Portrait
of en:Pope
Soter un the en:Basilica of Saint Paul
Outside the Walls, Rome
Ritratto di it:Papa Sotero nella it:Basilica di San Paolo fuori la Mura, Roma
Saint Soter
Pape (12 ème) de 166 à 175 et martyr (+ 175)
Sa vie et son oeuvre ne nous sont pratiquement pas connues. Eusèbe de Césarée cite une lettre de lui aux chrétiens de Corinthe qui montre la sollicitude de la communauté romaine envers tous les chrétiens malheureux. Elle fut lue publiquement. Il fixa la fête de Pâques au dimanche suivant le 14ème jour du mois de Nisan, ce qui provoqua de nombreuses querelles. Il n'est pas sûr qu'il soit mort martyr.
SOURCE : http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/1021/Saint-Soter.html
Saint Soter (166-175)
Ce pape naquit à Fondi (Lacio). Il envoya de l’aide matérielle à l’Église et à
la communauté chrétienne de Corinthe, victime d’une persécution violente.
Il fut le premier à imprimer le caractère du sacrement au mariage.
SOURCE : http://eglise.de.dieu.free.fr/liste_des_papes_01.htm
SAINT SOTER et SAINT
CAÏUS
Papes et Martyrs
Saint Soter fut le successeur du Pape Anicet. Il naquit à Fundi, ville de l'Italie méridionale. On sait peu de chose sur sa vie.
Il déploya une ardente charité pour les Églises qui souffraient de la persécution. Il subvenait, par des aumônes, aux nécessités des chrétiens exilés pour la foi et n'oubliait pas les indigents des provinces. Il accueillait, avec la tendresse d'un père, les étrangers qui venaient à Rome, et leur prodiguait toutes les consolations qui étaient en son pouvoir.
Il se montra intrépide défenseur de la foi contre les hérésies, en particulier contre celle des Montanistes, qui se répandait alors partout. Il écrivit aux évêques d'Italie une lettre où il traite de la foi en Jésus-Christ. Il ordonna aussi que, le Jeudi Saint, tous les fidèles recevraient le corps du Christ, hors ceux qui en seraient empêchés par quelque grave péché, et déclara que les serments faits contre la justice ne devaient pas être gardés.
Il siégea sur la chaire pontificale trois ans, onze mois et dix-huit jours. Il fut enveloppé dans la cruelle persécution qui s'éleva sous Marc-Aurèle et reçut la couronne du martyre (177). Il fut enseveli dans le cimetière appelé plus tard de Calliste. Il avait, selon la coutume de ses prédécesseurs, ordonné, au mois de décembre, dix-huit prêtres, neuf diacres et onze évêques pour les divers lieux.
L'histoire nous a transmis peu de chose sur la vie du Pape Caïus. Il était né en Dalmatie et appartenait à la famille de Dioclétien. Ce fut un Pontife d'une rare prudence et d'une vertu courageuse.
La persécution contre les chrétiens sévissait alors dans toute sa fureur: les fidèles, pour s'y soustraire, étaient obligés de se tenir cachés dans les cavernes et les tombeaux. Saint Caïus mit tout son zèle à confirmer dans la foi les serviteurs de Jésus-Christ. Il conseilla au patricien Chromatius de recevoir dans sa villa les fidèles qui voudraient échapper aux bourreaux et alla les y visiter afin de soutenir leur courage. Ce fut alors qu'il fit diacres Marc et Marcellin, qu'il éleva leur père Tranquillin à la prêtrise et établit Sébastien défenseur de l'Église.
Il ordonna que, dans l'Église, avant de monter à l'épiscopat, on passerait par les degrés des ordres et rangs de portier, de lecteur, d'exorciste, d'acolyte, de sous-diacre, de diacre et de prêtre.
Afin d'éviter lui-même les cruautés de Dioclétien, il se tint caché quelques temps dans une caverne; mais, huit ans plus tard, il remporta la couronne du martyre avec son frère Gabinus, après avoir siégé douze ans, quatre mois et cinq jours. Il avait ordonné vingt-cinq prêtres, huit diacres et cinq évêques. Il fut enseveli au cimetière de Calliste.
D'après le P. Giry, Vie
des Saints, Victor Palme, 1875, p. 203-205.
SOURCE : http://magnificat.ca/cal/fr/saints/saint_soter_et_saint_caius.html
Sts Soter et Caius, papes et martyrs
Selon le Liber Pontificalis, Soter mourut le 22 avril mais sans avoir subi le
martyr. Tous les martyrologes maintiennent cette date, et à partir de celui de
Sergius II (844-847), lui donne le titre de martyr.
L’Épitaphe du Pape Gaius indique sa déposition le 22 avril. Il est au
martyrologe hiéronymien à cette date.
Leur fête n’apparaît qu’au XIIe siècle dans le calendrier.
Leçons des Matines avant 1960
Quatrième leçon. Soter, né à Fondi en Campanie, décréta que les vierges
consacrées ne toucheraient pas les vases sacrés ni les pales, et qu’elles
n’encenseraient pas dans l’Église. Il statua aussi qu’en la Cène du Seigneur,
tous les fidèles recevraient le corps du Christ, excepté ceux qui en seraient
empêchés pour une faute grave. Soter siégea sur la chaire "pontificale
trois ans onze mois et dix-huit jours. Il reçut la couronne du martyre sous
l’empereur Marc-Aurèle, et fut enseveli dans le cimetière appelé cimetière de
Calixte, après avoir, selon la coutume de ses prédécesseurs, ordonné au mois de
décembre dix-huit prêtres et neuf Diacres, et sacré onze Évêques pour divers
lieux.
Cinquième leçon. Caïus était dalmate, et de la famille de l’empereur
Dioclétien. Il ordonna que, dans l’Église, avant d’être élevé à l’épiscopat, on
passerait par divers degrés d’ordre et d’honneur : ceux de Portier, de Lecteur,
d’Exorciste, d’Acolyte, de Sous-Diacre, de Diacre et de Prêtre. Fuyant la
cruauté dont Dioclétien usait envers les chrétiens, il se tint caché quelque
temps dans une caverne ; mais huit ans plus tard, il parvint à la couronne du
martyre avec son frère Gabinus, après avoir siégé douze ans quatre mois et cinq
jours, et après avoir ordonné au mois de décembre, vingt-cinq Prêtres, huit
Diacres et sacré cinq Évêques. Caïus fut enseveli dans le cimetière de-
Calixte, le dix des calendes de mai. Urbain Villa fait revivre sa mémoire dans
Rome, et réparer son église qui tombait en ruines, honorant cette église d’un
Titre et d’une Station, et l’enrichissant des reliques du saint Pape.
Dom Guéranger, l’Année Liturgique
Deux Papes martyrs croisent aujourd’hui leurs palmes sur le Cycle. Soter
souffrit pour le Christ au deuxième siècle, et Caïus au troisième ; cent années
les séparent, et l’énergie de la foi, la fidélité au divin dépôt ; se
retrouvent les mêmes. Quelle société humaine a jamais produit des siècles
entiers de héros ? La nôtre est fondée sur ce dévouement traditionnel qui se
prouve par le sang. Nos chefs n’ont pas voulu laisser aux soldats le monopole
du sacrifice ; les trente premiers successeurs de Pierre ont payé de leur vie
l’honneur du pontificat. Quel trône que celui de notre divin Ressuscité entouré
de tous ces rois revêtus de la pourpre triomphale ! Soter fut le successeur
immédiat d’Anicet, dont nous avons honoré la mémoire il y a peu de jours. Le
temps nous a dérobé la connaissance de ses actions. Un trait seulement est
arrivé jusqu’à nous. Eusèbe nous a conservé un fragment d’une lettre de saint
Denys, évêque de Corinthe, dans laquelle il remercie notre saint pontife des
largesses qu’il a envoyées aux fidèles de cette Église qui souffraient d’une
famine. Une lettre apostolique accompagnait ces aumônes, et saint Denys atteste
qu’on la lisait dans l’assemblée des fidèles, avec celle que saint Clément
avait adressée à la môme Église au siècle précédent. La charité des pontifes
romains s’est toujours unie à leur fidélité à conserver le dépôt de la foi.
Quant à Caius. il fut enlevé dans la terrible tempête suscitée par Dioclétien
contre l’Église, et ses gestes occupent à peine quelques lignes dans les annales
de Rome chrétienne. Nous ne serons donc pas étonnés de trouver tant de
concision dans le récit liturgique que l’Église consacre à ces deux Papes
martyrs.
Saints Pontifes, vous êtes du nombre de ceux qui ont traversé la grande
tribulation, et qui ont passé par l’eau et par le feu pour aborder au rivage de
l’éternité. La pensée de Jésus vainqueur de la mort soutenait votre courage ;
vous saviez que les gloires delà Résurrection ont succédé aux angoisses de la
Passion. Immolés comme Jésus pour votre troupeau, vous nous avez appris par
votre exemple que la vie et les intérêts de ce monde ne doivent compter pour
rien, quand il s’agit de confesser la foi. Armez-nous de ce courage. Le Baptême
nous a enrôlés dans la milice du Christ ; la Confirmation nous a donné l’Esprit
de force : nous devons donc être prêts pour les combats. Saints Pontifes, nous
ignorons si nos temps sont appelés à voir l’Église exposée à la persécution
sanglante ; quoi qu’il advienne, nous avons à lutter avec nous-mêmes, avec
l’esprit du monde, avec les démons ; soutenez-nous par vos prières. Vous avez
été les pères de la chrétienté ; la charité pastorale qui vous anima ici-bas
vit toujours dans vos cœurs. Protégez-nous, et rendez-nous fidèles à tous les
devoirs qui nous lient au souverain Maître dont vous avez soutenu la cause.
Bhx Cardinal Schuster, Liber Sacramentorum
Station du « titulus Gaii »
Ces deux Papes furent inscrits fort tardivement dans le Calendrier romain.
Cependant la mention du nom de saint Caïus (+ 22 avril 296) dans les Depositiones
Episcoporum de Philocalus où il est inscrit à cette date, témoigne de la
dévotion qu’avaient pour lui les fidèles.
Sous son vocable s’élevait autrefois un titulus fort célèbre, près de l’église
de Sainte-Susanne et des Thermes de Dioclétien. Urbain VIII voulut en faire
revivre le souvenir par la construction d’une autre petite église, détruite
elle aussi aujourd’hui.
Une antique tradition à laquelle fait écho la Passion de sainte Susanne, veut
que cette martyre ait été la nièce du pape Caïus et la fille du prêtre Gabin,
frère du Pontife. Ce texte ajoute : Caii episcopi domus beati Gabini domui
iuncta erat, atque ex illo tempore Christianorum statio deputata est in duabus
aedibus, usque in hodiernum. Factum est hoc Romae, in regione sexta, apud Vicum
Mamurri, ante Sallustii forum. Ainsi parlent les Actes, qui sont généralement
exacts quant aux données topographiques.
Le pape Caïus ne mourut pas de mort violente — « confessor » dit la première
rédaction du Liber Pontificalis — et il fut enseveli dans la nécropole de
Callixte, en une crypte grandiose ornée de colonnes de marbre. De Rossi a
retrouvé des fragments de son épitaphe :
Eusèbe mentionne une lettre écrite vers 170 par le pape Soter (166-175 ?) à
Denis, évêque de Corinthe, et à laquelle celui-ci répondit par une missive où
on lisait ces paroles mémorables : « Aujourd’hui nous avons célébré le saint
jour du Seigneur, et nous y avons lu votre lettre que désormais nous lirons
toujours pour notre édification, comme celle qui nous fut écrite précédemment
par Clément [1]. »
Harnack a cru pouvoir reconnaître cette lettre du pape Soter dans ce qu’on
appelle la deuxième épître aux Corinthiens, jadis attribuée à Clément, mais
cette hypothèse n’a pas été admise.
Selon une notice de l’auteur du Praedestinatus (Ve siècle), le pape Soter
aurait écrit aussi un ouvrage contre les Montanistes, mais ce témoignage est
accueilli avec réserve. Le pape Soter fut enseveli au Vatican, selon l’usage de
ses prédécesseurs.
La messe [2] est du Commun des Martyrs : Sancti tui, sauf la première lecture
tirée de l’Apocalypse (XIX, 1-9), qui, avec ses Alléluia, s’adapte si bien au
cycle pascal. Au ciel, les martyrs jouissent déjà des prémices du nouveau
royaume messianique et, associés au Christ dans les triomphes, comme ils le
furent dans les tourments, ils célèbrent la fête nuptiale de l’Agneau avec
l’Église. Sans cesse ils répètent le cantique sacré : « Amen. Alléluia. » Amen
se rapporte à la vision béatifique qui couronne leur foi ; Alléluia est l’hymne
de leur cœur reconnaissant.
La collecte est celle du Commun de plusieurs Martyrs Pontifes : « Que les
mérites de vos bienheureux martyrs et pontifes Soter et Caïus nous protègent,
Seigneur, et que leur intercession accompagne nos humbles prières. »
Voilà ce qui se fait au ciel et ce que nous ferons nous aussi pendant toute
l’éternité. Nous contemplerons ce que sur la terre nous avons cru, et par notre
« Amen » dans la lumière de la gloire, nous scellerons la profession de foi que
nous avons émise dans le temps. De cela nous exulterons et nous rendrons
d’ardentes actions de grâces au Seigneur : Alléluia. Mais ce sera un
remerciement éternel, comme éternelle sera également notre communion. Saint
Jean compare cette vraie « Eucharistie » d’alléluia aux vapeurs d’un encens parfumé
qui remplissent toute l’éternité : Et fumus eius ascendit in omnia saecula
saeculorum, puisque dans le ciel la possession de Dieu ne nous manquera jamais,
comme jamais ne cessera sa louange.
[1] Eus., Hist. Eccl., IV, 23, P. G., xx, col. 390.
[2] Avant 1942.
Dom Pius Parsch, le Guide dans l’année liturgique
Je suis la véritable vigne, vous êtes les sarments.
Saint Soter. -Il fut pape de 166-175. Il succéda à saint Anicet. Il mourut
martyr. Il fut célèbre par sa bonté pour les confesseurs de la foi condamnés
aux mines. Quand il fut monté sur la chaire de Saint-Pierre, il défendit aux
vierges consacrées à Dieu de toucher aux vases sacrés et aux pales ; il leur
défendit de porter les encensoirs dans l’église. C’est lui, aussi, qui
prescrivit aux fidèles de recevoir le corps du Seigneur le Jeudi-Saint, à
l’exception de ceux qui devaient s’abstenir de la communion à cause de péchés
graves.
Saint Caius. — Il fut pape de 283-296. Il était proche parent de Dioclétien.
Pour se conserver aux fidèles, il demeura longtemps caché, sans quitter Rome.
D’ordinaire, il se cachait dans les catacombes où il célébrait les saints
mystères et convertit beaucoup de païens. Il établit qu’on devait suivre les
degrés suivants jusqu’à l’Ordre de l’épiscopat : l’Ordre des portiers, des
lecteurs, des exorcistes, des acolytes, des sous-diacres, des diacres, des
prêtres. Il ne mourut pas de mort violente. Il fut enterré dans la catacombe de
saint Callixte, le 23 avril. Sainte Suzanne était sa nièce. Le pape Urbain VIII
fit revivre son souvenir à Rome ; il restaura son église détruite, l’éleva à la
dignité de station et l’enrichit de ses reliques.
La messe (Si diligis). — Nos deux papes ont vécu à l’ère des grandes
persécutions. C’est en prévision de ces luttes et de celles qui devaient suivre
jusqu’à la fin des temps que Jésus a promis à Pierre l’indéfectibilité de
l’Église. Si le juste vit de la foi, les puissances de l’enfer chercheront, à
toutes les époques, à ébranler cette foi. Il pourra y avoir des défections
individuelles dans le troupeau, mais son pasteur et l’ensemble des brebis
demeureront fidèles grâce à une assistance spéciale : le pasteur est assuré de
l’infaillibilité dans la transmission de la doctrine ; quant aux brebis, elles
ne pourront prétendre appartenir à l’Église que si elles adhèrent à son
enseignement ; l’autorité du chef rejettera celles qui auront failli, de façon
à maintenir toujours le corps sain. Merveilleuse disposition de la sagesse
divine, dont notre messe répète comme à plaisir la formule : « Tu es Pierre et
sur cette pierre je bâtirai mon Église et les puissances de l’enfer ne
prévaudront pas contre elle ». En français, la correspondance des termes est
moins nette qu’en araméen, où il est dit : « Tu es Képha et sur ce képha... ».
A l’époque des persécutions, la tactique des Césars païens consistait à tenter
d’obtenir un reniement de la foi. Nos deux papes ont « confessé » cette foi au
prix de leur sang et ont ainsi contribué à confirmer leurs frères, selon la
consigne du Sauveur à Pierre. Leur exemple continue à produire ses effets et
maintenant encore il y a des chrétiens qui savent donner leur sang pour le
Christ-Roi, comme on le voyait naguère au Mexique. Si nous ne sommes pas
menacés par les pouvoirs publics, nous pouvons l’être par les puissances
occultes de l’erreur dans l’intime de notre conscience. L’Église sollicite
l’intercession de nos deux papes pour nous aider à demeurer fidèlement attachés
à Pierre.
http://www.introibo.fr/22-04-Sts-Soter-et-Caius-papes-et#nh1
Giovan Battista Cavalieri (1525–1601),
Papa Sotero, 11,5 x 8, Calcografia in Giovanni Battista
Cavalieri, Pontificum Romanorum effigies, Roma, Basa Domenico\Zanetti
Francesco, 1580. Biblioteca comunale di Trento
Also
known as
Pope of Charity
Sotere
Sotero
Soterius
Soterus
Profile
Nothing is known of his
life before he was chosen 12th pope c.166, and
not much is known of his pontificate.
Forbade women to
burn incense in
services. Ratified that matrimony was
a valid sacrament only
if blessed by
a priest.
Inaugurated Easter as
an annual festival in Rome.
Born
Papal Ascension
c.166
Died
tradition says he
was martyred c.175,
though no evidence has survived
buried in
the Callistus cemetery in Rome, Italy
Additional
Information
Book
of Saints, by the Monks of
Ramsgate
Lives
and Times of the Popes, by Alexis-François Artaud de Montor
Lives
of the Saints, by Father Alban
Butler
Roman
Martyrology, 1914 edition
Saints
of the Day, by Katherine Rabenstein
books
Our Sunday Visitor’s Encyclopedia of Saints
other
sites in english
images
audio
video
sitios
en español
Martirologio Romano, 2001 edición
fonti
in italiano
Readings
From the beginning it has
been your custom to do good to all the brethren in many ways, and to send alms
to many churches in every city, refreshing the poverty of those who sent
requests, or giving aid to the brethren in the mines, by the alms which you have
had the habit of giving from old, Romans keeping up the traditional custom of
the Romans; which your blessed Bishop Soter has not only preserved, but has
even increased, by providing the abundance which he has sent to the saints, and
by further consoling with blessed words with brethren who came to him, as a
loving father his children. –
from a fragment of a letter to Pope Saint Soter
from Saint Dionysius
of Corinth
MLA
Citation
“Pope Saint Soter“. CatholicSaints.Info.
28 July 2022. Web. 22 April 2023. <https://catholicsaints.info/pope-saint-soter/>
SOURCE : https://catholicsaints.info/pope-saint-soter/
Article
(Saint) Pope, Martyr (April 22)
(2nd
century) An Italian by
birth, the successor of Pope Saint Anicetus.
He lived in the time of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius. He was distinguished for
charity to the poor and
for watchfulness over the Churches, just then threatened by the rising heresy of
Montanus. There is a dispute about the exact date of his death,
which took place between A.D. 170 and
A.D. 182.
He is venerated as a Martyr.
MLA
Citation
Monks of Ramsgate.
“Soter”. Book of Saints, 1921. CatholicSaints.Info.
12 November 2017. Web. 22 April 2023.
<https://catholicsaints.info/book-of-saints-soter/>
SOURCE : https://catholicsaints.info/book-of-saints-soter/
The
Lives and Times of the Popes – Saint Soter – A.D. 168
Article
Fondi, near Naples, was
the native place of Saint Soter, also in his life called Concordius. He was
created pontiff A.D. 168. Critics are not agreed as to the authenticity of the
decretals published under his name. Novaes here repeats the warning which he
had already given, that all the decretals up to those of Saint Siricius, the
thirty-ninth pope, who was created A.D. 384, should be examined with the most
scrupulous attention. By the testimony of Saint Denis, we know that Saint Soter
fulfilled his duties with an unfailing zeal, and that he, like his
predecessors, who had to use great circumspection, delighted in aiding distant
and indigent Christians. He inquired into the sufferings and needs of those who
were persecuted for the faith. He sent without delay consolation and provision
to those whom the emperor’s orders condemned to work in the mines. The more
prosperous Christians were called upon to give large alms, by means of which
such sufferings of Christians in the most distant parts of the earth could be
diminished and alleviated. At the same time, this pontiff opposed the heresies
which gnawed the vitals of Christianity. By means of an affectation of extreme
strictness of life, the heretics deluded the multitude: they pretended that the
time had arrived which they called the millennium.
The zeal of the sovereign
pontiff obtained the important concession that Christians, merely as
Christians, should not be condemned – that unless charged with some distinct
crime against the state, their Christian creed should not be imputed to them as
a crime.
In five ordinations Saint
Soter created eleven bishops, eighteen priests, and nine deacons. He governed
the Church nine years and a few months. From the cemetery of Saint Calixtus,
where his body was at first buried, it was removed by Sergius II, in 845, to
the Church of Saints Sylvester and Martin a’ i Monti, and then to the Appian
Way, to the Church of Saint Sixtus, belonging to the Dominican Fathers.
To this reign belongs the
miracle of the thundering legion. The following account is given of it by
Bossuet:
“In an extreme scarcity
of water that was endured by the army of Marcus Aurelius in Germany, a
Christian legion obtained rain sufficient to quench the thirst of all the
troops, and accompanied by thunder that terrified the enemy. This miracle caused
the legion to receive, or to have confirmed to it, the title of the thundering.
The emperor was touched by that miracle, and wrote to the senate in favor of
the Christians. Subsequently his false priests persuaded him to attribute to
their prayers and to their false gods the miracle for which the pagans had not
even presumed to express a wish.”
Evidence of this miracle
is to be seen in the bas-reliefs of the Antonine column. The Romans are there
represented with weapons in hand against the barbarians, who are seen extended
upon the ground with their horses, while a torrent of rain is pouring upon
them, and they seem to be prostrated by the thunderbolts. On that occasion, in
fact, Marcus Aurelius, in his letter to the senate, declared that his army had been
saved by the prayers of the Christian soldiers.
MLA
Citation
Alexis-François Artaud de
Montor. “Saint Soter – A.D. 168”. The
Lives and Times of the Popes, 1911. CatholicSaints.Info.
28 July 2022. Web. 22 April 2023. <https://catholicsaints.info/the-lives-and-times-of-the-popes-saint-soter-a-d-168/>
SOURCE : https://catholicsaints.info/the-lives-and-times-of-the-popes-saint-soter-a-d-168/
Soter, Pope (RM)
Born at Fondi (near Gaeta), Italy; died 174. After the death of Pope Anicetus in
the middle of the 2nd century, Soter was elected to this danger-fraught office
about 166-167. His influence was widespread, partly because of his charity
(known from a letter of Bishop Saint Dionysius of Corinth), his personal
kindness, and especially his care for those who had been persecuted for their
faith by being deported to the mines and prisons.
This kindliness did not mean that Pope Soter looked kindly on error. During his
pontificate, a number of Christians, known as Montanists, were preaching that
the heavenly Jerusalem would soon descend near Pepuza, a town in Phrygia. These
Montanists condemned their fellow-Christians as far too lax: they did not fast
enough, it was alleged; they should never marry again if one partner had died;
they did not prophesy enough, for they lacked the gift of the Holy Spirit.
The movement was dividing the Church and causing violent quarrels among the
faithful. Soter did not hesitate to condemn its leaders, sending round an
encyclical outlining their errors.
Soter may have died a martyr's death (Benedictines, Bentley, Delaney,
Encyclopedia).
SOURCE : http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/0422.shtml
Pope Saint Soter (died 174) was the Bishop of Rome, succeeding Pope St.
Anicetus, during the latter half of the 2nd Century with his pontificate,
according to the Annuario Pontificio, beginning between 162 and 168 then ending
between 170 and 177. Although his name is derived from the Greek word “σωτήρ”
(sōtēr), meaning a “saviour” or “deliverer”, he was born in Fondi, Campania,
Italy. Soter is known for declaring that marriage was valid only as a sacrament
blessed by a priest and he also formally inaugurated Easter as an annual festival
in Rome.
Saint Soter’s feast day
is celebrated on 22 April, as is that of Saint Caius. The Roman Martyrology,
the official list of recognized saints, references Soter: “At Rome, Saint
Soter, Pope, whom Dionysius of Corinth praises for his outstanding charity
towards needy exiled Christians who came to him, and towards those who had been
condemned to the mines.”
SOURCE : http://www.ucatholic.com/saints/pope-st-soter/
Pictorial Lives of the Saints –
Saint Soter, Pope, Martyr
Article
Saint Soter was raised to
the papacy upon the death of Saint Anicetus, in 173. By the sweetness of his
discourses, he comforted all persons with the tenderness of a father, and
assisted the indigent with liberal alms, especially those who suffered for the
faith. He liberally extended his charities, according to the custom of his
predecessors, to remote churches, particularly to that of Corinth, to which he
addressed an excellent letter, as Saint Dionysius of Corinth testifies in his
letter of thanks, who adds that his letter was found worthy to be read for
their edification on Sundays at their assemblies to celebrate the divine
mysteries, together with the letter of Saint Clement, pope. Saint Soter
vigorously opposed the heresy of Montanus, and governed the Church to the year
177.
MLA
Citation
John Dawson Gilmary Shea.
“Saint Soter, Pope, Martyr”. Pictorial Lives of
the Saints, 1889. CatholicSaints.Info.
7 March 2014. Web. 22 April 2023.
<https://catholicsaints.info/pictorial-lives-of-the-saints-saint-soter-pope-martyr/>
SOURCE : https://catholicsaints.info/pictorial-lives-of-the-saints-saint-soter-pope-martyr/
SOTER, POPE ST.
Pontificate 162 or 168 to
170 or 177. Eusebius may have been mistaken when he placed Soter's accession in
the eighth year of Marcus
Aurelius, 168 (Chron.; Hist. Eccl. 4.21–23, 30; 5.1, 6, 24), and his
dates are not certain. The Liber pontificalis states that Soter was a
Campanian from Fondi (although he had a Greek name) and that he ordered
non-ordained monks not to touch altar cloths or offer incense in church. It
gives two accounts of his burial: one in the Vatican, which modern excavations
have not borne out; and in the cemetery of Calixtus, which, at least in name,
did not exist in Soter's time. Eusebius preserved a letter from dionysius of
corinth to Soter stating that an earlier epistle of Soter's, which was read in
the Church of Corinth for its wholesome consolation and advice, commended Rome
for its charity to the needy everywhere and its solicitude for those laboring
in the mines. This letter identifies Clement I as the author of the Roman
letter to the Corinthian community, written some 75 years earlier. The
fifth-century report (Praedestinatus 1.26) is not credible where it
reports that Soter wrote against the heretic Montanus, who was then active
in Asia
Minor.
Feast: April 22.
Bibliography: Liber
pontificalis, ed. L. Duchesne (Paris 1886–92, 1958) 1:58–59. É. Amann, Dictionnaire de théologie catholique, ed. A. Vacant et al., (Paris
1903–50) 14.2:2422–23. W. C. Van Unnik, Die Religion in Geschichte und
Gegenwart (Tübingen 1957–65) 6:148–149. E. Ferguson, Encyclopedia of
Early Christianity (New
York 1997), 2:1079. J. N. D. Kelly, Oxford Dictionary of Popes (New
York 1986).
[E. G. Weltin]
New Catholic Encyclopedia
SOURCE : https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/soter-pope-st
Pope St. Soter
Pope from 166-174 A.D.
Died: 174 A.D.
How do we know he was pope?
St. Irenaeus identifies St. Soter as the 12th pope and 11th successor of St.
Peter in Adversus haeresis (Against Heresy).
Give me the scoop on St. Soter.
Likely born in Campania, Italy (southern Italy, the front part of the boot’s
ankle, and the region that gave the world spaghetti), Soter’s name means
“savior” or “deliverer”. The Roman Martyrology, a book of early martyrs,
doesn’t list St. Soter as a martyr for the faith, but his feast day is
celebrated April 22. Interestingly, Soter's feast is the same as St. Caius (or
"Gaius"), who would become pope just over a century later.
What was he known for?
It’s generally thought that St. Soter was a 2nd Century version of Pope Francis
-- as in, he had a huge love for the poor. He also wrote exhortations to various
churches urging all bishops and priests to profess their faith boldly and
joyfully. Like Evangelii Gaudium, just not on the Internet.
We know both of these things thanks to a fragment of a letter to Pope St. Soter
from St. Dionysius, then bishop of Corinth, who wrote to thank the pope for his
alms to needy churches in numerous cities.
Fun fact: The letters of St. Soter were so solid, they were apparently
read at Mass in many places as a teaching document, along with the Pope St.
Clement's Epistle to the Corinthians.
What else was going on in the world at the time?
Around the end of Soter’s pontificate, Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius suppressed a revolt by Avidius Cassius, the governor of Syria, after Avidius declared himself emperor. Apparently that was a big no-no, since shortly thereafter Avidius was assassinated by Roman officers.
Coming
tomorrow....Pope St. Eleutherius
SOURCES
- John, E. (1964). The Popes: A concise biographical history. New York: Hawthorn Books.
- http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03144c.htm
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Soter
- http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103303.htm
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/170s
SOURCE : https://projects.flocknote.com/note/2736763
Caius and Soter, Saints and Popes
They have their feast together on 22 April, on which day they appear
in most of the martyrologies,
though Notker and
a few others give Soter on the 21st and Caius on the 19th or 21st.
Soter was pope for
eight years, c. 167 to 175 (Harnack prefers 166-174). We possess a fragment of
an interesting letter addressed to him by St. Dionysius of Corinth,
who writes: "From the beginning it has been your custom to
do good to all the brethren in many ways, and to send alms to
many churches in
every city, refreshing the poverty of those who sent requests, or
giving aid to the brethren in the mines, by the almswhich
you have had the habit of giving from old, Romans keeping
up the traditional custom of the Romans; which
your blessed Bishop Soter has not only preserved, but has
even increased, by providing the abundance which he has sent to the saints,
and by further consoling with blessed words with brethren who came to
him, as a loving father his children." "Today, therefore,
we have kept the holy Lord's day, on which we have read your
letter, which we shall always have to read and be admonished, even as the
former letter which was written to us by
the ministry of Clement." (Eusebius, Church
History IV.24) The letter which Soter had written in the
name of his church is lost, though Harnack and others have attempted
to identify it with the so-called"Second
Epistle of Clement" (see CLEMENT
OF ROME). The reverence for the pope's paternal
letter is to be noticed. The traditional generosity of the Roman
Church is again referred to by St.
Dionysius of Alexandria to Pope Dionysius in the middle of the
third century, and Eusebius says
it still continued in his time. Nothing further is known of
this pope.
Caius was pope for
twelve years, four months, and seven days, from 17 December, 283, to 22 April,
296, according to the Liberian catalogue (Harnack, Chronol., I,
155, after Lipsius and Lightfoot); Eusebius is
wrong in giving him fifteen years. He is mentioned in the fourth-century
"Depositio Episcoporum" (therefore not as amartyr): X kl maii
Caii in Callisti. He was buried in
the chapel of
the popes in
that cemetary. Nothing whatever is known of his life. He lived in the time
of peace before the last great persecution.
Sources
Soter is said by the
fifth-century writer known as PRÆDESTINATUS (c. xxvi) to have written a book
against the Montanists; he adds that Tertullian wrote against Pope Soter and
Apollonius. As we know (JEROME, Illustrious
Men 40) that Tertullian wrote against Apollonius in his lost De
Ecstasi, this may be true; see HARNACK, Gesch. der altchristlich. Lit.,
I, 589; ZAHN, Forschungen (1893), V, 49. On Caius in later Acts of
Saints see TILLEMONT, IV; Acta SS., 14 April; BECILLUS, Acta S.
Caii P. et M. (Rome, 1628). The false decretals attributed to these two popes
will be found in the collections of councils, in COUSTANT, MIGNE, HINSCHIUS,
etc. On a lette attributed to Caius by the Malabar Christians, see ROUTH, Reliq. Sacrae,
II, 158, and HARNACK, op. cit., 777.
Chapman,
John. "Caius and Soter, Saints and Popes." The Catholic
Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton
Company, 1908. 23 Apr. 2016 <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03144c.htm>.
Transcription. This
article was transcribed for New Advent by Matthew Reak.
Ecclesiastical
approbation. Nihil Obstat. November 1, 1908. Remy Lafort, S.T.D.,
Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York.
Copyright © 2021 by Kevin Knight.
Dedicated to the Immaculate Heart of Mary.
SOURCE : http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03144c.htm
April 22
St. Soter, Pope and Martyr
ST. SOTER was raised to the papacy upon the death of St. Anicetus, in
173. By the sweetness of his discourses, he comforted all persons with the
tenderness of a father, and assisted the indigent with liberal alms, especially
those who suffered for the faith. He liberally extended his charities,
according to the custom of his predecessors, to remote churches, particularly
to that of Corinth, to which he addressed an excellent letter, as St. Dionysius
of Corinth testifies in his letter of thanks, who adds that his letter was
found worthy to be read for their edification on Sundays at their assemblies to
celebrate the divine mysteries, together with the letter of St. Clement, pope.
St. Soter vigorously opposed the heresy of Montanus, and governed the church to
the year 177. See Eusebius, from whose ecclesiastical history these few
circumstances are gleaned. In the Martyrologies this pope is styled a martyr.
Rev. Alban Butler (1711–73). Volume IV: April. The Lives
of the Saints. 1866.
SOURCE : http://www.bartleby.com/210/4/221.html
Sts. Caius and Soter
Feast day: Apr 22
Cauis and Soter, Popes of
the early Church, are both venerated in tradition as martyrs, though no
reliable account of their martyrdom survives today.
St. Soter was born in
Fundi, in Italy. The date of his birth is unknown but we know that he was Pope
for eight years from 166 until his death in 174.
Soter´s papacy was an
example of what seems to have been the remarkable tradition of generosity
exercised by the bishop of Rome. This tradition and Soter´s personal charity
and paternal love for his universal flock can be evidenced from a letter to
Pope Soter by Bishop St. Dionysus of Corinth, quoted in the 4th century
“Ecclesiastical History of Eusebius”:
“This has been your
custom from the beginning, to do good in manifold ways to all Christians, and
to send contributions to the many churches in every city, in some places
relieving the poverty of the needy and ministering to the Christians in the
mines, by the contribution which you have sent from the beginning, preserving
the ancestral custom of the Romans, true Romans as you are. Your blessed bishop
Soter has not only carried on the habit but has even increased it, by
administering the bounty distributed to the saints and by exhorting with his
blessed words the brethren who come to Rome, as a loving father would his
children." (IV, xxiii, 9- 15)
In the same letter of
Dionysus we learn that Pope Soter had written a letter to the Corinthians which
was read in the Church alongside the epistle of St. Clement and was held in
high esteem.
Though his kindness
extended to all persons, he was a fierce opponent of heresy, having been said
to have written an encyclical against Montanism – the teachings of a heretical
sect which believed that a Christian who had sinned gravely could never be
redeemed.
Pope St. Caius reigned
for 13 years from 283 until his death in 296 just before the Diocletian
persecution. He was a relative of the Emperor Diocletian – instigator of one of
the last great persecution of Christians in the early years of the Church.
Early in his papacy Caius decreed that a man must be a priest before he could
be ordained a bishop.
He is said to have been
driven into hiding in the catacombs for eight years whence he died a confessor,
however the source from which this information is gleaned is considered
unreliable by most historians.
Both St. Soter and St.
Caius are buried in the cemetery of St. Calixtus and are venerated on the date
of the death of Pope St. Caius.
SOURCE : https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint/sts-caius-and-soter-449
San Sotere (o Sotero) Papa
m. 175
Fu Papa dal 166 al 175.
Nato a Fondi, in Campania ma attualmente in provincia di Latina, da famiglia di
origine greca, fu sempre molto attento nel mantenere stretti rapporti con i
cristiani residenti al di là del mare Adriatico. Non è escluso che già all'epoca
si fosse presentata la possibilità di una opinione diversa circa
l'interpretazione del pensiero teologico di Cristo, ovvero l'embrione di uno
scisma, che purtroppo accadrà successivamente. Sotere (o Sotero), cercò
comunque di mantenere unita la comunione della fede cristiana, nonostante il
tallone di un imperatore come Marco Aurelio. Sotto il suo pontificato emersero
idee eretiche montaniste. Il pontefice costituì per contro un ordine diaconale
femminile, anche per rispettare riti greci di più antica memoria e con essi
salvaguardare il pensiero cristiano. Le sue spoglie sembra siano state dapprima
sepolte accanto alle spoglie di Pietro, poi trasportate nelle catacombe di San
Callisto e, sotto il papato di Sergio II, traslate nella chiesa di San Silvestro
a Roma. Successivamente da San Silvestro alla chiesa di San Sisto e poi in
parte disperse fino a finire a Toledo. (Avvenire)
Martirologio Romano: A
Roma, san Sotéro, papa, del quale san Dionigi di Corinto celebra l’egregia
carità per i fratelli, poveri pellegrini, afflitti dalla miseria o condannati
ai lavori forzati.
Proclamato santo in qualche epoca, ora il suo nome non compare più nel Calendario Universale.
Nato a Fondi, in Campania ma attualmente in provincia di Latina, da famiglia di origine greca, fu sempre molto attento nel mantenere stretti rapporti con i cristiani residenti al di là del mare Adriatico (nda : già considerata Chiesa Cristiana d'Oriente), anche attraverso opere caritatevoli.
Non è escluso che già all'epoca si fosse presentata la possibilità di una opinione diversa circa l'interpretazione del pensiero teologico di Cristo, ovvero l'embrione di uno scisma.... che purtroppo accadrà successivamente.
Sotero, cercò comunque di mantenere unita la comunione della fede cristiana, nonostante il tallone di un imperatore come Marco Aurelio.
Sotto il suo pontificato emersero idee eretiche "montaniste" (nda:
eresia frigia, di radice gallica che ricondussero il pensiero al suo precursore
- Montano, di origine ebraica ... e quindi alla nuova Gerusalemme che discesa
dal cielo si sarebbe dovuta insediare ad oriente di "filadelfia" ...
- palestina - . Prime predicatrici di questo pensiero furono Masimilla e
Priscilla/Prisca).
Il pontefice costituì per contro un ordine diaconale femminile, anche per
rispettare riti greci di più antica memoria e con essi salvaguardare il
pensiero cristiano.
Le sue spoglie sembra siano state dapprima sepolte accanto alle spoglie di
Pietro, poi trasportate nelle catacombe di San Callisto, sotto il papato di
Sergio II traslate nella chiesa di San Silvestro a Roma. Successivamente da San
Silvestro alla chiesa di San Sisto e poi in parte disperse fino a finire a
Toledo.
Autore: Franco Prevato
SOURCE : http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/50450
SOTERO, santo
di Francesco Scorza Barcellona - Enciclopedia dei Papi (2000)
Secondo Eusebio di Cesarea, S. succedette ad Aniceto nel 168 e tenne l'episcopato fino al 177 (Historia ecclesiastica IV, 19; 22, 3; 30, 3; V, prologo, 1; Chronicon, ad aa. 168, 177). Eusebio ricorda una lettera ai Romani di Dionigi, vescovo di Corinto (Historia ecclesiastica IV, 23, 9-12), da cui risulta che S. aveva indirizzato una lettera alla Chiesa di Corinto: questa era stata letta durante una celebrazione domenicale e nelle intenzioni di Dionigi sarebbe stata conservata per essere letta come un avvertimento al pari della lettera di Clemente ai Corinzi (ibid. IV, 23, 11). La lettera di S. ai Corinzi non è, come pure si è pensato, la cosiddetta II Clementis, indebitamente considerata opera di Clemente I, e che non ha nulla del genere epistolare. Dal primo frammento della lettera di Dionigi a S. si è informati che la Chiesa di Roma aveva inviato aiuti ai Corinzi, in particolare per i poveri e per i cristiani mandati ai lavori forzati (ibid. IV, 23, 10). In base a un altro frammento di questa lettera (ibid. IV, 23, 12), in cui Dionigi lamenta che alcuni hanno manipolato il testo di una sua precedente lettera, P. Nautin ricostruisce la vicenda supponendo che il vescovo Palmas di Amastris avesse inviato a S. la lettera scritta da Dionigi alla Chiesa di Amastris e alle Chiese del Ponto, in cui Dionigi si pronunciava sul matrimonio e sulla continenza, esortando ad accogliere chiunque si convertisse da qualunque errore, fosse solo di negligenza o di eresia (ibid. IV, 23, 6). L'intervento di S. a Corinto, forse sollecitato da una richiesta di aiuto, avrebbe fornito a quest'ultimo l'occasione di manifestare il suo dissenso sulle opinioni espresse da Dionigi nella lettera alle Chiese di Amastris e del Ponto, e ciò spiegherebbe le precisazioni di Dionigi. Da un altro frammento della stessa lettera (ibid. II, 25, 8) si ricava che Dionigi rivendicava nei confronti di S. l'autonomia della Chiesa di Corinto, che poteva rifarsi quanto quella di Roma all'autorità di Pietro e Paolo. Eusebio cita anche il passo di una lettera di Ireneo di Lione a papa Vittore, in cui Ireneo ricordava al vescovo di Roma, suo contemporaneo, che i predecessori di S., da Sisto I ad Aniceto, non avevano imposto gli usi liturgici della Chiesa di Roma e delle altre Chiese a quelle di Asia, che celebravano la Pasqua il 14 di nis¯an secondo il calendario giudaico (ibid. V, 24, 14), e avevano mantenuto con esse la pace. Non è chiaro se da tanto si può inferire che con S. la posizione del vescovo di Roma sulla questione quartodecimana sia cambiata rispetto a quella dei suoi predecessori. Di fatto Ireneo nella lettera in questione non fa nemmeno il nome di Eleuterio, successore di S. e predecessore di Vittore: di quest'ultimo è nota la posizione intransigente sulla questione della Pasqua. Secondo l'interpretazione di K. Holl, poi ripresa da M. Richard, dal passo della lettera di Ireneo citata da Eusebio si ricaverebbe che a Roma la festa della Pasqua si sarebbe cominciata a celebrare sotto S.; l'interpretazione tradizionale, sostenuta più di recente da Chr. Mohrmann, è quella secondo cui nel frammento di Ireneo l'espressione τηρεῖν ("osservare"), con cui si esprime la tradizione liturgica delle Chiese d'Asia, non indicherebbe la celebrazione della Pasqua in quanto tale, ma precisamente la sua celebrazione secondo l'uso quartodecimano, cioè nel quattordicesimo giorno del mese lunare primaverile di nis¯an: per cui a proposito della Chiesa di Roma e delle altre Chiese l'espressione "οὐ/μὴ τηρεῖν" non indicherebbe l'assenza della celebrazione pasquale, ma un diverso tipo di osservanza della Pasqua, quella cioè in un giorno fisso della settimana, la domenica, anziché a una data precisa corrispondente al 14 di nis¯an. Non hanno riscontri le notizie che si leggono nel Praedestinatus, attribuito ad Arnobio il Giovane, in cui si afferma che S., come Apollonio vescovo di Efeso, scrisse un libro contro i montanisti che suscitò una risposta di Tertulliano, e che S. condannò i tertullianisti: quest'ultimo dato si esclude per ragioni cronologiche, in quanto Tertulliano fondò la sua Chiesa negli ultimi anni della sua vita, vari decenni dopo l'epoca in cui le fonti pongono l'episcopato di Sotero. Il Catalogo Liberiano, in una notizia lacunosa, pone il pontificato di S. dal 162 al 170, ma dopo quello di Pio I, in quanto in esso si trova invertita la successione Pio I-Aniceto, attestata dalla maggior parte delle liste episcopali e considerata più verosimile. Lo stesso posto dopo Pio I, e un episcopato della durata di nove anni, sei mesi e ventuno giorni, si legge nella prima redazione del Liber pontificalis come è stata ricostruita dal Duchesne sulla base dei compendi feliciano e cononiano, mentre nella seconda redazione, con la stessa durata dell'episcopato di S. e le stesse date di accesso e di morte, è ristabilita la serie Pio I-Aniceto-Sotero. Alla cronologia dell'episcopato di S. il Liber pontificalis aggiunge altre notizie della cui storicità si può dubitare in mancanza di altri riscontri e conoscendo il modo fantasioso con cui esso si esprime per i primi vescovi di Roma: S. sarebbe stato campano, di Fondi, suo padre si sarebbe chiamato Concordio; avrebbe disposto che nessun "monachus" toccasse la tovaglia d'altare (o il corporale: "sacratam pallam") o procedesse alle incensazioni in chiesa; avrebbe ordinato diciotto presbiteri, nove diaconi e undici vescovi, sarebbe stato sepolto il 22 aprile "in cymiterio Calisti, via Appia" (nella prima redazione: "iuxta corpus beati Petri", cioè nel cimitero vaticano), e alla sua morte sarebbe seguito un periodo di sede vacante di ventuno giorni. Le restrizioni alle funzioni liturgiche del "monachus" rappresentano una situazione propria dell'epoca di composizione del Liber pontificalis: al tempo di S. non esistevano monaci, e l'uso dell'incenso in chiesa è sicuramente più tardivo. Quanto al luogo della sepoltura di S. è preferibile la lezione della prima redazione del Liber pontificalis, poiché all'epoca di S. il cimitero di Callisto ancora non esisteva. Sono attribuite a S. due delle decretali pseudoisidoriane. La commemorazione di S. compare per la prima volta nel Martyrologium di Adone alla data del 21 aprile, ma nel Martyrologium Romanum è spostata al 22 aprile. Essa è stata espunta dal Calendarium Romanum del 1969, in quanto non risulta che S. sia stato martire, e si ignora il giorno della sua morte.
Fonti e Bibl.: Ireneo di Lione, Adversus haereses III, 3, 3, a cura di A. Rousseau-L. Doutreleau, Paris 1974 (Sources Chrétiennes, 211), pp. 36-8; Eusebio di Cesarea, Historia ecclesiastica II, 25, 8; IV, 19; 22, 2-3; 23, 6, 9-12; 30, 3; V, prologo, 1; 24, 14, a cura di E. Schwartz, Leipzig 1903 (Die Griechischen Christlichen Schriftsteller. Eusebius Werke, II, 1), pp. 178, 364-66, 368-70, 374-76, 376-78, 400, 494-96; Id., Chronicon, ad aa. 168, 177, a cura di R. Helm, Berlin 1956 (Die Griechischen Christlichen Schriftsteller. Eusebius Werke, VII), pp. 205, 207; Le Liber pontificalis, a cura di L. Duchesne, I, Paris 1886, pp. 58-9, 35; Catalogo Liberiano, ibid., pp. 4-5; Arnobio il Giovane [?], Praedestinatus I, 26, 86, in P.L., LIII, coll. 596, 616-17; J. Dubois-G. Renaud, Le Martyrologe d'Adon. Ses deux familles. Ses trois recensions. Texte et commentaire, Paris 1984, p. 130; Martyrologium Romanum [...] scholiis historicis instructum, in Propylaeum ad Acta Sanctorum Decembris, Bruxellis 1940, p. 150; Calendarium Romanum ex decreto sacrosancti oecumenici concilii Vaticani II instauratum auctoritate Pauli PP. VI promulgatum, In Civitate Vaticana 1969, p. 120.
Fonti agiografiche: cfr. Bibliotheca Hagiographica
Latina [...], II, Bruxellis 1900-01, p. 1132. Decretali attribuite a S.: cfr.
P. Hinschius, Decretales pseudo-Isidorianae et Capitula Angilramni […], Lipsiae
1863, pp. 122-25. Studi: Ecclesiastica Historia [..] per aliquot studiosos et
pios viros in urbe Magdeburgica, Centuria II, Caput X, Basileae 1562, col. 214;
C. Baronio, Annales ecclesiastici, II, Romae 1590, pp. 182-83, 216-17; Acta
Sanctorum [...], Aprilis, III, Antverpiae 1675, pp. 5-7; [L.-S.] Lenain de
Tillemont, Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire ecclésiastique des six premiers
siècles, t. II, Venise 1732, pp. 459-61, 677; K. Holl, Gesammelte Aufsätze für
Kirchengeschichte, Tübingen 1928, pp. 204-24; P. Nautin, Lettres et écrivains
chrétiens des IIe et IIIe siècles, Paris 1961, pp. 13-31; M. Richard, La
question pascale au IIe siècle, "L'Orient Syrien", 6, 1961, pp.
179-212; Chr. Mohrmann, Le conflit pascal au IIe siècle, "Vigiliae
Christianae", 16, 1962, pp. 154-71; P. Lampe, Die stadtrömischen Christen
in den ersten beiden Jahrhunderten, Tübingen 1989², pp. 338-43. A Dictionary of
Christian Biography, IV, London 1887, s.v., pp. 721-22; Dictionnaire de
théologie catholique, XIV, 2, Paris 1941, s.v., coll. 2422-23; Vies des Saints
et des Bienheureux, IV, ivi 1946, s.v., pp. 557-58; E.C., XI, s.v., coll. 1001-02;
Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche, IX, Freiburg 1964², s.v., coll. 893-94; New
Catholic Encyclopaedia, XIII, Washington 1967, s.v., p. 444; A. Amore, Sotere,
in B.S., XI, coll. 1327-28; Lexikon der christlichen Ikonographie, VIII, Rom
1976, s.v., col. 386; Il grande libro dei Santi. Dizionario enciclopedico, III,
Cinisello Balsamo 1998, s.v., p. 1815.
SOURCE : https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/santo-sotero_(Enciclopedia-dei-Papi)/
