dont la liberté est souveraine.

Une théologie ‘pratique’

Dieu a voulu librement les créatures, sans aucune nécessité mais dans un pur arbitraire divin. La création est donc originellement contingente et non pas hasardeuse, ni nécessaire. La théologie doit donc se cantonner dans ce réel créé : ce sera donc une théologie pratique dont l’objet est de connaître ou au moins d’approcher ce que ce Dieu-Amour a librement voulu et quelle est la fin poursuivie par Dieu, donc le sens de l’existence humaine. La contingence de la créature n’est pas un défaut, puisqu’elle provient de la libéralité divine, c’est-à-dire de l’amour créateur de Dieu. Même si la raison humaine peut conclure logiquement l’existence d’un premier étant, comme cause ultime de tous les êtres contingents -c’est l’objet du de Primo Principio – le théologien ne peut approcher de la connaissance de Dieu et de son œuvre qu’à partir de la révélation que Dieu fait de lui-même. Ensuite il lui reviendra d’utiliser toutes les ressources de son intelligence pour développer sa connaissance.

L’importance de la liberté

Je cite Mary Beth Ingham : la défense par Duns Scot de la liberté, à la fois dans les volontés divine et humaine, tout au long de sa carrière, était une défense de la supériorité de la libéralité et de la générosité sur la nécessité et l’obligation… (p.190) 

C’est dans la volonté de Duns Scot de faire ressortir la volonté libre et amoureuse de Dieu-Trinité, à laquelle correspond la liberté de la personne humaine, que l’on trouve l’originalité de toutes ses positions. Je cite ici Bernard Forthomme : 


Duns Scot est avant tout un théologien de la contingence, au sens où il le définit lui-même : non ce qui est contingent par rapport au hasard ou à la nécessité, mais ce qui est produit de manière contingente et inventive, positivement et non comme une défaillance-, même si cela n’exclut pas des propositions articulant certaines vérités nécessaires (logiquement) ! C’est une critique radicale du nécessitarisme ontologique et scientiste ! Une récusation radicale de la réduction de la destinée humaine au destin, aux déterminismes de toutes natures, y compris angéliques ou astronomiques ! A mettre en relief à une époque où l’homme est réduit à un produit de facteurs déterminants… ! Nous pouvons vérifier son souci de respecter la liberté qu’il s’agisse de sa théologie trinitaire, de sa conception de l’Incarnation rédemptrice, de sa théologie sacramentaire, de sa théologie morale. N’ayant pas le temps de développer ces applications, je me contente de le montrer pour la question de la Primauté du Christ.


La Primauté universelle du Christ

A partir de Col 1, 16-20, Jean Duns Scot développe sa conception de la création et de l’Incarnation.
Dans le dessein originel de Dieu, qui se suffit parfaitement en lui-même, dans la béatitude parfaite de l’amour trinitaire, il faut poser que le Christ a été le premier voulu, premier né d’un grand nombre de frères, comme il sera ensuite le premier ressuscité. (Col 1, 13-23). 


La raison principale de l’Incarnation... C’est l’Amour totalement libre de Dieu. Une liberté telle que Dieu pouvait ou non agir en dehors de lui-même, mais d’une action qui serait gouvernée par le pur amour. 


En premier lieu, Dieu s’aime lui-même (puisqu’il est le Bien souverain) ; en deuxième lieu, il s’aime dans les autres, et cet amour est libre ; En troisième lieu, il veut être aimé par qui peut le plus aimer, en dehors de lui-même ; Quatrièmement, il prévoit l’union de cette nature qui doit l’aimer suprêmement, même si personne ne devait pécher... (Report. Paris. in III Sent. d. 7 q. 4, n.5, XXIII,303).


Ce texte dit bien la prédestination du Christ et le vouloir créateur portant sur l’Incarnation, indépendamment de l’éventuel péché. Il montre la prééminence du Christ, comme seule créature capable de répondre parfaitement à la volonté créatrice. Seule capable parce qu’aussi seule prédestinée à l’Union Hypostatique avec le Verbe divin. Sans cette intervention créatrice singulière, aucune créature ne serait capable d’aimer Dieu souverainement.

’’Le Christ, principe et fin de l’univers créé’’

Pourquoi la Création, pourquoi l’Incarnation... ? Duns Scot rappelle toujours que le vouloir divin est totalement mystérieux. Parce que Dieu l’a voulu ainsi ! Mais à partir de notre intelligence, de notre raison, par quoi nous ressemblons à Dieu, nous pouvons tenter une analyse logique. Ce qui autorise Duns Scot à dire : 

Dans un vouloir universel et bien ordonné (comme est nécessairement le vouloir divin), est d’abord voulu ce qui est le plus proche de la fin poursuivie. Ainsi, de même que Dieu veut d’abord la gloire des élus, avant la grâce qui en est le moyen, de même, entre les prédestinés qu’il destine à la gloire, il veut d’abord celui qui est le plus près de la fin (i-e Celui qui peut le mieux réaliser cette fin). Dès lors, il veut d’abord sa gloire (la gloire du Christ, et donc son existence), avant celle de tous les autres… (Ordin. III d.7 q.3 n.3 , XIV 354-55).


Ce qui ressort de l’ensemble des textes de Duns Scot sur ce sujet, c’est que le Christ est voulu en lui-même pour le plus grand amour de Dieu. Le projet créateur de Dieu se porte d’abord sur lui : Jésus-Christ est lui-même la raison de la création, parce qu’il en est lui même la cause finale, la fin poursuivie par le Créateur. En effet, le projet amoureux de Dieu ne se réalise que dans la mesure où tout le créé sera assumé dans le Christ par qui tout remonte jusqu’au Père.

Dans l’éventualité du péché, contingence liée à la liberté morale de la créature, il reviendra à la créature la plus parfaite, celle qui ne connaît pas le péché de réorienter l’homme vers la réconciliation avec ce Dieu-Amour. Mais Jésus-Christ qui prendra librement cette tâche, l’exécutera de la façon qui respectera le mieux la liberté des hommes. Un seul acte d’amour de la part de la créature la plus aimée de Dieu aurait pu suffire à réaliser la purification des pécheurs, mais il fallait que ceux-ci adhèrent librement à l’alliance nouvelle qui leur est proposée. Dans la mesure où le péché avait été la conséquence d’une « séduction » déviée de l’homme (séduit davantage par un bien créé que par la séduction venant de l’amour divin), c’est par une séduction plus forte que le pécheur pouvait se convertir vers le Dieu-Amour. Dans l’état misérable des pécheurs, seule une preuve indubitable de l’amour pouvait toucher leur cœur. En assumant pleinement la condition humaine, Jésus-Christ innocent va éprouver la violence, la haine, l’injustice, la torture… qui sont les fruits des mauvais vouloirs des hommes pécheurs. Pour ceux-ci, la passion et la mort injuste de Jésus-Christ seront susceptibles de provoquer une nouvelle ‘séduction’ pour les réorienter librement vers le bien : Pourquoi Jésus a-t-il voulu librement donner sa vie pour les pécheurs ? C’est pour nous séduire par son amour, répond Duns Scot. Dieu ne nous contraint pas à nous tourner vers lui, il nous invite à le faire librement, à la vue de l’amour indubitable dont témoigne Jésus dans sa Passion.-

Marie, dans le plan divin du salut

Trois grandes intuitions président les réflexions théologiques de Jean Duns Scot :

1° - Avant de penser à l’homme pécheur, il faut réfléchir sur l’homme sanctifié. Car le dessein d’un Dieu d’amour ne peut pas être de vouloir créer des pécheurs pour les racheter ensuite ou les châtier dans leur rébellion, mais c’est de vouloir être aimé par des créatures libres en qui la grâce divine agirait pour les conduire à leur fin, la communion bienheureuse avec les Personnes divines, même si, du fait de leur liberté et de leur fragilité de créatures elles pourraient risquer de se perdre. Le dessein créateur est donc originellement un dessein de salut dont Jésus-Christ est l’archétype et l’unique médiateur.


2° - Jésus-Christ, qui en tant qu’homme est la créature la plus aimée de Dieu, donc la plus parfaite réalisation du dessein éternel de Dieu, ne peut pas devoir son existence à une cause contingente, à savoir la chute, même probable de l’homme. Il est le premier voulu, avant toute autre créature, parce que la volonté divine se porte d’abord sur celui qui peut le mieux réaliser son dessein éternel. C’est d’ailleurs ce qui a été révélé dans l’épître aux Colossiens : 1, 13-20 : « Il est lui, l’image du Dieu invisible, le Premier-né avant toute créature, car c’est en lui qu’ont été créées toutes choses, dans les cieux ou sur la terre…Tout a été créé par lui et pour lui (ou vers lui)… ».


3° - Pour parler de Marie, il faut partir du Mystère du Christ, car elle appartient à ce mystère, elle fait partie de la prédestination de l’Incarnation. Dieu n’est pas soumis au temps des hommes, car son dessein est éternel, et éternelle en est la réalisation. 


A partir de là, Duns Scot va résoudre les difficultés qui lui sont opposées par les théologiens qui tout en soutenant la sanctification de Marie dès avant sa naissance, comme le firent saint Bernard ou saint Thomas, hésitaient encore à affirmer la sainteté même de sa conception. 


a) quant au péché originel : Duns Scot n’admet pas qu’il soit transmis par l’union des corps, car dit-il justement, même si le corps est souvent l’occasion du péché, le péché est un acte de la volonté, il se situe dans l’esprit ou l’âme de celui qui pèche. C’est le fait d’appartenir à la nature humaine qui nous rend solidaires d’Adam et affectés par le Péché originel. 


b) Dieu n’est pas lié par le temps des hommes : d’ailleurs tous les justes de l’Ancien Testament ont bénéficié eux-aussi de la grâce rédemptrice que leur méritait la Rédemption de Jésus…à venir. Du point de vue de Dieu, création, rédemption, salut sont actés et vus dans un seul instant.


c) Marie a elle aussi bénéficié des mérites de la Pâque de Jésus, or, une grâce qui préserve est bien plus éminente qu’une grâce qui guérit, rien ne s’opposait donc à ce qu’elle soit préservée du péché originel du fait des mérites de Jésus-Christ, bien au contraire, cela “convenait” plus parfaitement et manifestait l’amour de prédilection que Jésus-Homme Dieu devait à sa mère, la créature la plus proche de lui, qui le porterait en son sein dans une intimité absolue. Ainsi est-elle celle qui a reçu en plénitude les grâces de la Rédemption. Non seulement elle n’échappe pas à la Rédemption universelle, mais elle en est la meilleure bénéficiaire.


Bien entendu, il n’appartient pas au théologien de décider ce que Dieu devait faire, mais il peut raisonner avec prudence sur ce qui s’est passé, de fait. C’est ce qui autorise la fameuse phrase attribuée à Duns Scot, en un résumé lapidaire : Deus potuit, hoc decuit, autem fecit : Dieu pouvait le faire, cela convenait hautement, il l’a donc réalisé.


Le bienheureux Duns Scot soutient donc que Marie, par une grâce singulière qui lui vient des mérites de son Fils a été totalement préservée du péché originel, dès sa conception, en vue du rôle qui lui était dévolu par Dieu de mettre au monde son Fils. Ce sont presque les termes qui seront retenus par la définition du dogme, par Pie IX, en 1854, six cents ans plus tard.


L’ Œuvre de Jean Duns Scot

La plupart des œuvres de Duns Scot sont des reportationes, c’est à dire des notes prises au vol par ses élèves, et certaines relues par le maître, d’où la difficulté de publier un texte authentique et critique, à partir de très nombreux manuscrits répartis dans les bibliothèques d’Europe. L’historien franciscain Luc Wadding a publié toutes ces œuvres, à Lyon en 1639, en 12 volumes, mais qui incluent des commentaires, pas toujours heureux, et des œuvres faussement attribuées à Duns Scot. Cette ancienne édition fut reprise (1891-1895) en édition moderne de 26 volumes, à Paris de 1891 à 1895. C’est celle qui est la plus consultée aujourd’hui. Enfin, sous l’impulsion du père Carolus BALIC, une édition critique est en cours depuis 1950, publiée par la Commission scotiste des Frères mineurs et l’imprimerie polyglotte vaticane. Elle paraît lentement, au rythme de la préparation des œuvres. Une douzaine de volumes est déjà publiée. 

 Quaestiones in Libros IX Metaphysicae,

 Expositio in XII libros metaphysicae (œuvre perdue, mais connue par des citations)

 Reportationes in I et II Sent (ou Additiones magnae),

 De Primo omnium rerum principio,

 Ordinatio Oxoniensis (ou Opus Oxoniense), son œuvre principale qui présente sa pensée la plus sûre,

 Lectura Parisiensis (ou Reportationes Parisienses), proche de l’œuvre précédente, mais souvent plus simple et plus facile,

 Collationes Parisienses et Collationes Oxonienses (ajouts divers aux œuvres précédentes)

 Quodlibet = 20 questions plus difficiles, 

 Une œuvre célèbre fait l’objet de controverses : Les Theoremata, tenue pour inauthentique et parfois opposée à la véritable pensée de Scot, selon le p. Ephrem Longpré, mais que le p. Balic estime devoir figurer parmi les œuvres authentiques...moyennant quelques retouches d’interpolations faites par des adversaires de Duns Scot.

NB. Pour ceux qui voudraient réviser ou approfondir leur connaissance de Jean Duns Scot, je leur conseille de lire le petit livre de Mary Beth Ingham Initiation à la pensée de Jean Duns Scot, ou plus ancien, le livre du P. Léon Veuthey Duns Scot, pensée théologique, aux Éditions Franciscaines , et même le numéro spécial d’Évangile Aujourd’hui, n°160 (Nov.1993).

Fr. Luc MATHIEU, ofm

Nevers 2013



(extrait d’un exposé fait à l’inauguration de la Province du bienheureux Jean Duns Scot, le 30 avril 2013)


Bl. John Duns Scotus

Surnamed DOCTOR SUBTILIS, died 8 November, 1308; he was the founder and leader of the famous Scotist School, which had its chief representatives among the Franciscans. Of his antecedents and life very little is definitely known, as the contemporary sources are silent about him. It is certain that he died rather young, according to earlier traditions at the age of thirty-four years (cf. Wadding, Vita Scoti, in vol. I of his works); but it would seem that he was somewhat older than this and that he was born in 1270. The birthplace of Scotus has been the subject of much discussion and so far no conclusive argument in favour of any locality has been advanced. The surname Scotus by no means decides the question, for it was given to Scotchmen, Irishmen, and even to natives of northern England. The other name, Duns, to which the Irish attach so much importance, settles nothing; there was a Duns also in Scotland (Berwick). Moreover, it is impossible to determine whether Duns was a family name or the name of a place. Appeal to supposedly ancient local traditions in behalf of Ireland's claim is of no avail, since we cannot ascertain just how old they are; and their age is the pivotal point.

This discussion has been strongly tinged with national sentiment, especially since the beginning of the sixteenth century after prominent Irish Franciscans like Mauritius de Portu (O'Fihely), Hugh MacCaghwell, and Luke Wadding rendered great service by editing Scotus's works. On the other hand, the English have some right to claim Scotus; as a professor for several years at Oxford, he belonged at any rate to the English province; and neither during his lifetime nor for some time after his death was any other view as to his nationality proposed. It should not, however, be forgotten that in those days the Franciscan cloisters in Scotland were affiliated to the English province, i.e. to the custodia of Newcastle. It would not therefore be amiss to regard Scotus as a native of Scotland or as a member of a Scottish cloister. In any case it is high time to eliminate from this discussion the famous entry in the Merton College manuscript (no. 39) which would make it appear that Scotus was a member of that college and therefore a native of Northern England. The statutes of the college excluded monks; and as Scotus became a Franciscan when he was quite younger he could not have belonged to the college previous to joining the order. Besides, the entry in the college register is under the date of 1455, and consequently too late to serve as an argument.

The case is somewhat better with the entry in the catalogue of the library of St. Francis at Assisi, under date of 1381, which designates Duns Scotus's commentary on the "Sentences" of Peter Lombard as "magistri fratris Johannis Scoti de Ordine Minorum, qui et Doctor Subtilis nuncupatur, de provincia Hiberniæ" (the work of master John Scotus of the Franciscan Order known as the subtle doctor, from the province of Ireland). This, though it furnishes the strongest evidence in Ireland's favour, cannot be regarded as decisive. Since Scotus laboured during several years in England, he cannot, simply on the strength of this evidence, be assigned to the Irish province. The library entry, moreover, cannot possibly be accepted as contemporary with Scotus. Add to this the geographical distance and it becomes plain that the discussion cannot be settled by an entry made in far-off Italy seventy-three years after Scotus's death, at a time too when geographical knowledge was by no means perfect. Finally, no decisive evidence is offered by the epitaphs of Scotus; they are too late and too poetical. The question, then, of Scotus's native land must still be considered an open one. When he took the habit of St. Francis is unknown; probably about 1290. It is a fact that he lived and taught at Oxford; for on 26 July, 1300, the provincial of the English province of Franciscans asked the Bishop of Lincoln to confer upon twenty-two of his subjects jurisdiction to hear confessions. The bishop gave the permission only to eight; among those who were refused was "Ioannes Douns". It is quite certain, too, that he went to Paris about 1304 and that there he was at first merely a Bachelor of Arts, for the general of the Franciscans, Gonsalvus de Vallebona, wrote (18 November, 1304) to the guardian of the college of the Franciscans at Paris to present John Scotus at the university for the doctor's degree. The general's letter mentions that John Scotus had distinguished himself for some time past by his learning ingenioque subtilissimo. He did not teach very long in Paris; in 1307 or 1308 he was sent to Cologne, probably as a professor at the university. There he died, and was buried in the monastery of the Minorities. At the present time (1908) the process of his beatification is being agitated in Rome on the ground of a cultus immemorabilis.

Duns Scotus's writings are very numerous and they have often been printed; some, in fact, at a very early date. But a complete edition, in 12 folio volumes, was published only in 1639 by Wadding at Lyons; this, however, included the commentaries of the Scotists, Lychetus, Poncius, Cavellus, and Hiquæus. A reprint of Wadding's edition, with the treatise "De perfectione statuum" added to it, appeared 1891-95 at Paris (Vives) in 26 vols. 4to. Whether all the writings contained in these editions are by Duns Scotus himself is doubtful; it is certain, however, that many changes and additions were made by later Scotists. A critical edition is still wanting. Besides these printed works, some others are attributed to Scotus, especially commentaries on several books of Scripture. The printed writings deal with grammatical and scientific, but chiefly with philosophical and theological subjects. Of a purely philosophical nature are his commentaries and quæstiones on various works of Aristotle. These, with some other treatises, are contained in the first seven volumes of the Paris edition. The principal work of Scotus, however, is the so-called "Opus Oxoniense", i.e. the great commentary on the "Sentences" of Peter Lombard, written in Oxford (vols. VIII-XXI). It is primarily a theological work, but it contains many treatises, or at least digressions, on logical, metaphysical, grammatical, and scientific topics, so that nearly his whole system of philosophy can be derived from this work. Volumes XXII-XXIV contain the "Reportata Parisiensia", i.e., a smaller commentary, for the most part theological; on the "Sentences". The "Quæstiones Quodlibetales", chiefly on theological subjects, one of his most important works, and the above-mentioned essay, "De perfectione statuum", fill the last two volumes. As to the time when these works were composed, we know nothing for certain. The commentaries on Aristotle were probably his first work, then followed the."Opus Oxoniense" and some minor essays, last the "Quæstiones Quodlibetales", his dissertation for the doctor's degree. The "Reportata" may be notes written out after his lectures, but this is merely a surmise.

Scotus seems to have changed his doctrine in the course of time, or at least not to have been uniformly precise in expressing his thought; now he follows rather the sententia communis as in the "Quæstiones Quodlibetales"; then again he goes his own way. Many of his essays are unfinished. He did not write a summa philosophica or theologica, as did Alexander of Hales and St. Thomas Aquinas, or even a compendium of his doctrine. He wrote only commentaries or treatises on disputed questions; but even these commentaries are not continuous explanations of Aristotle or Peter Lombard. Usually he cites first the text or presupposes it as already known, then he takes up various points which in that day were live issues and discusses them from all sides, at the same time presenting the opinions of others. He is sharp in his criticism, and with relentless logic he refutes; the opinions, or at least the argument, of his opponents. In his fervour he sometimes forgets to set down his own view, or he simply states the reasons for various tenable opinions, and puts them forward as more or less probable; this he does especially in the "Collationes". Hence it is said that he is no systematizer, that he is better at tearing down than at building up. It is true that none of his writings plainly reveals a system; while several of them, owing no doubt to his early death, betray lack of finish. His real teaching is not always fully stated where one would naturally look for it; often enough one finds instead the discussion of some special point, or a long excursus in which the author follows his critical bent. His own opinion is to be sought elsewhere, in various incidental remarks, or in the presuppositions which serve as a basis for his treatment of other problems; and it can be discovered only after a lengthy search. Besides, in the heat of controversy he often uses expressions which seem to go to extremes and even to contain heresy. His language is frequently obscure; a maze of terms, definitions, distinctions, and objections through which it is by no means easy to thread one's way. For these reasons the study of Scotus's works was difficult; when undertaken at all, it was not carried on with the requisite thoroughness. It was hard to find a unified system in them. Not a few unsatisfactory one-sided or even wrong opinions about him were circulated and passed on unchallenged from mouth to mouth and from book to book, growing more erroneous as they went. Nevertheless, there is in Scotus's teaching a rounded-out system, to be found especially in his principal work, a system worked out in minutest details. For the present purpose, only his leading ideas and his departures from St. Thomas and the sententia communis need be indicated.

System of philosophy

The fundamental principles of his philosophical and theological teaching are his distinctio formalis and his idea of being. The distinctio formalis is intermediate between the distinctio rationis tantum, or the distinction made by the intellect alone, and the distinctio realis or that which exists in reality. The former occurs, e.g., between the definition and the thing defined, the latter, within the realm of created reality, between things that can exist separately or at least can be made to exist separately by Divine omnipotence, as, e.g., between the different parts of a body or between substance and accident. A thing is "formally distinct" when it is such in essence and in concept that it can be thought of by itself, when it is not another thing, though with that other it may be so closely united that not even omnipotence can separate it, e.g. the soul and its faculties and these faculties among themselves. The soul forms with its faculties only one thing (res), but conceptually it is not identical with the intellect or the will, nor are intellect and will the same. Thus we have various realities, entities, or formalities of one and the same thing. So far as the thing itself exists, these entities have their own being; for each entity has its own being or its own existence. But existence is not identical with subsistence. The accident e.g., has its own being, its own existence, which is different from the existence of the substance in which it inheres, just because the accident is not identical with the substance. But it has no subsistence of its own, since it is not a thing existing by itself, but inheres in the substance as its subject and support; it is not an independent being. Moreover, only actually existing; things have real being: in other words, being is identical with existence. In the state of mere ideality or possibility, before their realization, things have an essence, an ideal conceivable being, but not an actual one; else they could not be created or annihilated, since they would have had an existence before their creation. And since being is eo ipso also true and good, only those things are really good and true which actually exist. If God, therefore, by an act of His free will gives existence to the essences, He makes them by this very act also true and good. In this sense, it is quite correct to say that according to Scotus things are true and good because God so wills. By this assertion, however, he does not deny that things are good and true in themselves. They have an objective being, and thence also objective truth and goodness, because they are in the likeness of God, Whose being, Goodness, and truth they imitate. At the same time, in their ideal being they are necessary; the ideas of them are not produced by the Divine free will, but by the Divine intellect, which, without the co-operation of God's will, recognizes His own infinite essence as imitable by finite things and thus of necessity conceives the ideas. In this ideal state God necessarily wills the things, since they cannot but be pleasing to Him as images of His own essence. But from this it does not follow that He must will them with an effective will, i.e. that He must realize them. God is entirely free in determining what things shall come into existence.

God alone is absolutely immaterial, since He alone is absolute and perfect actuality, without any potentiality for becoming other than what He is. All creatures, angels and human souls included, are material, because they are changeable and may become the subject of accidents. But from this it does not follow that souls and angels are corporeal; on the contrary they are spiritual, physically simple, though material in the sense just explained. Since all created things, corporeal and spiritual, are composed of potentiality and actuality, the same materia prima is the foundation of all, and therefore all things have a common substratum, a common material basis. This materia, in itself quite indeterminate, may be determined to any sort of thing by a form--a spiritual form determines it to a spirit, a corporeal form to a material body. Scotus, however, does not teach an extreme Realism; he does not attribute to the universals or abstract essences, e.g. genus and species an existence of their own, independent of the individual beings in which they are realized. It is true, he holds that materia prima, as the indeterminate principle, can be separated from the forma, or the determining principle, at least by Divine omnipotence, and that it can then exist by itself. Conceptually, the materia is altogether different from the forma; moreover, the same materia a can be determined by entirely different forms and the same form can be united with different materiæ, as is evident from the processes of generation and corruption. For this reason God at least can separate the one from the other, just as in the Holy Eucharist He keeps the accidents of bread and wine in existence, without a substance in which they inhere. It is no less certain that Scotus teaches a plurality of forms in the same thing. The human body, e.g., taken by itself, without the soul, has its own form; the forma corporeitatis. It is transmitted to the child by its parents and is different from the rational soul, which is infused by God himself. The forma corporeitatis gives the body a sort of human form, though quite imperfect, and remains after the rational soul has departed from the body in death until decomposition takes place. Nevertheless, it is the rational soul which is the essential form of the body or of man; this constitutes with the body one being, one substance, one person, one man. With all its faculties, vegetative sensitive and intellectual, it is the immediate work of God, Who infuses it into the child. There is only one soul in man, but we can distinguish in it several forms; for conceptually the intellectual is not the same as the sensitive, nor is this identical with the vegetative, nor the vegetative with that which gives the body, as such, its form; yet all these belong formally, by their concept and essence, to the one indivisible soul. Scotus also maintains a formal distinction between the universal nature of each thing and its individuality, e.g. in Plato between his human nature and that which makes him just Plato--his Platoneity. For the one is not the other; the individuality is added to the human nature and with it constitutes the human individual. In this sense the property or difference, or the hæccitas, is the principium individuationis. Hence it is clear that there are many points of resemblance between matter and form on the one hand and universal natures and their individualization on the other. But Scotus is far from teaching extreme Realism. According to his view, matter can exist without form, but not the universal essence without individuation; nor can the different forms of the same thing exist by themselves. He does not maintain that the uniform matter underlying all created things is the absolute being which exists by itself, independent of the individuals, and is then determined by added forms, first to genera, then to species, and lastly to individuals. On the contrary, materia prima, which according to him can exist without a form, is already something individual and numerically determined. In reality there is no materia without form, and vice versa. The materia which God created had already a certain form, the imperfect form of chaos. God could create matter by itself and form by itself, but both would then be something individual, numerically, though not specifically, different from other matter and other forms of the same kind. This matter, numerically different from other matter, could then be united with a form, also numerically different from other forms of the same kind; and the result would be a compound individual, numerically different from other individuals of the same kind. From such individualized matter, form, and compound we get by abstraction the idea of a universal matter, a universal form, a universal compound, e.g. of a universal man. But by themselves universal matter and universal form cannot exist. The universal as such is a mere conception of the mind; it cannot exist by itself, it receives its existence in and with the individual; in and with the individual it is multiplied, in and with the individual it loses again its existence. Even God cannot separate in man the universal nature from the individuality, or in the human soul the intellectual from the sensitive part, without destroying the whole. In reality there are only individuals, in which, however, we can by abstraction formally separate both the abstract human nature from the individuality and the several faculties from one another. But the separation and distinction and formation of genera and species are mere processes of thought, the work of the contemplating mind.

The psychology of Scotus is in its essentials the same as that of St. Thomas. The starting-point of all knowledge is the sensory or outer experience, to which must be added the inner experience, which he designates as the ultimate criterion of certitude. He lays stress on induction as the basis of all natural sciences. He denies that sense perception, and a fortiori intellectual knowledge, is merely a passive process; moreover, he asserts that not only the universal but also the individual is perceived directly. The adequate object of intellectual knowledge is not the spiritual in the material, but being in its universality. In the whole realm of the soul the will has the primacy since it can determine itself, while it controls more or less completely the other faculties. The freedom of the will, taken as freedom of choice, is emphasized and vigorously defended. In presence of any good, even in the contemplation of God, the will is not necessitated, but determines itself freely. This doctrine does not imply that the will can decide what is true and what is false, what is right and what is wrong, nor that its choice is blind and arbitrary. Objects, motives, habits, passions, etc. exert a great influence upon the will, and incline it to choose one thing rather than another. Yet the final decision remains with the will, and in so far the will is the one complete cause of its act, else it would not be free. With regard to memory, sensation, and association we find in Scotus many modern views.

System of theology

It has been asserted that according to Scotus the essence of God consists in His will; but the assertion is unfounded. God, he holds, is the ens infinitum. It is true that according to him God's love for Himself and the spiration of the Holy Ghost by Father and Son are not based upon a natural instinct, so to say, but upon God's own free choice. Every will is free, and therefore God's will also. But His will is so perfect and His essence so infinitely good, that His free will cannot but love it. This love, therefore, is at once free and necessary. Also with regard to created things Scotus emphasizes the freedom of God, without, however, falling into the error of merely arbitrary, unmotived indeterminism. It has been asserted, too, that according to Scotus, being can be attributed univocally to God and creatures; but this again is false. Scotus maintains that God is the ens per essentiam, creatures are entia per participationem--they have being only in an analogical sense. But from the being of God and the being of creatures, a universal idea of being can be abstracted and predicated univocally of both the finite and the infinite; otherwise we could not infer from the existence of finite things the existence of God, we should have no proof of God's existence, as every syllogism would contain a quaternio terminorum. Between God's essence and His attributes, between the attributes themselves, and then between God's essence and the Divine Persons, there is a formal distinction along with real identity. For conceptually Divinity is not the same as wisdom, intellect not the same as will; Divinity is not identical with paternity, since Divinity neither begets, as does the Father, nor is begotten, as is the Son. But all these realities are formally in God and their distinction is not annulled by His infinity; on the other hand it remains true that God is only one res. The process constituting the Blessed Trinity takes Place without regard to the external world. Only after its completion the three Divine Persons, as one principle, produce by their act of cognition the ideas of things. But quite apart from this process, God is independent of the world in His knowledge and volition, for the obvious reason that dependence of any sort wood imply imperfection.

The cognition, volition, and activity of the angels is more akin to ours. The angels can of themselves know things; they do not need an infused species though in fact they receive such from God. The devil is not necessarily compelled, as a result of his sin always to will what is evil; with his splendid natural endowments he can do what in itself is good; he can even love God above all things, though in fact he does not do so. Sin is only in so far an infinite offense of God as it leads away from Him; in itself its malice is no greater than is the goodness of the opposite virtue.

In his Christology, Scotus insists strongly on the reality of Christ's Humanity. Though it has no personality and no subsistence of its own, it has its own existence. The unio hypostatica and the communicatio idiomatum are explained in accordance with the doctrine of the Church, with no leaning to either Nestorianism or Adoptionism. It is true that Scotus explains the influence of the hypostatic union upon the human nature of Christ and upon His work differently from St. Thomas. Since this union in no way changes the human nature of Christ, it does not of itself impart to the Humanity the beatific vision or impeccability. These prerogatives were given to Christ with the fullness of grace which He received in consequence of that union. God would have become man even if Adam had not sinned, since He willed that in Christ humanity and the world should be united with Himself by the closest possible bond. Scotus also defends energetically the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin. All objections founded on original sin and the universal need of redemption are solved. The merits of Christ are infinite only in a broader sense, but of themselves they are entirely sufficient to give adequate satisfaction to the Divine justice; there is no deficiency to be supplied by God's mercy. But there is needed a merciful acceptation of the work of Christ, since in the sight of God there is no real merit in the strictest sense of the word.

Grace is something entirely supernatural and can be given only by God, and, what is more, only by a creative act; hence the sacraments are not, properly speaking, the physical or instrumental cause of grace, because God alone can create. Sanctifying grace is identical with the infused virtue of charity, and has its seat in the will; it is therefore conceived rather from the ethical standpoint. The sacraments give grace of themselves, or ex opere operato, if man places no obstacle in the way. The real essence of the Sacrament of Penance consists in the absolution; but this is of no avail unless the sinner repent with a sorrow that springs from love of God; his doctrine of attrition is by no means lax. As to his eschatology it must suffice to state that he makes the essence of beatitude consist in activity, i.e. in the love of God, not in the Beatific Vision; this latter is only the necessary condition.

In ethics Scotus declares emphatically that the morality of an act requires an object which is good in its nature, its end, and its circumstances, and according to the dictate of right reason. It is not true that he makes God's free will decide arbitrarily what is good and what is bad; he only asserts that the Commandments. Of the second table of the Decalogue are not in such strict sense laws of nature as are those of the first table; because God cannot grant a dispensation from the laws of the first, whereas He can dispense from those of the second; as in fact He did when He commanded Abraham to sacrifice his son. But the precepts of the second table also are far more binding than the other positive laws of God. In the present order of things God cannot permit manslaughter universally, taking the property of others, and the like. There are also indifferent actions in individuo. Absolutely speaking, man should direct all his actions towards God; but God does not require this, because He does not wish to burden man with so heavy a yoke. He obliges man only to observe the Decalogue; the rest is free. Social and legal questions are not treated by Scotus ex professo; his works, however, contain sound observations on these subjects.

Relation between philosophy and theology

Scotus does not, as is often asserted, maintain that science and faith can contradict each other, or that a proposition may be true in philosophy and false in theology and vice versa. Incorrect, also, is the statement that he attaches little importance to showing the harmony between scientific knowledge and faith and that he has no regard for speculative theology. Quite the contrary, he proves the dogmas of faith not only from authority but, as far as possible, from reason also. Theology presupposes philosophy as its basis. Facts which have God for their author and yet can be known by our natural powers especially miracles and prophecies, are criteria of the truth of Revelation, religion, and the Church. Scotus strives to gain as thorough an insight as possible into the truths of faith, to disclose them to the human mind, to establish truth upon truth, and from dogma to prove or to reject many a philosophical proposition. There is just as little warrant for the statement that his chief concern is humble subjection to the authority of God and of the Church, or that his tendency a priori is to depreciate scientific knowledge and to resolve speculative theology into doubts. Scotus simply believes that many philosophical and theological proofs of other scholars are not conclusive; in their stead he adduces other arguments. He also thinks that many philosophical and theological propositions can be proved which other Scholastics consider incapable of demonstration. He indeed lays great stress on the authority of Scripture, the Fathers, and the Church but he also attaches much importance to natural knowledge and the intellectual capacity of the mind of angels and of men, both in this world and in the other. He is inclined to widen rather than narrow the range of attainable knowledge. He sets great value upon mathematics and the natural sciences and especially upon metaphysics. He rejects every unnecessary recourse to Divine or angelic intervention or to miracles, and demands that the supernatural and miraculous be limited as far as possible even in matters of faith. Dogmas he holds are to be explained in a somewhat softened and more easily intelligible sense, so far as this may be done without diminution of their substantial meaning, dignity, and depth. In Scripture the literal sense is to be taken, and freedom of opinion is to be granted so far as it is not opposed to Christian Faith or the authority of the Church. Scotus was much given to the study of mathematics, and for this reason he insists on demonstrative proofs in philosophy and theology; but he is no real sceptic. He grants that our senses, our internal and external experience, and authority together with reason, can furnish us with absolute certainty and evidence. The difficulty which many truths present lies not so much in ourselves as in the objects. In itself everything knowable is the object of our knowledge. Reason can of its own powers recognize the existence of God and many of His attributes, the creation of the world out of nothing, the conservation of the world by God, the spirituality, individuality, substantiality, and unity of the soul, as well as its free will. In many of his writings he asserts that mere reason can come to know the immortality and the creation of the soul; in others he asserts the direct opposite; but he never denies the so-called moral evidence for these truths.

Theology with him is not a scientific study in the strictest sense of the word, as are mathematics and metaphysics, because it is not based upon the evidence of its objects, but upon revelation and authority. It is a practical science because it pursues a practical end: the possession of God. But it gives the mind perfect certainty and unchangeable truths; it does not consist in mere practical, moral, and religious activity Thus Scotus is removed from Kant and the modern Gefühlstheologen, not by a single line of thought but by the whole range of his philosophical speculation. Scotus is no precursor of Luther; he emphasizes ecclesiastical tradition and authority, the freedom of the will, the power of our reason, and the co-operation with grace. Nor is he a precursor of Kant. The doctrine regarding primacy of the will and the practical character of theology has quite a different meaning in his mind from what it has in Kant's. He values metaphysics highly and calls it the queen of sciences. Only as a very subtle critic may he be called the Kant of the thirteenth century. Nor is he a precursor of the Modernists. His writings indeed contain many entirely modern ideas, e.g. the stress he lays on freedom in scientific and also in religious matters, upon the separateness of the objective world and of thought, the self-activity of the thinking subject, the dignity and value of personality; yet in all this he remains within proper limits, and in opposition to the Modernists he asserts very forcibly the necessity of an absolute authority in the Church, the necessity of faith, the freedom of the will; and he rejects absolutely any and every monistic identification of the world and God. That he has so often been misunderstood is due simply to the fact that his teaching has been viewed from the standpoint of modern thought.

Scotus is a genuine Scholastic philosopher who works out ideas taken from Aristotle, St. Augustine, and the preceding Scholastics. He is universally recognized as a deep thinker, an original mind, and a sharp critic; a thoroughly scientific man, who without personal bias proceeds objectively, stating his own doctrines with modesty and with a certain reserve. It has been asserted that he did more harm than good to the Church, and that by his destructive criticism, his subtleties, and his barbarous terminology he prepared the ruin of Scholasticism, indeed that its downfall begins with him. These accusations originated to a great extent in the insufficient understanding or the false interpretation of his doctrines. No doubt his diction lacks elegance; it is often obscure and unintelligible; but the same must be said of many earlier Scholastics. Then too, subtle discussions and distinctions which to this age are meaningless, abound in his works; yet his researches were occasioned for the most part, by the remarks of other Scholastic philosophers, especially by Henry of Ghent, whom he attacks perhaps even more than he does St. Thomas. But the real spirit of scholasticism is perhaps in no other Scholastic so pronounced as in Scotus. In depth of thoughts which after all is the important thing, Scotus is not surpassed by any of his contemporaries. He was a child of his time; a thorough Aristotelean, even more so than St. Thomas; but he criticizes sharply even the Stagirite and his commentators. He tries always to explain them favourably, but does not hesitate to differ from them. Duns Sootus's teaching is orthodox. Catholics and Protestants have charged him with sundry errors and heresies, but the Church has not condemned a single proposition of his; on the contrary, the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception which he so strongly advocated, has been declared a dogma.

Minges, Parthenius. "Bl. John Duns Scotus." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 19 May 2015 <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05194a.htm>.

Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Rick McCarty.

Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. May 1, 1909. Remy Lafort, Censor. Imprimatur. +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York.
SOURCE : http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05194a.htm

Blessed John Duns Scotus

Bl. John Duns Scotus was born in Duns, Berwickshire, Scotland, around 1265. He was immediately baptized after birth and was named after St. John the Evangelist. He grew up a good boy, healthy and pure like a little angel. He received a solid Christian formation from home and from the parish priest. He frequented the Cistercian Abbey of Melrose for his catechism lessons. There, he absorbed the ardent love for the Mother of God which St. Bernard had left as a patrimony to the Cistercians.

As a little boy, Bl. John suffered very much from the obtuseness of his intellect. He wanted to read, to write and to study the profundity of the truths of the faith, but his mind just could not manage to learn or understand anything. By means of with prayers and sighs, he had recourse to Mary, the Seat of Wisdom, asking Her to heal his dullness so that he could advance in his studies. Mary appeared to him and granted his request. Going back to school, the “pea-brained” could only astonish his classmates and teachers. Bl. John resolved to make use of the heavenly gift of sublime intelligence, above all, to glorify the sweet and glorious Virgin Mary, Treasurer of every good.

At the age of 15, he entered the Novititate of the Order of Friars Minor(the Franciscans) at Dumfries, in the Kingdom of Scotland. There he made praiseworthy progress day by day in piety and in seraphic virtue. After a year he consecrated himself to God by the Religious Profession of the vows of poverty, chastity and obedience. He was then sent for his studies in various theological schools of the Order. He was ordained a priest by Msgr. Oliver Sutton, Bishop of Lincoln, England, on March 17, 1291, at the church of St. Andrew of the Monks of Cluny. After his ordination, he began a series of travels between England and France to pursue advanced philosophical and theological studies.

During the night of Christmas, 1299 at the Oxford Convent, Bl. John, immersed in his contemplation of the adorable mystery of the Incarnation of the Word, was rapt in ecstasy. The Blessed Mother appeared to him and placed on his arms the Child Jesus who kissed and embraced him fondly. This was perhaps the occasion which inspired Bl. John to write so profoundly and fluently on the absolute primacy of Christ and the reason for the Incarnation. Christ’s Incarnation, which is decreed from all eternity even apart from the Redemption, is the supreme created manifestation of God’s love.

After about four years of teaching at Oxford and Cambridge, at the end of 1301, Bl. John returned to Paris. He was granted his bachelor’s degree in theology. Later, on the vigil of receiving his doctorate, he had to leave France suddenly, to return to England. Philip, the Fair, in a disgraceful quarrel with Pope Boniface VIII demanded all clerics, nobles religious, bishops and the University of Paris to appeal to the Council against the Pope. Bl. John Duns Scotus, among the few members of the faculty, refused to accede to the wishes of the King and chose the way of exile, sometime between the 25th and 28th of June 1303.

After a year, the situation abated and Bl. John was back again at the University of Paris where he received the doctorate in theology and thus inaugurated his official professorship which was to lead him to singular glory among the great medieval scholastics. Soon the fame of his genius and learning spread abroad and students came in great numbers to attend the lectures of the new master. On account of his habit of making refined distinctions during theologic argumentation, the title “Subtle Doctor” was conferred on him by his contemporaries. Rodulphus wrote of him: “There was nothing so recondite, nothing so abstruse that his keen mind could not fathom and clarify; nothing so knotty, that he like another Oedupus, could not unravel, nothing so fraught with difficulty or enveloped in darkness that his genius could not expound.” Another author wrote: “He described the Divine Nature as if he had seen God; the celestial spirits as if he had been an angel; the happiness of the future state as if he had enjoyed them; and the ways of Providence as if he had penetrated into its secrets.”

It was also in Paris that Bl. John came to be called as the “Marian Doctor” after he championed the privilege of Mary’s Immaculate Conception. In England, Bl. John taught the truth of this Marian privilege without any opposition. But at Paris the situation was reversed. The academic body of the University admitted only the purification of Mary in the womb of Her mother St. Anne, like St. John the Baptist. Alexander of Hales, St. Bonaventure, St. Thomas Aquinas, the great Parisian Masters, were not able to solve the problem of the universality of original sin and of the efficacy of Christ’s Redemption. They thought that even the Blessed Virgin Mary was included in this universality, and therefore subject to contract the original stain even if only for an instant, so that she may also be redeemed. Scotus in his attempt to introduce and teach a theological position different from that upheld by the university, had to appear in a public dispute before the whole academic body, at the risk of expulsion from the university if he failed to defend his doctrine. Bl. John Scotus prepared himself for the event in prayer and recollection and in total confidence to the Immaculate Virgin, the Seat of Wisdom.

When the fixed day of the dispute arrived, on leaving the convent, he passed before a statue of Our Lady and with suppliant voice entreated her: “Allow me to praise You, O Most Holy Virgin; give me strength against your enemies.” Our Lady responded with a prodigious visible sign: the head of the statue moved and bowed slightly before him. It was as if to say: “Yes I will give you all the strength you need.”

Two Papal legates presided over the dispute. Then with powerful dialectic and with deep and subtle reasoning, Bl. Scotus refuted all the objections of the learned men in attendance, undermining the foundation of every argument contrary to Mary’s Immaculate Conception. Bl. John Scotus pointed out: <”The Perfect Redeemer, must in some case, have done the work of redemption most perfectly, which would not be, unless there is some person, at least, in whose regard, the wrath of God was anticipated and not merely appeased.”> Bl. John triumphed. From that day the University of Paris took up the same cause to defend this privilege of the Blessed Virgin Mary.

Bl. John Duns Scotus had to leave the university at Paris one more time, partly for some political reasons and partly because some doubts had been cast on his theology by opponents. The Franciscan Minister General sent Scotus to Cologne, Germany ,where he lectured for some time in the Franciscan house of studies until his untimely death on 8th November, 1308, barely 43 years of age. He was called “blessed” almost immediately after his death.

Through the centuries his tomb has been visited by large numbers of the faithful and public veneration has been offered to him in the dioceses of Edinburgh, Scotland, Nola, Italy, and Cologne, Germany, as well as throughout the Order of Friars Minor (the Franciscans).

In 1854, Pope Pius IX solemnly declared that the Marian doctrine of Bl. John , was a correct expression of the faith of the Apostles: “at the first moment of Her conception, Mary was preserved free from the stain of original sin, in view of the merits of Jesus Christ.” The seal of the Church’s approval was also placed on Bl. John’s doctrine on the universal primacy of Christ when the feast of Christ the King was instituted in 1925. On March 20, 1993 Bl. John Duns Scotus was beatified by Pope John Paul II at St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome.

Bl. John Duns Scotus, “The minstrel of the Word Incarnate” and “Defender of Mary’s Immaculate Conception” is presented by Pope John Paul II to our age “wealthy of human, scientific and technological resources, but in which many have lost the sense of faith and lead lives distant from Christ and His Gospel,” as “a Teacher of thought and life.” For the Church, he is “an example of fidelity to the revealed truth, of effective, priestly, and serious dialogue in search for unity.” It is also the Holy Father’s hope that “his spirit and memory enlighten with the very light of Christ the trials and hope of our society.

SOURCE : http://www.ucatholic.com/saints/blessed-john-duns-scotus/


Blessed John Duns Scotus (AC)

Born in Duns, Berwickshire, Scotland, c. 1265; died 1308; cultus confirmed by John Paul II on March 20, 1992. Bl. John Duns Scotus was one of the most important and influential Franciscan theologians. His major contributions included the founding of the Scotistic School in Theology and clarifying the theology of the Absolute Kingship of Jesus Christ, the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and his philosophic refutation of evolution.


Immediately after his birth, Blessed John was baptized. His early Christian formation was in the home of his pious parents, the parish priest, and the monks of the Cistercian Abbey of Melrose, where he received his catechetical instruction. At the monastery he developed an ardent love for the Mother of God, the patrimony of Saint Bernard to the Cistercians.

Unfortunately, John suffered some learning disability. His mind was unable to grasp the truths of the faith and he had difficulty learning to read and write. His faith saved him; through the intercession of the Blessed Mother, Seat of Wisdom, he was healed. She appeared to him during prayer and granted his request. His sudden change from dunce to scholar astonished his teachers and classmates. From that time he resolved to use his heaven-bestowed gift of intelligence to glorify the Mother of God.

He entered the Franciscan novitiate at Dumfries, Scotland, at the age of 15, where he made steady progress in his studies and in virtue. The following year he was professed and sent to study theology at various schools. On March 17, 1291, John was ordained priest by Bishop Oliver Sutton of Lincoln at the church of St. Andrew of the Monks of Cluny. Thereafter he began a series of travels between England and France to pursue advanced philosophical and theological studies.

On Christmas Eve in 1299 at the Oxford Convent, the Blessed Mother appeared to John as his contemplated the mystery of the Incarnation. She placed the Child Jesus in his arms to receive the sweet kisses of the Word Incarnate. Perhaps this incident inspired John to write so profoundly about the Incarnation as God's supreme demonstration of His love for man.


SOURCE : http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/0519.shtml


Beato Giovanni Duns Scoto scrivente mentre i frati editano le sue opere sotto la protezione dell'Immacolata Concezione e di san Francesco d'Assisistigmatizzato - Roma - Commissione Scotista - quadro sec. XX


Beato Giovanni Duns Scoto Sacerdote francescano


1265/1266 - 8 novembre 1308

Nacque tra il 23 dicembre 1265 e il 17 marzo 1266, in Scozia da cui il soprannome «Scoto». La città natale, Duns portava lo stesso nome della sua famiglia. Sin da bambino entrò in contatto con i francescani, di cui tredicenne iniziò a frequentare gli studi conventuali di Haddington, nella contea di Berwich. Terminati gli studi in teologia si dedicò all'insegnamento prima a Oxford, poi a Parigi e Colonia. Qui, su incarico del generale della sua Congregazione doveva fronteggiare le dottrine eretiche, ma riuscì a dedicarsi per breve tempo all'impresa. Morì infatti pochi mesi dopo il suo arrivo, l'8 novembre 1308. Giovanni Duns è considerato uno dei più grandi maestri della teologia cristiana, nonché precursore della dottrina dell'Immacolata Concezione. Giovanni Paolo II lo ha proclamato beato il 20 marzo 1993 definendolo «cantore del Verbo incarnato e difensore dell'Immacolato concepimento di Maria». Le sue spoglie mortali sono custodite nella chiesa dei frati minori di Colonia.

Martirologio Romano: A Colonia in Lotaringia, ora in Germania, beato Giovanni Duns Scoto, sacerdote dell’Ordine dei Minori, che, di origine scozzese, maestro insigne per sottigliezza di ingegno e mirabile pietà, insegnò filosofia e teologia nelle scuole di Canterbury, Oxford, Parigi e Colonia. 

L’entrata sulla scena culturale di Giovanni Duns Scoto coincide con il ventennio che separa la seconda condanna dell’aristotelismo (1277) con il primo decennio del XIV secolo, cioè con quel periodo storico in cui, all’Università di Parigi, si formano le “scuole di pensiero”: quella “domenicana”, intorno a Tommaso d’Aquino; quella “francescana”, intorno a Bonaventura da Bagnoregio; e quella “eclettica”, intorno ad Enrico di Gand e a Goffredo di Fontaines. Duns Scoto, invece di scegliere una di esse, ne fonda una propria, chiamata “scotista”, profondamente innovativa, da essere paragonata, anticipatamente, alla “rivoluzione copernicana”. 

La vita 

Il profilo biografico di Duns Scoto segue l’indicazione “nazionale”, incisa sul monumento sepolcrale, custodito nella navata sinistra della chiesa di San Francesco d’Assisi, in Colonia, che recita: Scotia me genuit / Anglia me suscepit / Gallia me docuit / Colonia me tenet: (la Scozia mi ha dato i natali / l’Inghilterra mi ha accolto / la Francia mi ha istruito / e Colonia mi conserva). 

Le sue origini storiche sono scozzesi, onde l’appellativo di “Scoto”. Tra la fine del 1265 o l’inizio del 1266, nella famiglia di Niniano Duns nasce un bimbo, che al fonte battesimale riceve il nome di Giovanni. Della madre non si conosce né il nome né il casato. Il paese si chiama Duns: omonimia tra cognome e luogo. Il casato dei Duns apparteneva a una ricca famiglia terriera e benefattrice dei francescani, che da poco erano arrivati in quella regione. Dopo la prima educazione ricevuta in famiglia, Giovanni frequentò la scuola della vicino Haddington. A 15 anni, veste l’abito francescano. E sotto la guida spirituale di padre Elia Duns, zio paterno e Vicario Generale per la Scozia dal 1278, trascorre l’anno del Noviziato nel solitario convento di Dumfries, immerso nella variopinta bellezza alpestre e incastonato nella verdeggiante collina sovrastante. Durante la preparazione alla Professione religiosa, nel 1281, riceve la dolce apparizione del Bambino Gesù tra le braccia, come dono della sua semplicità e della sua devozione al mistero dell’Incarnazione. Il decennio 1281-1291 è il periodo della preparazione all’ordine sacerdotale, che riceve il 17 marzo 1291, nella chiesa cluniacense di Sant’Andrea di Northampton, per le mani del Vescovo di Lincoln, mons. Oliverio Sutton. Dopo il sacerdozio, viene designato per il corso di preparazione al Dottorato in teologia, all’Università di Parigi. Così dal settembre 1291 a giugno 1296, frequenta i corsi di teologia all’Università di Parigi. 

Gli studi

Al termine del corso teologico, si otteneva il primo grado accademico, quello di cursor biblicus, con il quale si diventava “assistente” del proprio Magister. Il periodo tirocinante durava circa 10 anni; (ai religiosi Mendicanti veniva ridotto di qualche anno per un privilegio della Santa Sede). Normalmente le esercitazioni si tenevano presso la stessa sede universitaria; (i Mendicanti godevano di una concessione pontificia che consentiva di svolgerle in uno studium generale incorporato a una sede universitaria e sempre sotto la responsabilità del diretto Magister). Il titolo di cursor biblicus consentiva di “leggere” per 2 anni, un libro dell’AT e un libro del NT. 

Dopo il biennio tirocinante e un anno di studio personale sui quattro libri delle Sentenze di Pietro Lombardo, si diventava baccelliere sententiarus, che permetteva di tenere lezioni straordinarie sullo stesso testo, per due anni, prima di ricevere il titolo di baccelliere formatus, con il quale si era dichiarato idoneo al proseguimento della carriera universitaria con la lectio continua del medesimo testo delle Sentenze, che durava 4 anni. 

Non tutta l’attività accademica di Duns Scoto è stata tranquilla. Il 25 giugno 1303, infatti, a causa della  crisi tra il re di Francia, Filippo IV il Bello, e il papa Bonifacio VIII, dovette prendere la via dell’esilio, per la sua fedeltà al Papa. Con la morte di Bonifacio VIII, (11 ottobre 1303), ritornò a Parigi per ricevere il titolo di Magister regens (26 marzo 1305), dando vita alla sua intensa e attività scientifica. All’inizio del 1307, bisogna segnalare la famosa “disputa” sull’Immacolata Concezione, considerata dagli studiosi il fiore all’occhiello del Maestro francescano, per la quale si meritò i titoli di Doctor Subtilis e di Doctor Marianus. E nell’estate del 1307, venne trasferito nel convento di San Francesco in Colonia, dove l’8 novembre del 1308, entrò nella pace del Signore.

Le opere

È certo che Duns Scoto, con diversa autorità accademica, cioè da baccelliere e da maestro, ha letto più volte e in diversi luoghi le Sentenze di Pietro Lombardo, e ha esercitato il tirocinio di “lettore” in filosofia ugualmente varie volte e in diversi luoghi. Per analisi critica interna, si deduce che le “opere filosofiche” sono state scritte prima dei “commenti teologici”. Le testimonianze dei vari “commenti” sono avvalorate anche dalla diversa terminologia con cui vengono tramandati: Lectura, Reportatio e Ordinatio. Il termine, Lectura, rimanda a degli schemi o appunti, da sviluppare durante l’insegnamento, e costituisce il primo commento dato alle Sentenze; la Reportatio, invece, indica uno scritto composto dai discepoli, desunto dall’insegnamento di Duns Scoto e, in linea generale, da lui approvato; l’Ordinatio, infine, contiene il testo scritto personalmente da Duns Scoto per la pubblicazione, come è documentato dall’edizione critica, che rivela la preoccupazione della stesura definitiva. Tra le opere a carattere logico si segnalano alcuni commentari su Aristotele e Porfirio; a carattere filosofico, i commentari sul De anima e sulla Metafisica di Aristotele; di vario contenuto si ricordano le Collationes, o Conferenze tenute tanto a Parigi quanto a Colonia; il Quodlibet tratta di questioni ben ordinate su temi specifici; i Theoremata espongono delicate tesi di teologia; il Tractatus de primo principio espone le prove filosofiche dell’esistenza di Dio. L’Ordinatio è il capolavoro di Duns Scoto. 

Edizioni: L. Wadding, Lyon 1639, in 12 volumi; M. Vivès, Paris 1891-1894, in 26 volumi; Edizione critica, Città del Vaticano 1950ss, in 30 volumi non ancora completa; G. Lauriola, Editio Minor, Alberobello 1998-2001, AGA, in 5 volumi.


Plaque commémorative de Duns Scotus, University Church, Oxford


IL PENSIERO 

Cristocentrismo assoluto

Data la poliedrica personalità di Duns Scoto e la vastità dei suoi scritti, non è facile esprimere in sintesi la visione del suo pensiero. Tuttavia, sembra utile segnalare che il cuore della sua impostazione dottrinale è il cristocentrismo assoluto, i cui effetti si ripercuotono non solo in campo teologico, ma anche in quello del sapere umano, tanto che la sua interpretazione viene paragonata, anticipatamente, a una “rivoluzione copernicana”. La traduzione pratica del cristocentrismo di Duns Scoto è il Primato universale di Cristo, che costituisce l’aspetto più caratteristico del suo pensiero e il contributo più efficace dato alla storia della teologia. Profondamente convinto che Dio non può essere amato adeguatamente se non da un altro Dio, Duns Scoto distingue nell’unico atto della volontà divina il seguente ordine logico: “Dio ama sé stesso. Dio ama sé stesso negli altri. Dio vuole essere amato da un altro che lo possa amare adeguatamente, e parlo di un amore a lui estrinseco. Dio previde l’unione della natura umana che deve amarlo infinitamente e per questo predestina chi lo può amare adeguatamente e infinitamente di un amore estrinseco, anche se nessuno avrebbe peccato” (Reportata Parisiensia, III, d. 7, q. 4, n. 5). E per questo, “io dico che la caduta [di Adamo] non è stata la causa necessaria della predestinazione di Cristo” (Ivi, n. 4); e “non c’è nessuna necessità che il genere umano fosse redento e che Cristo dovesse patire” (Ordinatio, III, d. 20, q. un., n. 7).

Il cuore del Cristocentrismo è la “predestinazione incondizionata” di Cristo. L’umanità assunta dal Verbo è la prima operazione ad extra di Dio, e come tale Cristo esercita la triplice causalità - efficiente, formale e finale - su tutti gli esseri. Cristo, quindi, è contemplato prima nel piano ontologico e poi nel piano storico. Nella predestinazione di Cristo gravita anche la predestinazione incondizionata di Maria, come verrà confermato prima da Pio IX nella costituzione apostolica Ineffabilis Deus, sulla definizione dogmatica dell’Immacolata Concezione, precisando che Dio “nell’unico e medesimo decreto di predestinazione” ha voluto Cristo e Maria; e poi, anche dal concilio Vaticano II: “Maria è congiunta indissolubilmente con l’opera salvifica del Figlio suo” (SC  103). Di conseguenza, per Duns Scoto, la mariologia è indissolubilmente legata e dipendente dalla cristologia. 

Mariologia

Dalla sorgente del cristocentrismo assoluto scaturiscono come cascata scintillante di gioielli tutte le principali verità tanto di natura mariologica, quanto di quella ecclesiale. Tra le tesi mariane, si distinguono alcune di carattere specifiche e altre generiche. Il contributo di Duns Scoto è importante sia nelle prime che nelle seconde, proprio perché la chiave di lettura è legata a quella del Cristo. Così nel mistero dell’Incarnazione del Verbo si fondano le tre verità specifiche mariane: la Maternità divina, l’Immacolata Concezione e l’Assunzione al cielo; mentre tutte le altre espressioni di culto e di devozione non sono altro che delle conseguenze delle prime.

Nell’unico e medesimo decreto (uno eodenque decreto) di predestinazione divina, Cristo si “sceglie” la Madre e le dona la maternità, rendendola “piena di grazia”; e Maria, da parte sua, dona a Cristo la “natura umana”, che rende “visibile” l’“Invisibile”. È un gioco d’amore, in cui Cristo e Maria sono contemporaneamente attivi e passivi insieme: Cristo è attivo in quanto dona la “grazia” ed è passivo in quanto riceve l’“umanità”; Maria è ugualmente attiva in quanto dona la “natura umana” ed è passiva in quanto riceve la “grazia”. Questo scambio di vincoli costituisce il fondamento di tutti i privilegi mariani e di tutta la mariologia, secondo il principio scotista “della vicinanza a Cristo”.

Alla luce del primato di Cristo, anche lo splendore della Concezione Immacolata vive la sua giusta collocazione. Teologicamente, il dono della Maternità divina implica già quello dell’Immacolata e quello dell’Assunzione; doni che storicamente vengono scoperti nel momento in cui lo Spirito ha voluto che si manifestassero ufficialmente. Così, nella previsione della caduta originale, l’amore di Cristo prende liberamente la via della croce, con la quale ha voluto manifestare all’uomo il nuovo modo di amare, dandogli un’altra possibilità per conservare la sua fedeltà al disegno divino. Cosa che non ha fatto con gli angeli che non hanno accettato il suo mistero, condannandoli per sempre alla mancanza del suo amore. E proprio, nella prospettiva dei meriti della sua Croce, Cristo ha “preservato” sua Madre dalle conseguenze della colpa d’origine, attraverso la redenzione “intensiva o preventiva”, come la chiama Duns Scoto, il quale afferma: “Maria ha avuto bisogno del Mediatore più di tutti gli altri per non contrarre il peccato” (Ordinatio, III, d. 7, q. 4, n. ); e aggiunge: “La beata Vergine Madre di Dio non fu mai in atto nemica di Dio né in ragione del peccato attuale né in ragione del peccato originale” (Ivi).

L’Immacolata Concezione è il fondamento naturale dell’Assunzione di Maria in cielo, che completa così il treppiede mariano: Maternità, Immacolata e Assunta. In sintonia con il mistero di Cristo, Duns Scoto instaura una perfetta analogia con Maria: come Cristo è morto ed è risorto, così Maria è morta ed è stata Assunta in cielo. Nell’analisi del concetto di “morte”, il Dottor Sottile introduce la distinzione tra diritto naturale e legge morale. Per “diritto naturale”, la morte appartiene a ogni creatura e non ammette eccezioni: “sei polvere e in polvere ritornerai” (Gn 3, 19); invece, per “legge morale”, è una pena del peccato: “la morte è entrata nel mondo per il peccato” (Rm 5, 12). In quanto “creature”, sia Cristo che Maria avevano la “potenza di morire” e di fatto sono “morti”; l’uomo, invece, oltre a essere creatura soggiace anche alla pena del peccato, con tutte le conseguenze del caso. Per Maria, conclude Duns Scoto, la morte appartiene alla legge di natura e non a quella della colpa, per cui la sua morte è da considerarsi come una speciale dormitio, ossia passaggio dal dolce sonno della morte alla beata assunzione in cielo.

Ecclesiologia

Secondo Duns Scoto, la Chiesa ha ricevuto da Cristo, suo Fondatore, due specifiche finalità: “custodire fedelmente” il patrimonio rivelato della Scrittura; e “interpretarlo autorevolmente”, per presentarlo al Popolo di Dio; e di conseguenza, essa è “norma pratica e ultima di fede”. Il mistero della Chiesa è quasi sempre considerato unito al mistero dell’Eucaristia e del Sacerdozio: dove c’è Eucaristia c’è Chiesa, dove c’è Sacerdozio c’è Chiesa. Entrambi i sacramenti costituiscono il cuore e la fonte della vita sacramentale della Chiesa, perché sono la stessa persona del Cristo, mediante i quali egli si perpetua nella storia: “come l’atto più nobile nella Chiesa è assolutamente la consacrazione dell’Eucaristia, così il grado supremo e più nobile…è il sacerdozio” (Ordinatio, IV, d. 24, q. un., n. 7). 

Il mistero della Chiesa deriva dal fatto che la sua realtà è tutta speciale: ha come origine Cristo, e come capo lo stesso Cristo nella persona del Papa, suo Vicario; come fine, la felicità eterna dell’uomo; come mezzi, i sacramenti, la preghiera, le opere buone; e come legge l’amore, secondo le due tavole dei Comandamenti. Queste note strutturali orientano il Maestro francescano a utilizzare anche dei titoli: Società perfetta, Popolo di Dio e Popolo di Cristo, Corpo mistico di Cristo, Sposa di Cristo, Casa di Dio. Il titolo più suffragato è quello di “società autonoma e perfetta”. Per evitare equivoci con altre società umane, spesso aggiunge degli attributi che trascendono le condizioni della contingenza e ne esprimono l’aspetto specifico, e ne demarcano anche le differenze.

Nella complessa realtà della Chiesa, in cui ognuno ha dei compiti specifici, determinati dal diverso carattere sacramentale ricevuto, la gerarchia assume un ruolo importante per la sua missione di preminenza nel guidare la Chiesa alla realizzazione della salvezza. Particolare sottolineatura riceve l’autorità del Sommo Pontefice per la Chiesa universale e quella del vescovo per le rispettive chiese particolari. Secondo Duns Scoto, il Romano Pontefice non può mai errare in materia di fede e di costumi; nel concilio ecumenico è la Chiesa che interviene, determina, dichiara e precisa attraverso il Papa e i Vescovi. A proposito del Vescovo, Duns Scoto è l’unico teologo del suo tempo ad affermare che “la preminenza della dignità episcopale è una preminenza di Ordine… [ossia che] l’Episcopato è un vero e proprio Ordine, distinto da quello del sacerdozio” (Ordinatio, IV, d. 24, q. un., nn. 5-6).

Spiritualità

Duns Scoto è non soltanto un pensatore speculativo, ma è anche un maestro di spirito. La sua spiritualità può essere racchiusa in due principi generali: quello biblico di Dio, e quello epistemologico del termine greco episteme; l’uno, è per sé Essere e Azione insieme; e l’altro, contempera nel suo etimo anche il significato di “agire”. Il primo viene interpretato cristocentricamente: “tutto ciò che esiste viene da Cristo e a Cristo deve ritornare”; il secondo, in chiave economico-speculativo: “non bisogna moltiplicare le cose senza necessità” (In Metaphysicam, VII, q. 12, n. 7: “pluralitas non est ponenda sine necessitate”). Principi traducibili nel concetto di praxis, ossia nell’atto della volontà illuminato dalla retta ragione; e, di conseguenza, la conoscenza di una verità teologica se non produce frutti di vita pratica “ad luxuriam reducitur” (Ordinatio, II, d. 6, q. 2, n. 14). Come a dire: una volontà che volesse compiacersi della semplice speculazione della verità, correrebbe il rischio di cadere nella tentazione della lussuria, cioè di crogiolarsi in sé stesso e di sprofondare nelle sabbie mobili; la praxis, invece, ha la potenza dell’amore che trasforma l’amante in amato e l’amato in amante. 

Applicando questi principi generali alla vita spirituale, Duns Scoto costruisce il suo itinerario di perfezione interiore, strutturato sul “settenario delle virtù”, che semplifica al massimo il patrimonio dei mezzi di perfezione. Il “settenario delle virtù” è composto da sette virtù: tre teologali - fede, speranza e carità -; e quattro cardinali - prudenza, temperanza, fortezza e giustizia -; e viene infuso con il sacramento del Battesimo, così da assicurare a tutti i battezzati i mezzi necessari per vivere la propria fede nel mondo per non essere del mondo, e partecipare alla vita eterna. Lo spirito che lo alimenta è lo stesso Cristo, cioè “Colui per il quale tutto è stato fatto e senza di lui niente è stato fatto di ciò che esiste” (Gv 1, 3). 

In questo modo, Duns Scoto identifica l’origine delle virtù direttamente con lo stesso Cristo. Scrive: “come Cristo sana perfettamente il corpo (Mt 9, 1-6), così sana perfettamente l’anima nelle sue facoltà specifiche: l’intelletto mediante la fede, e la volontà mediante la carità e la speranza” (Ordinatio, III, d. 23, q. un., n. 14). La presenza per infusione delle tre virtù teologiche è garanzia dello stato di perfezione oggettivo dell’uomo, che così viene “restaurato” spiritualmente nella sua immagine di Cristo. A differenza di altri teologi, Duns Scoto afferma: solo “le virtù teologiche e le virtù cardinali hanno origine per infusione, mentre le virtù morali si acquisiscono mediante la ripetizione degli atti” (Ordinatio, III, d. 36, q. un., n. 28). Le virtù morali, benché perfette in sé stesse, sono inabili a condurre l’uomo fino al suo fine ultimo, cioè in ordine al soprannaturale; per agire in ordine al soprannaturale devono essere “informate dalla carità”, a cui servono come disposizione ad agire verso la perfezione. Senza carità, infatti, le virtù morali sono “informe”, mentre sono “formate per e con la carità”. 

Benché l’esercizio di ogni singola virtù morale perfezioni l’uomo intorno al fine specifico della singola virtù, tuttavia per raggiungere perfettamente il fine dell’esistenza è necessario la “solidarietà” tra le virtù, ossia la presenza di tutte le altre virtù, che “come sorelle collaborino al raggiungimento della perfezione” (Ibidem, n. 9). Mentre tra le virtù morali può sussistere questa solidarietà, essa può non sussistere nelle virtù teologali. Difatti, Duns Scoto ricorda tre specifiche situazioni: in cielo si avrà la carità senza fede e senza speranza; durante la vita si possono avere fede e speranza senza carità; nell’origine invece vengono infuse tutte e tre insieme per liberalità di Dio, in Cristo (Ibidem, n. 30).

E poiché le virtù tendono al perfezionamento dell’uomo, sia nei riguardi di Dio che nei riguardi degli uomini e delle cose, esse hanno come unico modello Cristo, di cui l’uomo ne è l’immagine. E così, al centro dell’intero “settenario” delle virtù che “semplicemente perfeziona l’uomo”, Duns Scoto pone il Cristo: in quanto Dio, è unica fonte della grazia, che si trasmette con le virtù teologali; in quanto Uomo, è l’unica misura della moralità dell’uomo, mediante le virtù cardinali. Come a dire: l’immagine imperfetta dell’uomo tende verso l’immagine perfetta del Cristo; l’“immagine tende all’imitazione di ciò di cui è immagine, e di esprimerlo” (Ordinatio, I, d. 3, pars 3, q. 4, n. 2: “imago nata est imitari ipsum cuius est imago, et exprimere illud”). In questo modo, Duns Scoto mette in luce l’origine ontologica della sequela di Cristo, e, seguendo l’insegnamento di Paolo e di Agostino, afferma: “la carità è il dono più eccelso fatto da Dio” e “solo l’atto di carità verso Dio è buono per sé”; e conclude: Dio è da amarsi per sé stesso, perché è Amore infinito: la “carità rende caro Dio all’uomo e l’uomo a Dio”. 

Testimonianze recenti dei Papi

Nell’arco di tempo dei due centenari di Giovanni Duns Scoto, il VII della nascita (1266-1966) e della morte (1308-2008), i Papi hanno sentito il bisogno di esprimere il dovuto riconoscimento dottrinale e di santità al “rappresentante più qualificato della scuola francescana”. Paolo VI ha scritto la preziosa Lettera Apostolica Alma parens (14 luglio 1966), che costituisce la charta magna del pensiero di Duns Scoto; Giovanni Paolo II, oltre a tante testimonianze lasciate lungo il suo pontificato, ne ha confermato il Culto (20 marzo 1993); e Benedetto XVI ha completato la visione scotista con la puntuale Lettera apostolica Laetare, Colonia urbs (28 ottobre 2008).

Il culto

L’origine del culto in onore di Giovanni Duns Scoto è legato sia alla santità della sua vita che alla bontà della sua dottrina: santità e dottrina in lui convolano a perfetta unità e identità, come documenta il lungo e tormentato processo di beatificazione, durato III secoli! La sua venerazione, spesso, è stata abbinata al culto dell’Immacolata, da lui difesa nel 1307 alla Sorbona di Parigi, come appare anche nell’Ufficio dell’Immacolata Concezione, approvato da Sisto IV, il 4 ottobre 1470. La stessa iconografia dell’Immacolata Concezione rappresenta Duns Scoto sempre con l’aureola, insieme ad altri Santi, come è documentato dai due processi di canonizzazione, celebrati a Nola (NA), che, alla fine, hanno portato alla conferma del suo culto. Nell’arco di circa VII secoli, dal 1380 al 1956, le sue spoglie hanno avuto ben 8 ricognizioni e 5 traslazioni. 

Il processo per la conferma del culto a Giovanni Duns Scoto ha avuto inizio il 1706 e terminato nel 1993, quando Giovanni Paolo II, il 20 marzo 1993, gli Conferma il Culto, durante i primi Vespri della IV domenica di quaresima, nella basilica di San Pietro, definendolo “Cantore dell’Incarnazione e Difensore dell’Immacolata”. 

La memoria liturgica ricorre l’8 novembre.

Autore: 
P. Giovanni Lauriola ofm


Voir aussi : http://www.franciscan-archive.org/scotus/