Bartolomé Esteban Murillo (1617–1682),
San Leandro (c. 534-596), que fue arzobispo de Sevilla, 1655, Seville Cathedral, Sacristía mayor de la
catedral de Sevilla
.jpg)
Saint Léandre
Évêque de Séville (+ 599)
Envoyé en mission à
Constantinople par le roi wisigoth Herménégilde, il y rencontrera le futur pape
saint Grégoire le Grand. Une amitié profonde et durable les unit désormais,
comme en témoigne le courrier qu'ils échangèrent et qui est conservé. Devenu archevêque
de Séville, il uniformisa la liturgie espagnole, jetant les fondements de ce
qui deviendra la liturgie mozarabe. Par sa patience et son souci apostolique,
il ramena les Wisigoths à l'unité de l'Église. Il fonda l'école épiscopale de
Séville, qui eut un grand rayonnement durant plusieurs siècles. L'Église
d'Espagne le vénère à l'égal d'un Docteur de l'Église.
À Séville en Espagne,
vers 600, saint Léandre, évêque, frère des saints Isidore, Fulgence et
Florentine. Par sa prédication et son activité pastorale, il fit passer de
l’hérésie arienne à la foi catholique le peuple des Wisigoths, avec l’aide de
leur roi Reccarède.
Martyrologe romain
SOURCE : http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/714/Saint-Leandre.html
Saint Léandre, évêque
Fils du duc d’Andalousie
et frère de saint Isidore de Séville, de saint Fulgence et de sainte
Florentine, Léandre voit le jour à Carthagène, en Andalousie. Après plusieurs
années passées comme moine à Saint-Claude de Léon puis à Séville, il devient
archevêque de Séville en 579.
Impliqué aux côtés du roi
Reccarède dans le conflit qui oppose ce dernier au roi Wisigoth Leuvigilde et à
son fils Herménégilde, Léandre est exilé à Constantinople; il y rencontrera le
futur pape saint Grégoire le Grand. Une amitié profonde et durable les unit désormais,
comme en témoigne le courrier qu'ils échangèrent et qui est conservé. De retour
en Espagne, il devient légat de ce pape et uniformise la liturgie espagnole,
jetant les fondements de ce qui deviendra la liturgie mozarabe. Par sa patience
et son souci apostolique, il ramena les Wisigoths à l'unité de l'Église. Il
fonda l'école épiscopale de Séville, qui eut un grand rayonnement durant
plusieurs siècles. Il mourut en 599. L'Église d'Espagne le vénère à l'égal d'un
Docteur de l'Église.
Gregorii
magni moralium in Job (frontispicium, magna littera R.)
Frontispice
avec une lettrine historiée R débutant une
lettre de Grégoire Ier à Léandre de Séville, Morales sur Job, ms
168:4v. Abbaye de Cîteaux, Bibliothèque patrimoniale et
d'étude
Pope
Gregory I, Frontispiece and historiated initial R beginning a
letter from Gregory to Leander of Seville, Moralia in Job, ms
168:4v. Bibliothèque
municipale de Dijon
Saint Léandre
(+596)
Saint fêté le 27 février.
Envoyé en mission à
Constantinople par le roi wisigoth Herménégilde, il y rencontrera le futur pape
saint Grégoire le Grand. Une amitié profonde et durable les unit désormais,
comme en témoigne le courrier qu’ils échangèrent et qui est conservé. Devenu
archevêque de Séville, il uniformisa la liturgie espagnole, jetant les
fondements de ce qui deviendra la liturgie mozarabe. Par sa patience et son
souci apostolique, il ramena les Wisigoths à l’unité de l’Église. Il fonda
l’école épiscopale de Séville qui eut un grand rayonnement durant plusieurs
siècles. L’Église d’Espagne le vénère à l’égal d’un Docteur de l’Eglise.
Il n’y a vraiment rien de
plus doux que de fixer sur le Christ les yeux de notre esprit pour contempler
et se représenter son inexprimable et divine beauté, que d’être illuminés et
embellis par cette participation et cette communion à la lumière.
(Saint Grégoire
d’Agrigente)
SOURCE : https://petitessoeursdespauvres.org/saint/saint-leandre/
Escudo
de Sevilla. San Fernando flanqueado por San Isidoro y San Leandro. Paso de
Jesús de Pasión. Sevilla, Andalucía, España.
Saint Léandre
Archevêque de Séville
(† 596)
Saint Léandre, d'une
famille princière, naquit en Espagne. Il embrassa de bonne heure la vie
monastique et y puisa l'esprit de dévouement et de discipline qui devait lui
valoir l'honneur d'exercer une influence prépondérante sur l'avenir de son
pays.
Séville fut le théâtre de
son zèle et de ses vertus. Moine d'abord, puis archevêque de cette cité, il
créa, à l'ombre de sa métropole, une école destinée à propager, en même temps
que la foi catholique, l'étude de toutes les sciences et de tous les arts. Il présidait
lui-même aux exercices des maîtres savants et des nombreux élèves qu'il avait
su attirer.
Parmi ses disciples, le
plus célèbre fut son jeune frère, saint Isidore, qui devint son successeur, et
surpassa sa gloire. Mais une autre illustration de l'école de Léandre fut saint
Herménégilde, un des fils du roi arien Leuvigilde; c'est lui qui avait gravé au
coeur de l'illustre jeune homme cette foi invincible qui fit de lui la victime
de son propre père.
Une des gloires de saint
Léandre est d'avoir été un ami du grand Pape saint Grégoire le Grand. On aime à
trouver ces tendres et fortes amitiés, dont la vie des Saints fournit tant
d'exemples; elles seules sont vraies et solides, parce qu'elles reposent sur la
seule base ferme et inébranlable, l'amour de Dieu. Rien de plus attendrissant
que la correspondance intime de ces deux grands personnages:
"Absent par le
corps, écrivait le Pape à son fidèle ami, vous êtes toujours présent à mes
regards, car je porte gravés au fond de mon âme les traits de votre visage...
Ma lettre est bien courte, mais elle vous montrera combien je suis écrasé par
le poids de ma charge, puisque j'écris si peu à celui que j'aime le plus
au monde." Quel éloge de notre Saint sous la plume d'un si grand Pape!
Léandre, éprouvé par la
persécution, eut enfin le bonheur de voir le triomphe de son Église. Le roi
Leuvigilde se convertit avant de mourir, et mit son fils Récarède sous la
conduite du saint archevêque, qu'il avait exilé. Récarède eut la gloire de
ramener tout son peuple à l'Église romaine; cette gloire, il faut le dire,
rejaillit en grande partie sur Léandre, qui s'empressa d'annoncer la nouvelle
au Pape saint Grégoire.
On ne connaîtrait qu'à
demi ce docteur et cet apôtre de l'Espagne, si l'on ignorait que sa vie fut
toujours mortifiée et recueillie comme celle d'un moine, sans faste comme celle
d'un pauvre de Jésus-Christ, laborieuse comme celle d'un soldat de la foi.
*Les années bissextiles,
on fête ce Saint le 28 février
Abbé L. Jaud, Vie
des Saints pour tous les jours de l'année, Tours, Mame, 1950
SOURCE : https://sanctoral.com/fr/saints/saint_leandre.html
Bartolomé Esteban Murillo (1617–1682),
Saint Léandre et saint Bonaventure, circa 1665, 200 x 176, Museo de Bellas Artes de Sevilla
Saint Léandre de Séville
: Vie et Héritage Spirituel
Archevêque de Séville, +
596.
Date : 596
Fête : 27 Février
Pape : Saint Grégoire le
Grand
Saint Léandre, évêque de
Séville au VIe siècle, est une figure majeure de l’Église espagnole et de la
tradition catholique. Né dans une famille illustre, saint Léandre a
consacré sa vie à la foi et au service de Dieu.
Son parcours est marqué
par une profonde dévotion dès son plus jeune âge. Il embrasse la vie
monastique, suivant les enseignements de saint Benoît, et devient moine au
monastère de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem. Sa piété et son érudition lui valent
rapidement une réputation remarquable au sein de la communauté monastique.
La vie monastique n’était
cependant qu’une étape dans le chemin de saint Léandre vers un
service plus étendu à l’Église. À la demande du roi wisigoth, saint
Léandre est ordonné prêtre et nommé évêque de Séville en 579. Dans cette
position, il s’efforce de réformer et de renouveler l’Église en Espagne,
confrontée à des défis tant internes qu’externes.
Saint Léandre joue
un rôle crucial dans la conversion des Wisigoths à la foi catholique. À une époque
où l’arianisme, une hérésie considérée comme une menace pour l’unité de
l’Église, était répandu parmi les Wisigoths, saint Léandre travaille
avec zèle pour rétablir la doctrine catholique et l’autorité du pape.
Il exerce également une
influence considérable dans le domaine de l’éducation et de la culture. Saint
Léandre fonde des écoles et des bibliothèques, encourageant l’étude des
Saintes Écritures et des écrits des Pères de l’Église. Son engagement en faveur
de l’éducation contribue à la préservation et à la diffusion de la foi
catholique dans toute la péninsule ibérique.
Outre son travail de
réforme et d’évangélisation, saint Léandre est également un érudit et
un écrivain prolifique. Il est l’auteur de plusieurs ouvrages théologiques et
historiques, dont une biographie de son frère, saint Isidore de Séville,
également vénéré comme un saint et un érudit de premier plan.
La vie de saint
Léandre est ponctuée de nombreux miracles et manifestations de la grâce
divine. Il est souvent représenté dans l’art chrétien comme un évêque sage et
bienveillant, entouré de la lumière de la sainteté.
Saint Léandre est
décédé en 596, laissant derrière lui un héritage durable dans l’Église
espagnole et au-delà. Sa mémoire est honorée chaque année le 13 mars, date de
sa fête liturgique, et il est vénéré comme un saint et un modèle de foi, de
courage et de dévouement pour les générations de chrétiens qui ont suivi.
Excellents avis de saint
Remi au roi Clovis, avis qui peuvent encore servir à bien d’autres !
« Choisissez des personnes sages pour votre conseil, et ce sera le moyen de
rendre votre règne glorieux. Respectez le clergé. Soyez le père et le
protecteur de votre peuple. Allégez, autant qu’il vous sera possible, le
fardeau des impôts que les besoins de l’État rendent quelquefois nécessaires.
Consolez et soulagez les pauvres, nourrissez les orphelins, défendez les veuves,
ne souffrez point d’exactions. Que la porte de votre palais soit toujours
ouverte, afin que chacun de vos sujets puisse aller réclamer votre justice »…..
SES ÉCRITS
On doit à saint
Léandre une réformation de la liturgie de l’Église d’Espagne. Cette
liturgie prescrivit la récitation du symbole de Nicée à la messe, conformément
à ce qui se pratiquait déjà en Orient, pour faire une déclaration expresse
qu’on n’adhérait pas à l’arianisme. Peu de temps après, cette précieuse coutume
passa dans l’Église de Rome et le reste de l’Occident.
L’Espagne reçut de Rome
les premières lumières de la foi, comme nous l’apprenons de la lettre du pape
Innocent Iᵉʳ à Décentius, et c’est pour cela que saint Isidore dit, que
l’office des églises d’Espagne a été institué par saint Pierre. Les cérémonies
et la discipline des mêmes églises avaient une origine romaine : c’est un fait
dont on peut se convaincre par la lecture de leurs anciens conciles. Les Goths
ariens substituèrent à la liturgie de Rome celle qu’Ulphilas avait composée d’après
les liturgies orientales. On croit que saint Léandre en fit une
nouvelle d’après ces deux premières et d’après celle des Gaules. Saint Isidore
et saint Ildefonse lui donnèrent ensuite un nouveau degré de perfection.
L’Espagne ayant passé sous la domination des Sarrasins ou des Arabes, les
chrétiens de ce royaume furent appelés mixti Arabes, c’est-à-dire Arabes
mêlés, d’où leur liturgie prit le nom de mozarabique. Elle fit place à celle de
Rome dans le XIe et dans le XIIe siècle. Le cardinal Ximenès rétablit la
liturgie mozarabique en une chapelle de la cathédrale de Tolède ; elle est
aussi en usage dans sept églises de la même ville, mais seulement pour le jour
de la fête du patron.
Le P. Florès pense que la
liturgie de saint Léandre n’était point différente de la mozarabique,
et qu’à l’exception de quelques rits de peu d’importance, elle n’avait rien de
commun avec celle des Orientaux. Voir sa Spagna sagrada, de la Missa
antiqua de Espagna, p. 187, 198, etc. Mais, quoique ces liturgies eussent entre
elles beaucoup de conformité, elles avaient pourtant des différences
considérables en quelques points. Nous apprenons ceci d’une lettre que le P.
Burriel, savant jésuite, a donnée sur les monuments littéraires trouvés en
Espagne. On puisera de grandes lumières sur cet article, ainsi que sur
plusieurs autres particularités concernant l’Antiquité ecclésiastique
d’Espagne, dans la collection des manuscrits gothiques que le P. Florès a
donnée au public. Les curieux consulteront aussi avec plaisir la nouvelle édition
des liturgies des églises chrétiennes, que MM. Assemani ont donnée à Rome en 15
vol. In-fol. La liturgie mozarabique a été imprimée à Rome, in-fol, par les
soins du P. Lesley, jésuite écossais.
Le tome LXXXV de la Patrologie
latine de M. Migne, et le suivant, comprennent les liturgies mozarabiques.
Il nous reste de saint Léandre :
1°) une lettre à sa
sœur Florentine, sous ce titre : De l’institution des vierges et du mépris du
monde (tome LXXXII de la Patrologie de M. Migne) ;
2°) un Discours sur
la conversion des Goths : il fait partie du troisième Concile de Tolède, en
l’an 589 (tome LXXII de la Patrologie de M. Migne).
ORAISON
Seigneur, qui as donné à
Saint Léandre de Séville la sagesse et le courage d’œuvrer pour l’unité de
l’Église et la conversion des cœurs, accorde-nous, par son intercession, la
grâce de promouvoir la vérité et la charité dans notre monde. Aide-nous à
suivre son exemple de zèle pour la foi et de fidélité à Ta Parole. Par
Jésus-Christ, notre Seigneur. Amen.
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SOURCE : https://www.laviedessaints.com/saint-leandre-archeveque-de-seville/
Convento de San Leandro (Sevilla). Talla de Jerónimo Hernández, madera policromada, procedente del primitivo retablo mayor (1582-1585).
Saint Léandre
Archevêque de Séville
(† 596)
Saint Léandre appartenait
à la race royale des Ostrogoths et fut d’une famille de Saints. Ses deux
frères, saint Fulgence et saint Isidore, sa sœur sainte Florentine, ont reçu
comme lui les honneurs sacrés, et son autre sœur Théodosie, mariée au roi
Léovigilde, fut la mère de l’illustre martyr saint Herménégilde.
Simple religieux à
Séville, saint Léandre fut promu à l’Archevêché de cette grande cité par les
suffrages unanimes du clergé et du peuple.
Son beau-frère Léovigilde
était arien et persécutait les Catholiques, à ce point qu’il fit mettre à mort
son propre fils, saint Herménégilde, converti par saint Léandre.
Saint Léandre fut exilé,
et du fond de son exil il combattit les spoliations de l’Église par
d’admirables écrits. Léovigilde, au lit de mort, se repentit et recommanda à
saint Léandre son fils Récarède, qui rentra publiquement dans le sein de
l’Église.
Saint Léandre présida en
qualité de légat du Saint-Siège le troisième concile de Tolède et mérita le
titre d’« apôtre de la nation gothique ». C’est lui qui réforma la liturgie
d’Espagne.
Il était lié d’une tendre
amitié avec saint Grégoire le Grand, qui lui envoya le pallium et qui, dit-on,
lui fit présent de l’image de la Très Sainte Vierge attribuée à saint Luc et si
profondément vénérée des pèlerins à Guadalupe.
Saint Léandre, plein de
force et de bonnes œuvres, mourut à Séville l’an 596.
***
Saint Léandre, d’une
famille princière, naquit en Espagne. Il embrassa de bonne heure la vie
monastique et y puisa l’esprit de dévouement et de discipline qui devait lui
valoir l’honneur d’exercer une influence prépondérante sur l’avenir de son
pays.
Séville fut le théâtre de
son zèle et de ses vertus. Moine d’abord, puis Archevêque de cette cité, il
créa à l’ombre de sa Métropole une école destinée à propager, en même temps que
la Foi catholique, l’étude de toutes les sciences et de tous les arts. Il présidait
lui-même aux exercices des maîtres savants et des nombreux élèves qu’il avait
su attirer. Parmi ses disciples, le plus célèbre fut son jeune frère, saint
Isidore, qui devint son successeur et surpassa sa gloire.
Mais une autre
illustration de l’école de saint Léandre fut saint Herménégilde, un des fils du
roi arien Léovigilde, c’est lui qui avait gravé au cœur de l’illustre jeune
homme cette Foi invincible qui fit de lui la victime de son propre père.
Une des gloires de saint
Léandre est d’avoir été un ami intime du grand Pape saint Grégoire le Grand. On
aime à trouver ces tendres et fortes amitiés, dont la vie des Saints fournit
tant d’exemples, elles seules sont vraies et solides, parce qu’elles reposent
sur la seule base ferme et inébranlable, l’amour de Dieu. Rien de plus
attendrissant que la correspondance intime de ces deux grands personnages : «
Absent par le corps, écrivait le Pape à son fidèle ami, vous êtes toujours
présent à mes regards, car je porte gravés au fond de mon cœur les traits de
votre visage. Vous saurez lire en votre propre cœur quelle soif ardente j’ai de
vous voir… Ma lettre est bien courte, mais elle vous montrera combien je suis
écrasé par le poids de ma charge, puisque j’écris si peu à celui que j’aime le
plus au monde ».
Quel éloge de notre Saint
sous la plume d’un si grand Pape ! Saint Léandre, éprouvé par la persécution,
eut enfin le bonheur de voir le triomphe de son Église. Le roi Léovigilde se
convertit avant de mourir et mit son fils Récarède sous la conduite du saint
Archevêque, qu’il avait exilé. Récarède, éclairé des lumières de la vraie Foi,
eut la gloire de ramener tout son peuple au giron de l’Église romaine ; cette
gloire, il faut le dire, rejaillit en grande partie sur saint Herménégilde dont
le martyre obtint auprès de Dieu la conversion de son père, et sur saint
Léandre qui s’empressa d’annoncer la triomphante nouvelle à son ami, le Pape
saint Grégoire.
Ses écrits nous ont
conservé de nombreuses et touchantes traces de son amour filial et fraternel et
des doux souvenirs d’une éducation chrétienne. On ne connaîtrait qu’à demi ce
docteur et cet apôtre de l’Espagne, si l’on ignorait que sa vie fut toujours
mortifiée et recueillie comme celle d’un moine, sans faste comme celle d’un
pauvre de Jésus-Christ, laborieuse comme celle d’un soldat de la Foi. Dieu
l’admit à se reposer de ses labeurs le 27 février 596, saint Grégoire le Grand
étant pape, Maurice empereur de Byzance, Récarède Ier roi des Visigoths
d’Espagne, Théodebert roi d’Austrasie et Clotaire II roi des Francs.
Saint Léandre
En Espagne, on fête saint
Léandre, évêque de Séville. Il est le frère de deux autres saints d'Andalousie:
Fulgence et Isidore. Ce fut sous l'épiscopat de saint Léandre que se détermina,
au 6e siècle, la destinée chrétienne de la Péninsule Ibérique. On a pu comparer
la mission de Léandre en Espagne, auprès des chefs Wisigoths, à celle de saint
Remi de Reims près de Clovis, roi des Francs.
De l'évêque Léandre, on
conserve des traités qu'il écrivit contre l'Arianisme pour défendre la foi en
la Sainte Trinité et un ouvrage sur la virginité dans la vie monastique. Il
travailla aussi à la mise en place d'une Liturgie, belle et vivante, pour le
peuple chrétien. Il termina sa vie à Séville vers l'an 600. Il était invoqué
par les malades souffrant de la "goutte" (fluxion articulaire du gros
orteil). Le Pape d'alors, Grégoire le grand, était affligé aussi du même mal.
Léandre et lui étaient des amis, aussi s'encourageaient-ils à supporter cette
infirmité fort douloureuse. On peut les placer tous deux parmi les saints
"guérisseurs".
Léandre est un nom
d'origine grec "andros" l'homme et "léon" le lion.
Rédacteur : Frère Bernard
Pineau, OP
SOURCE : http://www.lejourduseigneur.com/Web-TV/Saints/Leandre
Saint Léandre
Léandre est né dans
une famille romaine aristocratique qui vivait en Espagne: son père Sévérien
était duc de Carthagène.
Jeune homme, saint
Léandre embrassa la vie monastique à Séville, capitale des Wisigoths, qui avait
embrassé l'arianisme et provoqué la domination de l'hérésie arienne dans toute
l'Espagne.
Léandre devint une figure
de proue dans la lutte pour restaurer ses terres à l'orthodoxie, il fonda une
école à Séville pour promouvoir la foi orthodoxe. En 583, il voyagea à
Constantinople pour demander de l'aide de l'Empereur pour les orthodoxes
espagnols, tandis que là, il rencontra saint Grégoire le Grand (le futur pape
de Rome), avec qui il scella une amitié à vie. À son retour en Espagne, Léandre
fut ordonné évêque de Séville.
Un des convertis du saint
évêque était Hermengilde, l'un des fils du roi arien Léovigilde. Lorsque
Herménégilde se souleva contre son père au nom de l'Orthodoxie, Léovigilde
lança une persécution violente de l'Eglise orthodoxe dans tout son royaume.
(Léovigilde fit emprisonner, puis exécuter son fils le jour de Pâques de 586.)
Par la grâce de Dieu, au plus fort de la persécution Léovigilde tomba
mortellement malade, se repentit, et embrassa la vraie foi; à son exhortation,
son fils et successeur Recaréde se convertit à l'orthodoxie et il convoqua le
troisième Concile de Tolède en 589, date à laquelle il proclama que les peuples
gothiques et Suéviques revenaient à l'unité de l'Eglise Une.
Saint Léandre présida le
Concile, et consacra le reste de sa vie à éduquer dans la foi le (presque)
nouveau peuple orthodoxe de l'Espagne.
C'est lui qui créa la
première forme de la Liturgie mozarabe.
Il reposa en paix le 13
Mars, 600. (Il est vénéré en ce jour parce que son nom a été mal placé le 27
Février dans le Martyrologe romain.)
Version française Claude
Lopez-Ginisty d'après http://www.abbamoses.com/months/february.html cité par
OODE
SOURCE : http://orthodoxologie.blogspot.ca/2011/11/saint-leandre-de-seville-apotre-de.html
Ambrosius Benson (circa 1495–1550),
Saint Leander, circa 1530, 73.5 x 26.5, Wawel
Castle. A wing of a triptych. The
panels depicting two succesive bishops of Seville Saint Leander and Saint
Isidore, were commissioned by clients from Spain - Spanish inscriptions at the
verso of each panel. - second half of 19th century: transferred to
Aleksander Czartoryski and Marcelina Radziwiłł, Decius Villa, Kraków
deposited to Wawel Royal Castle by Sapieha family
Also
known as
Leandro
27
February on some calendars
13
November on some calendars
Profile
Son of Severianus and
Theodora, known for their piety. Elder brother of Saint Isidore
of Seville, Saint Fulgentius
of Ecija, and Saint Florentina
of Cartagena. Monk at Seville, Spain. Bishop of Seville.
Converted Saint Hermengild and Prince Reccared,
sons of the Arian Visigoth king Leovigild,
who then exiled Leander
to Constantinople from 579 to 582.
There he became close friends with the papal legate who
later became Pope Saint Gregory
the Great; he recommended that Gregory write his
famous commentary (Moralia) on the Book of Job.
When Reccared ascended
the throne, Leander was allowed to return to Seville.
He worked against Arianism,
and presided over the Third Council of Toledo in 589.
He revised and unified the Spanish liturgy,
and his boundless energy and steady faith led the Visigoths back to
orthodox Christianity.
Leander wrote an
influential Rule for nuns.
He introduced the Nicene
Creed to Mass in
the west. Honored as a Doctor of the Faith by the Church in Spain.
Born
c.600 at Seville, Spain of
natural causes
Additional
Information
Book
of Saints, by the Monks of
Ramsgate
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of the Saints, by Father Alban
Butler
Saints
of the Order of Saint Benedict, by Father Aegedius
Ranbeck, O.S.B.
books
Our Sunday Visitor’s Encyclopedia of Saints
Sacred
and Legendary Art, by Anna Jameson
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and Their Attributes, by Helen Roeder
other
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Martirologio Romano, 2001 edición
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MLA
Citation
“Saint Leander of
Seville“. CatholicSaints.Info. 27 January 2024. Web. 5 March 2025.
<https://catholicsaints.info/saint-leander-of-seville/>
SOURCE : https://catholicsaints.info/saint-leander-of-seville/
Master of
the Pacully collection (fl. 1475–1499), San Leandro, Triptych:
Saint Leander, The Virgin appearing to Saint Ildefonso, Saint Isadore,
circa 1480, 179 x 40, National Sculpture Museum, Valladolid,
La
obra representa a San Leandro de Sevilla, que fue hermano arzobispo de
Sevilla y hermano de San Isidoro de Sevilla.
Article
(Saint) Bishop (February
27) (6th
century) Honoured as a Doctor of the Church, Saint Leander is one of the
glories of the Spanish Church. He was the elder brother of Saints Fulgentius
and Isidore, the latter of whom succeeded him in the See of Seville. He entered
a monastery in his early youth, and persevered in prayer and penance until, on
account of his eminence in virtue and his proficiency in sacred learning, he
was promoted to the Archbishopric of Seville. He reformed the Mozarabic or
Spanish Liturgy, was prominent at the Third Council of Toledo (A.D. 589), and
was under God, the chief means of converting the Spanish Visi-Goths from the
errors of Arianism. He died A.D. 596, during the Pontificate of his friend and
admirer, Saint Gregory the Great.
MLA
Citation
Monks of Ramsgate.
“Leander”. Book of Saints, 1921. CatholicSaints.Info.
14 March 2015. Web. 5 March 2025.
<https://catholicsaints.info/book-of-saints-leander/>
SOURCE : https://catholicsaints.info/book-of-saints-leander/
Ignacio
de Ries, San Leandro y San Isidoro, óleo sobre lienzo, Catedral de Sevilla.
St. Leander of Seville
Feastday: February 27
Birth: 534
Death: 600
St. Leander of
Seville, Bishop (Feast
- February 27th) Leander was born at Cartagena, Spain, of Severianus and
Theodora, illustrious for their virtue. St. Isidore and Fulgentius, both bishops were
his brothers, and his sister, Florentina, is also numbered among the saints. He
became a monk at Seville and
then the bishop of
the See. He was instrumental in converting the two sons Hermenegild and
Reccared of the Arian Visigothic King Leovigild. This action earned him the
kings's wrath and exile to Constantinople, where he met and became close
friends of the Papal Legate, the future Pope Gregory the Great. It was Leander
who suggested that Gregory write the famous commentary on the Book of Job called the
Moralia. Once back home, under King Reccared, St. Leander began his life work
of propagating Christian orthodoxy against
the Arians in Spain. The third local Council of Toledo (over which he presided
in 589) decreed the consubstantiality of the three Persons of the Trinity and
brought about moral reforms. Leander's unerring wisdom and
unflagging dedication let
the Visigoths and
the Suevi back to the true Faith and
obtained the gratitude of Gregory the Great. The saintly bishop also
composed an influential Rule for nuns and
was the first to introduce the Nicene Creed at
Mass. Worn out by his many activities in the cause of
Christ, Leander died around 600 and was succeeded in the See of Seville by
his brother Isidore. The Spanish Church honors Leander as the Doctor of
the Faith.
SOURCE : https://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=706
New
Catholic Dictionary – Saint Leander of Seville
Article
Confessor, Bishop of
Seville, born Carthage, c.534; died Seville,
Spain, 601. He was the brother of Saint Isidore who succeeded him, and Saint
Fulgentius of Carthagena. He became a Benedictine monk,
and, in 579, Bishop of Seville. He founded a noted School at Seville, and was
distinguished for his opposition to Arianism, which led to his temporary exile.
Spain is greatly indebted to Leander’s efforts for her later religious unity,
fervent faith, and broad culture. Emblem:
a pen. Feast, 27
February.
MLA
Citation
“Saint Leander of
Seville”. New Catholic Dictionary. CatholicSaints.Info.
14 March 2015. Web. 5 March 2025.
<https://catholicsaints.info/new-catholic-dictionary-saint-leander-of-seville/>
SOURCE : https://catholicsaints.info/new-catholic-dictionary-saint-leander-of-seville/
Saint Leander, a Baroque sculpture made by Francisco Salzillo in 1755 that is
worshipped in the Church of Santa
María de Gracia in Cartagena (Spain). The sculpture is part of the
group of the Four Saints of Cartagena.
San Leandro, una imagen barroca esculpida por Francisco Salzillo en 1755 que recibe
culto en la iglesia de Santa María
de Gracia de Cartagena (España). La escultura forma parte del conjunto
de los Cuatro Santos de Cartagena.
St. Leander of Seville
Bishop of
that city, b. at Carthage about 534, of a Roman family established
in that city; d. at Seville,
13 March, 600 or 601. Some historians claim that his father Severian was
duke or governor of Carthage, but St.
Isidore simply states that he was a citizen of that city. The family emigrated from Carthage about
554 and went to Seville. The eminent worth of the children
of Severian would seem to indicate that they were reared in distinguished
surroundings. Severian had three sons, Leander Isidore,
and Fulgentius and one daughter, Florentina. St. Leander and St.
Isidore both became bishops of Seville; St.
Fulgentius, Bishop of Carthagena,
and St.
Florentina, a nun,
who directed forty convents and
one thousand nuns.
It has been also believed, but wrongly, that Theodosia, another
daughter of Severian, became the wife of the Visigothic king,
Leovigild. Leander became at first a Benedictine monk,
and then in 579 Bishop of Seville.
In the meantime be founded a celebrated school,
which soon became a centre of learning and orthodoxy.
He assisted the Princess Ingunthis to convert her
husband Hermenegild, the eldest son of Leovigild, and defended
the convert against his father's cruel
reprisals. In endeavoring to save his country fromn Arianism,
Leander showed himself an orthodox Christian and
a far-sighted patriot. Exiled by Leovigild, he withdrew
to Byzantium from 579 to 582. It is possible, but not proved,
that he sought to rouse the Emperor
Tiberius to take up arms against the Arian king:
in any case the attempt was without result. He profited, however, by his stay
at Byzantium to compose important works against Arianism,
and there became acquainted with the future Gregory
the Great, then legate of Pelagius
II at the Byzantine court.
A close friensdship thenceforth united the two men, and the correspondence
of St.
Gregory with St. Leander remains one of the latter's greatest titles
to honour.
It is not known exactly when Leander returned from exile. Leovigild put
to death his son Hermenegild in 585, and himself died in
589.
In this decisive hour for
the future of Spain,
Leander did most to ensure the religious unity, the fervent faith,
and the broad culture on which was based its later greatness. He had a share in
the conversion of Reccared, and never ceased to exercise over
him a deep and beneficial influence. At the Third Council of Toledo,
where Visigothic Spain abjured Arianism,
Leander delivered the closing sermon. On his return from
this council, Leander convened an important synod in his metropolitan city
of Seville (Conc. Hisp., I), and never afterwards ceased his
efforts to consolidate the work, in which his brother
and successor St. Isidore was to follow him. Leander received
the pallium in
August, 599. There remain unfortunately of this writer, superior to his brother Isidore,
only two works: De institutione virginum et contemptu mundi,
a monastic rule composed for his sister, andHomilia de triumpho
ecclesiæ ob conversionem Gothorum (P.L., LXXII). St.
Isidore wrote of his brother: "Thisman of suave eloquence and eminent
talent shone as brightly by his virtues as by his doctrine.
By his faith and zeal the Gothic people
have been converted from Arianism to
the Catholic faith"
(De script. eccles., xxviii).
Sources
Acta, S.S., 13
March: MABILLON, Acta S.S. O. S. B., s c. I; AGUIRRE, Collectio max.
conc. hisp., FLORES, Espa a Sagrada, IX; BOURRET, L'École
chrétienne de Séville sous la monarchie des Visigoths (Paris, 1855);
MONTALEMBERT, Les Moines de l'Occident, II; GAMS, Die Kirchengesch.
von Spanien, II (2 ed., 1874); G RRES, Leander, Bischof von Sevilla u.
Metropolit der Kirchenprov. B tica in Zeitsch. fur wissenschaftl. Theol.,
III (1885).
Suau,
Pierre. "St. Leander of Seville." The Catholic
Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton
Company, 1910. 12 Mar. 2017 <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09102a.htm>.
Transcription. This
article was transcribed for New Advent by Mario Anello.
Ecclesiastical
approbation. Nihil Obstat. October 1, 1910. Remy Lafort, Censor. Imprimatur. +John
M. Farley, Archbishop of New York.
SOURCE : http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09102a.htm
.jpg)
Statue
of Leander of Seville on the facade of
the Church of Santa
María de Gracia, in Cartagena (Spain). The work was created by the sculptor
Lauren García, and installed in the Cartagenero temple in January 2020.
Estatua
de Leandro de Sevilla en la fachada de
la iglesia de Santa María
de Gracia, en Cartagena (España). La obra fue creada por el escultor Lauren
García, e instalada en el templo cartagenero en enero de 2020.
February
27
St. Leander, Bishop of
Seville, Confessor
From St. Isidore of
Seville, St. Gregory the Great, and St. Gregory of Tours, Hist. l. 5. See
Fleury, b. 34, 35, 36. Mabillon, Sæc. Ben. 1. Ceillier, t. 17.
A.D. 596.
ST. LEANDER was
of an illustrious family, and born at Carthagena in Spain. He had two brothers,
St. Fulgentius, bishop of Ecija and Carthagena, and St. Isidore, our saint’s
successor in the see of Seville. He had also one sister, Florentia by name, who
had consecrated herself to God in the state of virginity. He set them an
example of that piety which they faithfully imitated. He entered into a
monastery very young, where he lived many years, and attained to an eminent
degree of virtue and sacred learning. These qualities occasioned his being
promoted to the see of Seville: but his change of condition made little or no
alteration in his method of life, though it brought on him a great increase of
care and solicitude for the salvation of those whom God had put under his care,
as well as for the necessities of the whole church, that of Spain in
particular. This kingdom was then possessed by the Visigoths, or Western-Goths;
who, while Theodoric settled the Ostrogoths, or Eastern-Goths, in Italy, had
passed the Alps, and founded their kingdom, first in Languedoc, and soon after,
about the year 470, in Spain. These Goths, being for the generality all
infected with Arianism, established this heresy wherever they came; so that
when St. Leander was made bishop, it had reigned in Spain a hundred years. This
was his great affliction: however, by his tears and prayers to God, and by his
most zealous and unwearied endeavours both at home and abroad, he became the
happy instrument of the conversion of that nation to the Catholic faith. But he
suffered much from king Leovigild on this account, and was at length forced
into banishment; the saint having converted, among others, Hermenegild, the
king’s eldest son and heir apparent.
This pious prince his
unnatural father put to death the year following, for refusing to receive the
communion from the hands of an Arian bishop. But, touched with remorse not long
after, he recalled our saint, and falling sick and finding himself past hopes
of recovery, he sent for St. Leander, whom he had so much persecuted, and
recommended to him his son Recared, whom he left his successor, to be
instructed in the true faith; though out of fear of his people, as St. Gregory
laments, he durst not embrace it himself. His son Recared, by listening to St.
Leander, soon became a Catholic. The king also spoke with so much wisdom on the
controverted points to the Arian bishops, that by the force of his reasoning,
rather than by his authority, he brought them over to own the truth of the
Catholic doctrine; and thus he converted the whole nation of the Visigoths. He
was no less successful in the like pious endeavours with respect to the Suevi,
a people of Spain, whom his father Leovigild had perverted. It was a subject of
great joy to the whole church to behold the wonderful blessing bestowed by
Almighty God on the labours of our saint, but to none more than St. Gregory the
Great, who wrote to St. Leander to congratulate him on the subject.
This holy prelate was no
less zealous in the reformation of manners, than in restoring the purity of
faith; and he planted the seeds of that zeal and fervour which afterwards
produced so many martyrs and saints. His zeal in this regard appeared in the
good regulations set on foot with this intent in the council of Seville, which
was called by him, and of which he was, as it were, the soul. In 589, he
assisted at the third council of Toledo, of seventy-two bishops, or their
deputies, in which were drawn up twenty-three canons relating to discipline, to
repair the breaches the Arian heresy had made in fomenting disorders of several
kinds. One of these was, that the Arian clergy cohabited with their wives; but
the council forbade such of them as were converted to do so, enjoining them a
separation from the same chamber, and, if possible, from the same house. 1 This
council commanded also the rigorous execution of all penitential canons without
any abatement. The pious cardinal D’Aguirre has written a learned dissertation
on this subject. 2
St. Leander, sensible of
the importance of prayer, which is in a devout life what a spring is in a
watch, or the main wheel in an engine, laboured particularly to encourage true
devotion in all persons, but particularly those of the monastic profession, of
which state it is the very essence and constituent. His letter to his sister
Florentina, a holy virgin, is called his Rule of a Monastic Life. It turns
chiefly on the contempt of the world, and on the exercises of prayer. This
saint also reformed the Spanish liturgy. 3 In
this liturgy, and in the third council of Toledo, in conformity to the eastern
churches, the Nicene creed was appointed to be read at mass to express a
detestation of the Arian heresy. Other western churches, with the Roman, soon
imitated this devotion. St. Leander was visited by frequent distempers,
particularly the gout, which St. Gregory, who was often afflicted with the
same, writing to him, calls a favour and mercy of heaven. This holy doctor of
Spain died about the year 596, on the 27th of February, as Mabillon proves from
his epitaph. The church of Seville has been a metropolitan see ever since the
third century. The cathedral is the most magnificent, both as to structure and
ornament, of any in all Spain.
The contempt of the world
which the gospel so strongly inculcates, and which St. Leander so eminently
practised and taught, is the foundation of a spiritual life; but is of far
greater extent than most Christians conceive, for it requires no less than a
total disengagement of the affections from earthly things. Those whom God
raises to perfect virtue, and closely unites to himself, must cut off and put
away everything that can be an obstacle to this perfect union. Their will must
be thoroughly purified from all dross of inordinate affections before it can be
perfectly absorbed in his. This those who are particularly devoted to the divine
service, are especially to take notice of. If this truth were imprinted in the
manner that it ought, in the hearts of those who enrol themselves in the
service of the church, or who live in cloisters, they would be replenished with
heavenly blessings, and the church would have the comfort of seeing apostles of
nations revive amongst her clergy, and the monasteries again filled with
Antonies, Bennets, and Bernards; whose sanctity, prayers, and example would
even infuse into many others the true spirit of Christ amidst the desolation
and general blindness of this unhappy age.
Note 1. Conc. t. 5.
p. 998. [back]
Note 2. Diss. 8. in
Conc. Hisp. [back]
Note 3. The church
of Spain first received the faith from Rome, as Pope Innocent I. informs us.
(Ep. ad Decent.) Whence St. Isidore says their divine office was instituted by
St. Peter. (l. 1. c. 15. Eccl. Offic.) Their ceremonies and discipline, as of
fasting on Saturdays, and other rites mentioned in their council, are Roman.
And the Roman liturgy was used in Africa, beyond Spain. But the Goths used a
liturgy formed by Uphilas from the Orientals. St. Leander is said to have
compiled a liturgy from both, and also from the Gaulish and Oriental liturgies:
St. Isidore and St. Ildefonse perfected it. When the Saracens or Arabians
became masters of Spain, the Christians of that country were called Mixt-Arabs,
and their liturgy, Mozarabic. In the eleventh and twelfth centuries this
liturgy gave place to the Roman. Cardinal Ximenes re-established the daily use
of the Mozarabic in a chapel of the cathedral of Toledo: it is also used in the
same city by seven old Mozarabic churches, but on the days of their patrons
only. See Le Brun, liturg. t. 2. p. 272. F. Flores thinks the Mozarabic liturgy
was that of the Roman and African churches retained by St. Leander, without any
alteration or mixture from the Orientals, except certain very inconsiderable
rites. See his Spana Sagrada, t. 3. Diss. de la Missa Antigua de Espagna, p.
187. 198, &c. But though it much resembles it, we are assured by F.
Burriel, the learned Jesuit, in his letter on the literary monuments found in
Spain, that in some parts there are considerable differences. We shall be fully
informed of this, also what masses were added by St. Ildefonse, and of other
curious particulars, when we are favoured with the collections he has made from
the Gothic MSS. in Spain on this subject; and the new edition of all the liturgies
of Christian churches which the Assemani are preparing at Rome in fifteen
volumes folio. The Mozarabic liturgy has been printed at Rome in folio by the
care of F. Lesley, a Scotch Jesuit. [back]
Rev. Alban Butler
(1711–73). Volume I: January. The Lives of the Saints. 1866.
.jpg)
Reliefs
on the side facade of the Church of Santa
María de Gracia, in Cartagena (Spain). The ensemble was created in 1973 by
the sculptor Manuel Ardil Robles and its first
two panels are inspired by the alabaster altarpiece that,
from the former Cathedral of Cartagena, is preserved in
the National Archaeological
Museum of Madrid. It shows various scenes from the Life of the Virgin.
The third panel of the ensemble appears in the photograph, taking inspiration
from the Four Saints of Cartagena of Francisco Salzillo and the carving of
the Virgin of Rosell, all of them guarded in Santa María de Gracia.
Relieves
en la fachada lateral de la iglesia de Santa María
de Gracia, en Cartagena (España). El conjunto fue creado en 1973 por el
escultor Manuel Ardil Robles y sus dos
primeros paneles están inspirados en el retablo de alabastro que, procedente
de la antigua Catedral de Cartagena, se conserva en
el Museo Arqueológico Nacional de
Madrid. En él se muestran diversas escenas de la vida de la Virgen.
En la fotografía aparece el tercer panel del conjunto, que toma inspiración de
los Cuatro Santos de Cartagena de Francisco Salzillo y la talla de
la Virgen del Rosell, todos ellos custodiados en
Santa María de Gracia.
Pictorial
Lives of the Saints – Saint Leander, Bishop
Saint Leander was born of
an illustrious family at Carthagena, in Spain. He was the eldest of five
brothers, several of whom are numbered among the Saints. He entered into a
monastery very young, where he lived many years and attained to an eminent
degree of virtue and sacred learning. These qualities occasioned his being
promoted to the see of Seville; but his change of condition made little or no
alteration in his method of life, though it brought on him a great increase of
care and solicitude. Spain at that time was in possession of the Visigoths.
These Goths being infected with Arianism, established this heresy wherever they
came; so that when Saint Leander was made bishop, it had reigned in Spain a
hundred years. This was his great affliction; however by his prayers to God,
and by his most zealous and unwearied endeavors, he became the happy instrument
of the conversion of that nation to the Catholic faith. Having converted, among
others, Hermenegild, the king’s eldest son and heir apparent, Leander was
banished by King Leovigild. This pious prince was put to death by his unnatural
father, the year following, for refusing to receive communion from the hands of
an Arian bishop. But, touched with remorse not long after, the king recalled
our Saint; and falling sick and finding himself past hopes of recovery, he sent
for Saint Leander, and recommended to him his son Recared. This son, by
listening to Saint Leander, soon became a Catholic, and finally converted the
whole nation of the Visigoths. He was no less successful with respect to the
Suevi, a people of Spain, whom his father Leovigild had perverted.
Saint Leander was no less
zealous in the reformation of manners than in restoring the purity of faith;
and he planted the seeds of that zeal and fervor which afterward produced so
many Martyrs and Saints. This holy doctor of Spain died about the year 596, on
the 27th of February, as Mabillon proves from his epitaph. The Church of
Seville has been a metropolitan see ever since the third century. The cathedral
is the most magnificent, both as to structure and ornament, of any in all Spain.
SOURCE : https://catholicsaints.info/pictorial-lives-of-the-saints-saint-leander-bishop/
San
Leandro, Puerta del Bautismo.
San
Leandro, Puerta del Bautismo.
Saints
of the Order of Saint Benedict – Saint Leander, Bishop
Spain has had few sons on
whom she can pride herself more than on Saint Leander. His family was one of
the most illustrious in the kingdom; his grandfather, Theodoric, having been
king of the Ostrogoths in Italy, while his father, a Duke of Spain, was the
foremost noble in Seville, equally conspicuous for his wealth, power, and rank.
But Leander’s ambition was set on something higher than mere worldly honours.
To fit himself for the service of Christ, he at an early age entered the
Monastery of Legionensis, and he induced his brothers Isidore and Fulgentius,
and also his sister Florentina, to embrace the religious life. At that time the
Arian heresy was rampant throughout Spain. As being the best fitted by his
learning to extirpate this error, Leander was appointed Bishop of Seville. By
writing and by speaking he waged unceasing war against this pestilent enemy.
Not only from his pontifical chair did the Bishop denounce the heretics, but on
foot he sought them out in all the villages and towns of his diocese. The evil,
however, was supported in high quarters, whence it must be expelled. So the
intrepid soldier of Christ assailed with his arguments Leovigildus, the king,
and his sons, Hermenegildus and Reccaredus. The monarch, fearing for his throne
if he listened to the Bishop, drove him into exile. This punishment our Saint
cheerfully endured. His reward soon came in the conversion of Hermenegildus,
the elder of the king’s two sons, who was so strengthened by Saint Leander’s
exhortations that he even laid down his life for the Faith. Devoured by
remorse, King Leovigildus recalled the Bishop, and confided to him the task of
instructing his remaining son, Reccaredus. This duty he performed with such
success, that not only did Reccaredus abjure his former heretical views, but,
when he came to the throne, he issued an edict that the Visigoths should leave
the kingdom if they did not purge themselves of Arianism. The whole nation
submitted. To Saint Leander’s labours and arguments is due the entire credit of
this glorious triumph. This great Saint, whom Spain honours next to her
Apostle, Saint Iago, or Saint James, died A.D. 596.
– text and illustration
taken from Saints
of the Order of Saint Benedict by Father Aegedius
Ranbeck, O.S.B.
SOURCE : https://catholicsaints.info/saints-of-the-order-of-saint-benedict-saint-leander-bishop/
Iglesia del Sagrado Corazón. Sevilla, Andalucía, España.
Azulejos
de San Leandro y San Jerónimo en el desierto. Siglo XVII. Iglesia del Sagrado
Corazón. Sevilla, Andalucía, España.
February 27, 2015
God From God: The Courage
of St. Leander
…God from God, Light from
Light, true God from true God, begotten, not made, consubstantial with the
Father…
We utter those words at
every Mass, words as familiar as the backs of our own hands, and sometimes just
as taken for granted. Intellectually we know that every word of the Creed
is there for a purpose. We know that saints have given their lives
defending the truth of those words. But without the point of reference
history gives us, a dry, academic understanding of the Creed fails to burn it
very deeply into our hearts.
It is St. Leander of
Seville that we have to thank for the inclusion of the Nicene Creed in Mass,
and St. Leander we have to thank for the triumph of Catholicism over Arianism
in Spain.
Born in Hispania in 534,
Leander grew up in an area soaked in the Arian heresy. The nobility and
king of the region were Visigoths, who held that Christ was a created being,
something made by, and inferior to, God the Father. Leander’s family,
however, were faithful to the teachings of the Catholic Church, and Leander
grew up to become the bishop of Seville.
The persecution of
Catholics under Visigoth rule had as much to do with politics as it did
theology. Liuvigild, the ruler of Hispania, found his kingdom
precariously sandwiched between the Catholic Merovingian rulers to the north,
and the Byzantine emperor to the south. Catholics in Hispania represented
enemies at the gate, though in Seville they were more or less tolerated.
As bishop, Leander had access
to Princess Ingunthis, a Catholic from the north, who had come to wed
Liuvigild’s son Hermegild. Together, bishop and princess prayed for the
conversion of Hermegild, which not only occurred, but also resulted in the heir
to Hispania going to war with his father over Liuvigild’s heretical beliefs.
During this civil war,
Leander was exiled by the king, and went to Byzantium, where he continued his
fight against Arianism and met the future Pope Gregory the Great.
Back in Hispania,
Hermegild was captured and martyred by his father. Eventually, the old
king died, and Leander returned to him homeland, where he helped convert
Liuvigild’s next heir, Reccared. Upon his return, Leander also called
together the Third Council of Toledo, which saw the Visigoths of Hispania
finally rejecting Arianism, and returning to the fullness of the Faith.
Far from resting easy at
this point, Leander spent the remainder of his days shoring up the faith,
making sure that Arianism could make no inroads to the hearts of Hispania’s
people. To this end, the tireless bishop introduced the practice of
saying the Nicene Creed at Mass, so the faithful could constantly be reminded
that the Second Person of the Blessed Trinity was not a creation, but rather
co-creator with the Father.
Tagged as: Arianism, Creed, Nicene Creed, saints, St. Leander of
Seville
Cari Donaldson lives on a
New England farm with her high school sweetheart, their six kids, and a
menagerie of animals of varying usefulness. She is the author of Pope
Awesome and Other Stories, and has a website for her farm, Ghost Fawn Homestead.
SOURCE : https://catholicexchange.com/god-god-courage-st-leander
San
Isidoro y San Leandro, en la puerta que comunica la Sacristía mayor con
la capilla de la Antesacristía de la catedral de Sevilla, España
Preaching in Visigothic
Spain:
St. Leander of Seville
and the Triumph of Catholic Orthodoxy
by Carlos Bartolom‚ Quijano, O.P.
In the last quarter of
the fourth century began the first of many massive migrations of Germanic
peoples into the Roman Empire. Within 100 years these migrations destroyed the
Roman Empire in the West and seriously strained the Church. Many of the pagan Germanic
tribes were first evangelized by Arian missionaries; so when they began to
consolidate their new kingdoms, the Arian Germans persecuted the Catholic
Romans. Only the Franks had converted to orthodoxy and allied themselves with
Rome to subdue the heretics. Ostrogoths, Burgundians, and Lombards were wiped
out by the Franks and Byzantines: only the Visigoths survived the Frankish and
Byzantine pressure. Confined to the Iberian peninsula by the Franks, the Arian
Visigoths, always a minority among the Hispano-Romans, eventually converted to
catholic orthodoxy. Instrumental in this conversion was St. Leander, Bishop of
Seville.
St. Leander was born in
Cartagena about 540 and became bishop of Seville by 579 (he was succeeded by
his better known younger brother, St. Isidore). In 580, King Leovigild began to
persecute the Catholic majority in order to bring them to Arianism and thus
unify the kingdom. During this period, St. Leander travelled to Constantinople
to enlist the help of the Emperor. While he was there, he wrote several
anti-Arian pamphlets and met the papal legate, the future Pope Gregory the
Great, with whom he became good friends. Upon his return, the persecutions
abated, and the new king, Recared, converted to orthodoxy. In 589, the Third
Council of Toledo was held where King Recared formally recited the Nicene Creed
and the remaining Arian bishops converted to orthodoxy. At the closing of the
council, St. Leander delivered a rousing sermon that his brother, Isidore,
entitled "On the Triumph of the Church for the Conversion of the
Goths." Along with an instruction to nuns on religious life, those are the
only writings of his to survive.
St. Leander's sermon was
addressed principally to the bishops at the council, and most likely the king
and his court would have been present. The recently converted Arian bishops and
more important nobles would have possibly been there also. It is unclear as to
whether the general population was there, but some of the language and the fact
that it was transcribed into the acts of the council could be an indication
that it was meant to be distributed widely throughout the kingdom. As the title
suggests, it exalts the triumph of orthodoxy over heresy, but it is much more
than that. Instead of being triumphalistic, St. Leander constantly underscores
the theme of unity, peace and love.
He begins by stressing
the uniqueness of the situation, which calls for rejoicing. Why? Because
"the Church has suddenly given birth to new peoples, and we may now be
glad over the faith of those same ones whose hardheartedness once caused us
grief." Using typical patristic typology, he uses the story Abraham and
Sarah with Abimelech in Genesis 20 as an example of the situation of Christ the
Bridegroom and the Church with the Visigoths. By her sufferings, the Church has
made the Bridegroom richer by winning the Visigoths over to Christ. This leads
St. Leander to consider the universality of the Church versus the covetousness
of heresy.
St. Leander continues his
exhortation to rejoicing through a series of antithetical arguments: "make
gain from your losses and profit from your persecution ... dispossessed of a
few things, yet He lets you recover the spoils..." The greatest paradox is
that Christ died to gather all nations into one under God. Thus, Church unity
is to be celebrated: "How sweet is love and delightful is unity..."
This unity had been foreseen by "the foretelling of the prophets, through
the divine word in the Gospels, through the teaching of the apostles."
Specifcally addressing the bishops, he then exhorts the assembly to preach
unity: "Therefore, preach only the unity of nations, dream only of the
oneness of all peoples, spread abroad only the good seeds of peace and
love." This Gospel of love, peace, and unity is the fulfillment of all the
prophecies. It is actually bringing in the sheep of the other fold into one
fold under one Shepherd. The unity achieved at this council is only one stop on
the way to bringing the whole world over to Christ in one Church.
As good has replaced evil,
so has unity replaced division. Heresy and schism are vices, whereas the Church
is a harmony of love, drawing all nations together to pray and worship God, as
foretold by the prophet Isaiah. This leads him to a sort of profession of
faith: "There is one Christ the Lord and His Church, a holy possession, is
throughout the world. He is the Head and the Church is the body...." Out
of this exegesis of Ephesians, St. Leander calls heresy a "concubine"
and a "harlot." For him, this new found unity between Hispano Romans
and Visigoths is the triumph of the Good Shepherd. "The peace of Christ
has destroyed the wall of discord built by the devil, and the house which was
divided into mutual slaughter is now joined by the cornerstone which is
Christ." St. Leander concludes with a final exhortation to unity and to
work in and for the kingdom that we might be glorified by God.
In his sermon, there is a
wonderful synthesis of patristic imagery and style. He uses typology not only
to bring together the Old and New Testaments, but brings it to bear on the
current situation. He uses patristic, Pauline, and Johannine imagery of Christ
as Bridegroom, as Head of the body, the Church, and as the Good Shepherd. This
is not just a triumphalistic diatribe, it is an exhortation to his bishops and
all those present to preach the Gospel, to bring all peoples and nations under
Christ. Now that Hispano-Romans and Visigoths are one flock, one nation, they
are to forget their differences and celebrate and worship together. It is a
proclamation of joy at finding the one lost sheep, and it is an invitation to
love, peace and unity that is continual.
It seems to me that as we
approach the Third Millennium of Christianity, this sermon is particularly
relevant to us. As we work towards reuniting Christianity, it reminds us that
there is something special about Christian unity, a special sense of peace and
joy. It also reminds us that this peace and unity is part and parcel of the
Gospel message. St. Leander prayed and worked so that Visigoth and Hispano-Roman
would be one under Christ. He lived to see that accomplished, and could not
withhold his joy from others.
Imagen
de San Leandro, catedral de Sevilla
San Leandro di Siviglia Vescovo
Cartagena (Spagna), ca.
545 - Siviglia, ca. 600
Di antica famiglia
romana, Leandro nasce a Cartagena verso il 540. Il padre Saveriano muore ancora
giovane e tocca a lui prendersi cura dei fratelli Florentina, Fulgenzio e
Isidoro, che sceglieranno tutti lo stato religioso e diverranno santi. Isidoro,
in particolare, con le sue 'Etimologie' diverrà uno degli scrittori più famosi
del Medioevo. Anche Leandro si fa monaco e verso il 577-578 viene nominato
vescovo di Siviglia. In Spagna sono al potere da più di un secolo i visigoti,
in maggioranza ariani. Con la sua predicazione, Leandro ottiene numerose
conversioni e tra i convertiti vi è anche Ermenegildo, il figlio del re
Leovigildo. Il giovane si ribella al padre che lo sconfigge e lo condanna a
morte. In seguito a questa tragedia, Leandro deve lasciare la Spagna e si reca
in esilio a Costantinopoli. Qui probabilmente chiede invano aiuto
all’imperatore d’Oriente. La permanenza nella capitale bizantina non è,
tuttavia, vana. Leandro ha modo di conoscere il legato di Roma in Oriente, il
futuro papa Gregorio Magno, con il quale stringe un’amicizia duratura.Verso il
586 Leandro può ritornare a Siviglia. A Leovigildo è succeduto Recaredo, che
nel febbraio del 587 passa ufficialmente al cattolicesimo e il suo esempio,
secondo il costume del tempo, viene seguito da tutti i visigoti. Il terzo
concilio di Toledo, presieduto nel 589 proprio da Leandro, sancì questo
cambiamento.
Nell’omelia Leandro
commentò: «Nuovi popoli sono nati d’un tratto per la Chiesa; quelli che prima
ci facevano soffrire con la loro durezza, ora ci consolano con la loro
fede». Morì nel 599-600. Gli successe il fratello sant’Isidoro.
Etimologia: Leandro = uomo
calmo, uomo sereno, dal greco
Emblema: Bastone
pastorale
Martirologio Romano: A
Siviglia in Spagna, san Leandro, vescovo, che, fratello dei santi Isidoro,
Fulgenzio e Fiorentina, con la sua predicazione e il suo attivo impegno
convertì dall’eresia ariana alla fede cattolica i Visigoti, con l’aiuto del
loro re Reccaredo.
E’ di antica e influente
famiglia romana di Cartagena (più tardi trasferita a Siviglia). Suo padre,
Saveriano, muore ancora giovane e tocca a lui aiutare i fratelli minori
Isidoro, Fulgenzio e Fiorentina. Tutti e quattro, poi, sceglieranno lo stato
religioso, e Isidoro sarà famosissimo in tutto il Medioevo per la sua grande
opera enciclopedica intitolata Etimologie.
Questo è il tempo dei
Visigoti. Entrati in Spagna dalla Gallia nel 415 col consenso di Roma, dopo il
crollo dell’Impero d’Occidente hanno combattuto a lungo contro resistenze
locali, insediamenti di altri popoli nordici, contro spedizioni bizantine,
arrivando poi a unificare sotto il loro dominio la maggior parte del territorio,
Portogallo incluso, al tempo del re Leovigildo (morto nel 586). Il suo regno è
grande, ma diviso tra spagnoli cattolici e visigoti (con altri gruppi) ariani,
cioè contrari come Ario alla dottrina della perfetta uguaglianza del Cristo con
il Padre in divinità ed eternità. Leovigildo vuole arrivare all’unità
religiosa, che per lui significa “tutti ariani”, tutti cioè a dire "Gloria
Patri per Filium in Spiritu Sancto", invece del "Gloria Patri et
Filio et Spiritui Sancto" dei cattolici.
Il monaco Leandro vuole
invece convertire gli ariani, con gli scritti e con la predicazione, e ottiene
un successo risonante quando si fa cattolico addirittura Ermenegildo, figlio
del re. Ma questa conversione ha poi un sanguinoso risvolto politico-familiare:
Ermenegildo capeggia una ribellione contro suo padre, che lo sconfigge e lo fa
uccidere. Ed espelle poi dalla Spagna i suoi sostenitori, tra cui Leandro, che
resterà per qualche tempo a Costantinopoli. Quel soggiorno gli consentirà
tuttavia di stringere amicizia con il futuro papa Gregorio Magno, allora
inviato pontificio in Oriente, al quale suggerirà di scrivere le famose omelie
su Giobbe, Moralia in Job.
L’esilio non dura molto.
Attento alla pace interna, re Leovigildo richiama in patria tutti gli espulsi.
Compreso Leandro, del quale deve avere grande stima, perché lo nomina vescovo
di Siviglia e addirittura lo mette come consigliere accanto al proprio figlio
Recaredo. Morto Leovigildo, Recaredo sale al trono, e incomincia in Spagna
una fase nuova. Nel 589 Leandro convoca il III Concilio di Toledo, e qui si
sanziona ufficialmente il passaggio di re Recaredo al cattolicesimo; e il fatto
imprime una decisiva accelerazione al processo di unità spirituale in Spagna,
favorito anche dalla liturgia detta mozarabica o visigotica, di cui proprio il
vescovo Leandro (seguíto poi dal fratello Isidoro) è promotore e maestro,
componendo anche preghiere cantate per la Messa. Egli manterrà inoltre
fino alla morte un’importante corrispondenza con papa Gregorio Magno, della quale
parlano i contemporanei, ma che purtroppo è andata quasi tutta perduta.
Autore: Domenico
Agasso
SOURCE : http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/43000
J. N. Schöpf, S. Leander Gothorum Apostolus", Leander von Sevilla, Bekehrer der Westgoten, Fresko, Reichersberg, Stiftsbibliothek
Den hellige Leander av
Sevilla (~540-~600)
Minnedag:
27. februar
Skytshelgen for Sevilla;
mot reumatisme
Den hellige Leander
(Leandro) ble født ca 540 (534? 559?) i en fornem familie i havnebyen Cartagena
(«det nye Kartago») i Sørøst-Spania. Faren Severian var muligens byprefekt og
trolig av romersk opphav, men med nær tilknytning til de vestgotiske kongene.
Hans mor Theodora skal ha vært en datter av Theoderik. I tillegg var det en
hellig familie, for to av hans tre brødre og hans eneste søster æres alle som
hellige: de hellige biskopene Isidor og Fulgentius og
den hellige abbedissen Florentina. Den
siste broren var den eneste som ikke ble helgen. En legende forteller at det
fantes enda en søster, Theodosia, som giftet seg med den arianske kong
Leovigild, men dette er tvilsomt. Da de bysantinske troppene til keiser
Justinian I (527-65) i 543 truet de sørspanske byene som var behersket av
vestgoterne, flyktet familien fra Cartagena og slo seg ned i det vestgotiske Sevilla.
Leander ble i 562
benediktinermunk i Sevilla, og etter sine foreldres tidlige død tok han til seg
den yngre broren Isidor og ga ham en dypt kristen oppdragelse. Han ble også
verge for søsteren Florentina. Da han var på oppdrag til Konstantinopel i 583
fra kong Leovigild til keiseren, møtte han en fremtidig pave, den hellige Gregor den Store (590-604),
som da var pave Pelagius IIs legat ved det bysantinske hoffet. De ble gode
venner og fortsatte å korrespondere, og det var Leander som overtalte Gregor
til å skrive verket «Moralia» om Job. Ca 584 ble Leander viet til erkebiskop av
Sevilla.
Hans største fortjeneste
var å bringe vestgoterne (visigoterne) i Spania fra arianismen og tilbake til
den ortodokse tro. Han tok opp kronprinsen, den hellige Hermenegild, i
Kirken, og etter at den arianske kong Leovigild (568-86) på påskeaften den 13.
april 585 henrettet sin egen sønn fordi han var blitt katolikk og avslo
kommunion fra en ariansk biskop, ble erkebiskop Leander forvist. Men i 586 døde
kongen, og hans sønn Rekkared I (586-601) etterfulgte ham på tronen. Legenden
sier at Leovigild på dødsleiet angret og overlot sønnens oppdragelse til
Leander, men dette synes ufundert. Rystet over sin brors heroiske død bekjente
vestgoternes nye konge seg til den katolske tro. På nasjonalsynoden Det tredje
konsil i Toledo i 589 lot han seg ta opp i kirken av erkebiskop Leander, som
sto bak denne synoden og en annen viktig bispesynode i Sevilla i 590. Leanders
preken i Toledo, De laudibus et triumpho ecclesiae, er bevart.
Leander fikk kjærlige
gratulasjoner av pave Gregor, og han fikk i 599 også palliet, en metropolitts
verdighetstegn. Han ble en av de største prelatene i Spania og var en
fremtredende organisator av Kirken. Han klarte å overtale mange arianske
biskoper til og forsone seg med Kirken, mens åtte mindre føyelige ble avsatt av
Rekkared og landsforvist. Leander innførte på konsilet i Toledo i vesten
skikken med å synge den nikenske trosbekjennelsen i messen, noe som senere ble
adoptert av Roma og andre vestlige sentra. Han reviderte også og samlet den
spanske mozarabiske liturgien. Broren Isidor fullførte det mozarabiske missalet
og breviariet som han påbegynte. Den mozarabiske liturgi er nå nesten helt
utdødd, bortsett fra i Toledo.
Svært lite av den hellige
Leanders egne skrifter har overlevd til i dag, bortsett fra prekenen fra Toledo
og en «regel» i 21 kapitler til søsteren Florentina om en nonnes rolle i livet
og om forakt for verden; Regula sive Libellus de institutione virginum et
de contemptu mundi ad Florentinam sororem. I Spania regnes Leander som
kirkelærer, men ikke i den universelle Kirken.
Leander døde den 13. mars
600 (eller 601?) og hviler sammen med sine søsken Isidor og Florentina i
katedralen i Sevilla. Han ble etterfulgt som etterbiskop av broren Isidor. Hans
minnedag er 27. februar, men dødsdagen 13. mars nevnes også. Hans navn står i
Martyrologium Romanum. Hans emblem er et brennende hjerte. Han avbildes ofte
med et triangel som et symbol på hans forkynnelse mot arianismen. Pave Gregor
hadde gitt ham som gave et bilde av Jomfru Maria, og noen ganger avbildes han
sammen med dette bildet. Han avbildes også gjerne med et pergament i hånden
hvor det står: «Credite o gothi consubstantialem patri», de ordene som han
stadig forsvarte Kristi guddommelige natur med. Han avbildes også sammen med
sine hellige søsken.
Kilder:
Attwater/John, Attwater/Cumming, Farmer, Butler (II), Benedictines, Delaney,
Bunson, Engelhart, Schauber/Schindler, Gorys, Dammer/Adam, CE, CSO -
Kompilasjon og oversettelse: p. Per Einar Odden -
Sist oppdatert: 2000-04-04 10:31
SOURCE : https://www.katolsk.no/biografier/historisk/leander
De izquierda a derecha: San Leandro, la Adoración de los Magos y San Sebastián. Azulejo realizado por el taller de José Mensaque, Hermano y Compañía el año 1897 según el dibujo realizado por don José Gestoso y Pérez. Convento de los Capuchinos. Sevilla, Andalucía, España.
San Leandro de Sevilla, Azulejo de cuerda seca, 1897,componente del Azulejo de la Adoración de los Reyes Magos, José Gestoso y Pérez
San Leandro de Sevilla
Leandro de Sevilla, San.
Cartagena (Murcia), c. 535 – Sevilla, c. 600. Obispo y escritor,
santo.
Biografía
La mayor parte de los
datos biográficos conocidos sobre Leandro de Sevilla se conservan en las obras
de Gregorio Magno (Epistolae, Dialogi y Moralia in Iob), Juan de
Biclaro (Chronicon), Isidoro de Sevilla (el capítulo 28 de su De uiris
illustribus) y Gregorio de Tours (Historia Francorum). Gracias a Isidoro, su
hermano menor y sucesor en la sede metropolitana de Sevilla, se sabe que ambos
tuvieron otros dos hermanos: Florentina (que estuvo al frente de una comunidad
religiosa femenina) y Fulgencio (obispo de Écija).
Su padre se llamaba
Severiano. Siendo aún bastante joven (c. 554), abandonó Cartagena junto con su
familia, posiblemente a causa de las luchas políticas del momento entre
hispano-romanos, godos y bizantinos. Se sabe también que fue monje —no se
conoce dónde ni por cuánto tiempo— y que probablemente ya era obispo de Sevilla
(c. 578), cuando Hermenegildo se sublevó contra su padre Leovigildo. Por esta
misma época Leandro realizó un viaje a Constantinopla. A su vuelta fue a
Cartagena y no volvió a Sevilla hasta alrededor del año 585. Sobre la razón que
lo mantuvo varios años fuera de su sede episcopal no existen datos precisos,
pero el parecer más extendido relaciona su ausencia primero con una embajada a
las órdenes de Hermenegildo, tras su sublevación contra Leovigildo; y luego con
las represalias tomadas por este Monarca contra los obispos no arrianos que
apoyaron a su hijo. Como Isidoro habla de su destierro, se supone que lo pasó
en Constantinopla, en Cartagena o en ambas ciudades.
En la primera trabó
amistad con Gregorio —luego Gregorio Magno—, que vivió allí como apocrisiario
de Pelagio II entre 579 y 585; en la segunda, con el obispo Liciniano. La
tradición cuenta que, en su lecho de muerte, Leovigildo encomendó a Leandro el
cuidado pastoral de su hijo Recaredo. Éste, ya como Rey, convocó en 589 el III
Concilio de Toledo, en el que renegó públicamente del arrianismo y decretó la
conversión de su reino. Leandro de Sevilla y Eutropio de Valencia fueron las
personalidades más destacadas del Concilio.
Conservamos dos obras
transmitidas bajo el nombre de Leandro: el De institutione uirginum et de
contemptu mundi libellus y el De triumpho Ecclesiae ob conuersione
Gothorum. De ellas, la primera es la única que se le puede atribuir con total
seguridad. Es un tratado dividido en dos partes: una larga introducción sobre
la virginidad seguida de normas y consejos de aplicación práctica sobre las
virtudes y la vida monástica.
En él hace gala de una
enorme erudición patrística: sus fuentes conocidas son Tertuliano, Cipriano de
Cartago, Ambrosio, Jerónimo, Agustín, Casiano e incluso Benito de Nursia (es
poco probable que haya utilizado el De laude uirginitatis de Osio de
Córdoba, o el Annulus de Severo de Málaga). Este texto ha llegado
hasta hoy en dos versiones de distinta extensión. La más breve —con diez
capítulos y medio menos— es la más conocida.
Leandro es también autor
del discurso De triumpho Ecclesiae ob conuersione Gothorum, también
conocido como Homelia in laudem Ecclesiae. Se ha conservado junto a los
cánones del III Concilio de Toledo, contexto en el que debió de pronunciarse.
Ahora bien, como Isidoro no lo cita entre las obras de Leandro, hubo en el
pasado quien dudó de su autoría. Se trata de un texto sólidamente estructurado
desde el punto de vista retórico y también de enorme erudición: en él se
adivina el conocimiento de Ambrosio (Explanatio Psalmorum), Gregorio Magno
(Moralia in Iob), Casiodoro (Expositio Psalmorum) y, sobre todo,
Agustín de Hipona (Epistulae, Enarrationes in Psalmos, Enchiridion, De
sancta uirginitate, Sermones...). Algunos de estos autores habrían podido
ser citados a través de fuentes intermedias.
Se sabe que Leandro
escribió otras obras, hoy perdidas.
Isidoro habla de “dos
libros contra los dogmas de los herejes”, de un “pequeño tratado sobre las
creencias de los arrianos” y de innumerables cartas que tampoco se han
conservado. Se conoce el tema y destinatario de dos de ellas: el bautismo,
dirigida a Gregorio; y el temor a la muerte, enviada “a su hermano” (no se sabe
a cuál de los dos). Por último, la atribución a Leandro de todas o muchas de
las composiciones del conocido como Liber psalmographus y de la misa
y oficio de san Vicente sólo es, por el momento, hipotética.
En fin, la importancia en
su tiempo de Leandro como político, teólogo y hombre de letras se ve
atestiguada, además de por sus obras y por su trato con monarcas y
personalidades del entorno visigodo, por algunos aspectos de su relación con
Gregorio Magno.
Por una parte, el
sevillano fue quien alentó a Gregorio a escribir sus Moralia in Iob, razón
por la cual fue su dedicatorio. Por otra, al final de su vida, Gregorio le
otorgó licencia para el uso del palio en las celebraciones solemnes. Esto
podría indicar que Leandro fue incluso vicario apostólico en la zona, pero no
hay pruebas que lo corroboren.
Obras
A. C. Vega, “El De
institutione virginum de San Leandro de Sevilla con diez capítulos y medio
inéditos”, en La Ciudad de Dios, 159 (1947), págs. 277-394 y 355-394
De institutione virginum
et contemptu mundi [...], El Escorial, Typis Augustinianis Monasterii
Escurialensis, 1948
J. Campos Ruiz, I. Roca
Meliá (eds.) y J. Campos Ruiz (trad.), “Regla de San Leandro”, en Santos
Padres Españoles II: San Leandro, San Isidoro, San Fructuoso. Reglas monásticas
de la España visigoda. Los tres libros de las “Sentencias”, Madrid, La
Editorial Católica, 1971
Leandro de Sevilla. De la
instrucción de las vírgenes y desprecio del mundo, ed., trad., est. y
notas de J. Velázquez Arenas, Madrid, Fundación Universitaria Española, 1979
G. Martínez Díez y F.
Rodríguez, “Homelia in laude Ecclesiae”, en La Colección Canónica Hispana,
V. Concilios Hispanos: Segunda parte, Madrid, Consejo Superior de
Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 1992, págs. 148-159
La Homilia in laudem
ecclesiae de Leandro de Sevilla. Estudio y valoración, ed. y trad. de
A. Gómez Cobo, Murcia, Editorial Espigas-Publicaciones del Instituto Teológico
Franciscano, 1999.
Bibliografía
J. Madoz, “Varios enigmas
de la Regla de San Leandro descifrados por el estudio de sus
fuentes”, en Miscellanea Giovanni Mercati, vol. I, s. l., Biblioteca
Apostolica Vaticana, 1946 (reimpr., 1973), págs. 265-295
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Autor/es
María Adelaida Andrés
Sanz
SOURCE : https://historia-hispanica.rah.es/biografias/26029-san-leandro-de-sevilla
Voir aussi : http://orthodoxievco.net/ecrits/vies/synaxair/fevrier/leandre.pdf
http://www.orthodoxengland.org.uk/oespain.htm
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