Ritratto
di it:Papa Zefirino nella it:Basilica di San Paolo fuori
la Mura, Roma
Portait of en:Pope Zephyrinus in the en:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls, Rome
Saint Zéphyrin
Pape (15e) de 199 à
217 (+ 217)
Nos sources nous renseignent peu sur son action. Romain d'origine, il s'opposa au prêtre Hippolyte qui d'ailleurs le calomniait allègrement, comme il le fera pour le successeur, le pape Calixte Ier. Il mourut paisiblement.
On lui attribue la décision d'obliger les fidèles à communier au moins une fois
l'an au temps de Pâques.
"Zéphyrin,
né à Rome, fut élu pour gouverner l'Église au temps de l'empereur Sévère. Il
prescrivit que ceux qui devaient être promus aux Ordres sacrés le seraient en
présence de nombreux clercs et laïques, au temps convenable et selon la
coutume, voulant qu'on ne choisît pour cet office que des hommes de science et
de vie recommandable. Il décréta en outre que tous les prêtres assisteraient
l'évêque dans la célébration des Mystères. Il établit que patriarche, primat,
métropolitain ne pourraient, sans l'autorité apostolique, condamner un évêque.
Son pontificat fut de dix-huit ans et dix-huit jours. En quatre ordinations au
mois de décembre, il créa treize prêtres, sept diacres, et treize évêques pour
divers lieux. Il fut ... enseveli sur la voie Appienne, près du cimetière de
Calliste, le sept des calendes de septembre."
(site internet de l'abbaye saint Benoît)
- Site internet catacombe di S. Callisto (en italien)
Catacombes de Saint-Calixte: La basilique occidentale abritait probablement les sépultures du Pape Zéphyrin et du martyr Tarcisius. (site du Vatican - catacombes de Rome)
À Rome, au cimetière de Calliste sur la voie Appienne, en 217 ou 218, la mise
au tombeau de saint Zéphyrin, pape, qui dirigea l'Église romaine pendant
dix-huit ans et chargea son diacre, saint Calliste, d'organiser sur cette voie
le cimetière de l'Église romaine.
Martyrologe romain
SOURCE : https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/1745/Saint-Z%C3%A9phyrin.html
Saint Zéphyrin
Malgré ces difficultés,
Zéphyrin mourut paisiblement en 217 ou 218. Son corps fut enseveli sur la voie
Appienne, près du cimetière de Saint-Calixte
Peu de sources permettent
de retracer en détail l’action de saint Zéphyrin, pape de l’Église romaine au
début du IIIe siècle. Né à Rome, il fut élu pour diriger l’Église au temps de
l’empereur Septime Sévère, dans un contexte de tensions internes et de pressions
extérieures sur la communauté chrétienne.
Saint Zéphyrin se
distingua par plusieurs décisions visant à renforcer l’organisation de
l’Église. Il décréta que les promotions aux ordres sacrés devaient se faire en
présence de nombreux clercs et laïcs, selon les usages établis, et en
choisissant uniquement des hommes de science et de vie irréprochable. Il
insista également sur l’obligation pour les prêtres d’assister l’évêque lors de
la célébration des Mystères, soulignant l’importance de la collégialité dans
les rites sacrés.
En outre, il établit que
les patriarches, primats et métropolitains ne pouvaient condamner un évêque
sans l’autorité apostolique, renforçant ainsi l’unité de l’Église sous
l’autorité du Siège de Rome.
Son pontificat, qui dura
dix-huit ans et dix-huit jours, fut marqué par des ordinations importantes. En
quatre cérémonies tenues au mois de décembre, il créa treize prêtres, sept
diacres et treize évêques pour divers diocèses, consolidant ainsi la structure
ecclésiale de l’époque.
Zéphyrin dut également
faire face à des oppositions internes, notamment celle du prêtre Hippolyte, qui
le critiquait vivement, tout comme il le fera plus tard avec son successeur,
saint Calixte Ier. Ces tensions témoignent des débats doctrinaux et
disciplinaires agitant l’Église de cette époque.
Malgré ces difficultés,
Zéphyrin mourut paisiblement en 217 ou 218. Son corps fut enseveli sur la voie
Appienne, près du cimetière de Saint-Calixte, qu’il avait confié à
l’organisation de son diacre, le futur pape Calixte Ier.
Les catacombes de
Saint-Calixte, sur la voie Appienne, conservent la mémoire de ce pontificat.
Selon le site du Vatican dédié aux catacombes de Rome, la basilique occidentale
de ce complexe funéraire aurait abrité les sépultures de saint Zéphyrin ainsi
que celle du martyr saint Tarcisius.
Saint Zéphyrin est
également connu pour avoir instauré l’obligation pour les fidèles de communier
au moins une fois par an, au temps de Pâques, un geste qui traduit son souci de
maintenir une vie sacramentelle active parmi les chrétiens.
Le pontificat de saint
Zéphyrin, à la croisée des chemins entre organisation interne et résistance aux
critiques, demeure un témoignage de l’autorité et de la continuité de l’Église
au cœur des premiers siècles du christianisme.
Avec nominis
SOURCE : https://tribunechretienne.com/saint-zephyrin-3/
Giovanni Battista de'Cavalieri (1525–1601),
Pontificum Romanorum effigies, Calcografia. Roma, Basa Domenico\Zanetti
Francesco, 1580.Municipal Library of Trento
Saint Zéphirin
Pape et Martyr
(† 219)
Zéphirin, romain de naissance, succéda à Pape Victor en 202, c'est-à-dire dans l'année où Sévère alluma le feu de la cinquième persécution. Il fut l'appui et le consolateur des fidèles, et la charité lui fit ressentir ce que souffraient tous les confesseurs. Il est vrai que les triomphes des martyrs étaient pour lui un sujet de joie; mais son coeur reçut des plaies bien profondes de la chute des apostats et des hérétiques. La douleur que lui causait l'aveuglement de ces derniers ne cessa point lorsque la paix eut été rendue à l'Église.
Natalis qui vivait à Rome, et avait souffert diverses tortures pour la foi, s'était laissé séduire par Asclépiodote et Théodote le banquier, l'un et l'autre disciples de Théodote le corroyeur, que le Pape Victor avait excommunié à cause de son hérésie. Ces deux hérésiarques ordonnèrent Natalis évêque de leur secte, et s'engagèrent à lui fournir tous les mois un revenu de cent cinquante deniers d'argent. Mais Dieu eut pitié de celui qui avait confessé son nom; il l'avertit par plusieurs visions d'abandonner le parti des hérétiques, dans lequel il ne restait que par intérêt et par vanité. Enfin Natalis fut fouetté par un Ange pendant toute une nuit. Le lendemain il alla se jeter aux pieds de Zéphirin, fondant en larmes, et revêtu d'un habit de pénitence; il se prosterna aussi devant l'assemblée des fidèles, et y donna de si grandes marques de repentir, que tous en furent touchés.
Zéphirin montra son zèle avec tant de vigueur contre les blasphèmes des hérétiques séducteurs de Natalis, que ceux-ci le traitèrent de la manière la plus outrageuse; mais ce fut une gloire pour lui de s'entendre donner le titre de principal défenseur de la divinité de Jésus-Christ. Il mourut en 219, après avoir occupé le siège pontifical pendant dix-sept ans.
Nous voyons, surtout dans
les premiers siècles du christianisme, une suite de pasteurs zélés à maintenir
le dépôt de la foi, à veiller sur la pureté de la morale et à conserver la
sainteté de la discipline. Qu'ils eurent de combats à soutenir! De quelle
constance et de quelle fermeté n'eurent-ils pas besoin pour résister au
paganisme, aux hérésies et à la corruption du monde! C'est par leurs travaux
que nous jouissons des plus précieux avantages de la grâce. Nous devons donc à
Dieu un tribu de louanges pour cette miséricorde dont Il a donné des marques si
éclatantes à Son Église. Nous devons encore Lui recommander nos propres
oeuvres, Le prier d'exalter la gloire de Son Saint Nom pour la propagation de
la foi sur la terre, de susciter dans Son Église des modèles de vertu, des
pasteurs animés de Son Esprit, un peuple disposé à captiver Son entendement
sous l'autorité de la révélation, et à soumettre son coeur au joug aimable de
la loi divine, un peuple saisi d'horreur pour les nouveautés profanes en matière
de doctrine, et aguerri contre les assauts et les artifices de la corruption.
Vies des Saints recueillies par les meilleurs auteurs, Édition Georges E. Desbarats, 1868
SOURCE : http://magnificat.ca/cal/fr/saints/saint_zephirin.html
26/08 St Zéphyrin, pape
et martyr
Pape de 198 à 217. Fêté
depuis le XIIème siècle.
« Le martyrologe
hiéronymien et celui de Vienne annoncent le natale du pape Zéphyrin au 20
décembre, mais le Liber Pontificalis le fixe au 25 août. Le calendrier de
Mantoue et les martyrologes de Florus, Adon et Usuard l’inscrivent au lendemain
26. C’est la date à laquelle la fête de saint Zéphyrin apparaît dans le
calendrier du Latran. Ni les martyrologes, ni le Liber Pontificalis ne lui
donnaient le titre de martyr. Il était vénéré au cimetière de Callixte dans un
mausolée à triple abside érigé en surface, qui existe encore de nos jours. La
tradition voulait au VIIe siècle qu’il reposât dans le même tombeau que le
martyr saint Tharsicius » [1].
Leçon des Matines avant
1960.
Troisième leçon.
Zéphirin, né à Rome, et préposé au gouvernement de l’Église, sous l’empereur
Sévère, établit que ceux qui devaient être ordonnés le seraient suivant la
coutume, en temps convenable et en présence de Clercs et de laïcs assemblés en
grand nombre, et qu’on ne choisirait pour ce ministère que des hommes instruits
et de mœurs recommandables. Il régla aussi que l’Évêque célébrant le Sacrifice
serait assisté de tous les Prêtres. Enfin, il décréta que les Patriarches, les
Primats, les Métropolitains, ne prononceraient aucune sentence contre un
Évêque, sans être forts de l’autorité apostolique. La durée de son pontificat
fut de dix-huit ans et de dix-huit jours. Il fit au mois de décembre quatre ordinations,
dans lesquelles il consacra pour divers lieux, treize Prêtres, sept Diacres et
treize Évêques. Il reçut la couronne du martyre sous le règne d’Antonin, et fut
enseveli sur la voie Appienne, près du cimetière de Calixte, le sept des
calendes de septembre.
[1] Cf. Pierre
Jounel, Le Culte des Saints dans les Basiliques du Latran et du Vatican au
douzième siècle, École Française de Rome, Palais Farnèse, 1977.
Dom Guéranger, l’Année
Liturgique
Zéphyrin fut le premier
des Pontifes ensevelis dans la crypte célèbre où les Papes du IIIe siècle
vinrent après leurs combats dormir le dernier sommeil. La catacombe qui
succédait ainsi au cimetière Vatican dans l’honneur d’abriter les vicaires du
Christ avait été inaugurée, trente ans auparavant, par Cécile la vierge martyre
: comme sur le point de quitter la vie elle consacrait son palais de Rome en
église, du fond de la tombe elle faisait maintenant que sa sépulture de famille
passât à l’Église maîtresse et mère. La donation funéraire des Cæcilii
devenait, en face de l’État païen, le commencement de la propriété collective
ecclésiastique, officiellement reconnue du pouvoir ; Zéphyrin confia
l’administration du nouveau cimetière au premier personnage après lui de
l’Église romaine, l’archidiacre Calliste. Le saint Pontife vit s’accentuer de
son temps la lutte de l’hérésie touchant l’unité de Dieu et la trinité des
divines personnes ; sans le secours d’un vocabulaire qui ne vint que plus tard
fixer jusque dans , les mots l’exposition théologique, il sut tenir à égale
distance les Sabelliens pour qui la Trinité n’était qu’un nom, et les
précurseurs d’Arius qui se vengèrent en déversant sur lui l’outrage [2].
Successeur de Victor Ier,
le Pontife de la Pâque, vous aussi fûtes dévoré du zèle de la maison de Dieu
[3] pour maintenir, en les accroissant toujours, la régularité, la dignité, la
splendeur du culte divin sur notre terre. Au ciel, la cour du vainqueur de la
mort s’enrichit pendant votre pontificat des plus nobles conquêtes, les Irénée,
les Perpétue, tous les martyrs sans nombre auxquels la persécution de Septime
Sévère assura le triomphe. Parmi de périlleuses embûches, la vérité eut en vous
le gardien divinement assisté que le Seigneur avait promis à son Église [4].
Votre fidélité fut récompensée par des progrès nouveaux de cette Épouse du Fils
de Dieu à vous confiée, par l’affermissement définitif de ses pieds sur le sol
d’un monde qu’elle doit acquérir tout envier à l’Époux. Nous retrouverons en
octobre votre souvenir, inséparable qu’il est de celui de Calliste, aujourd’hui
votre diacre, alors à son tour vicaire de l’Homme-Dieu. A cette heure,
bénissez-nous comme père ; que Pierre connaisse toujours en nous ses fils.
[2] Philosophumena, Lib.
IX.
[3] Johan. II, 17.
[4] Luc. XXII, 32.
Bhx cardinal
Schuster, Liber Sacramentorum
Le Liber Pontificalis
indique, en ce jour, la mort de Zéphyrin, mais il a contre lui le Martyrologe
Hiéronymien qui la mentionne le 20 décembre 217.
Le gouvernement du vieux
Pontife fut long et important, car, à ce moment-là, l’Église romaine atteignit
un grand développement et, grâce surtout au docte archidiacre Callixte, elle
organisa la résistance contre les hérétiques. Nous savons même par Optat de
Milève que le Pape prit personnellement la plume contre eux et laissa un
ouvrage contre leurs erreurs. Ce fut aussi sous Zéphyrin que le prêtre Caius
écrivit son dialogue contre le montaniste Proclus ; en même temps, Callixte
tenait tête aux hardiesses du subtil Hippolyte qui, à force de distinctions,
semblait séparer la Trinité, jusqu’à en faire trois dieux.
A Zéphyrin revient aussi
la gloire d’avoir agrandi, sur la voie Appienne, la nécropole appelée plus tard
de Callixte, du nom de l’archidiacre auquel il voulut en confier l’administration.
Avec lui s’interrompt la série des Papes ensevelis au Vatican, près de saint
Pierre, et s’inaugure la crypte papale de la voie Appienne. Zéphyrin ne fut
cependant pas enseveli sous terre, mais il eut sa tombe dans le pavement de la
basilique trichora qui existe encore sur les catacombes de Callixte, du côté de
la voie Ardéatine, et que De Rossi dénomma à tort, de sainte Sotère. Plus tard,
à la suite sans doute des destructions opérées par les Goths dans les
cimetières, les ossements de saint Tarcisius furent recueillis dans un même
tombeau avec ceux de saint Zéphyrin, et furent ainsi l’objet d’une égale
vénération. Ibi sanctus Tarsicius et sanctus Zeferinus in uno tumulo iacent,
comme l’atteste l’Épitomé de Locis Sanctis. Au IXe siècle, ces saintes reliques
furent transférées dans la nouvelle église de Saint-Silvestre au Champ de Mars
où, en effet, elles sont mentionnées dans la Notitia Nataliciorum qu’on y
conserve :
MENSE • IVLIO • DIE •
XXVI • NAT • SCORVM • ZEFIRINI • PAPAE
ET • TARSICII • MARTYRIS
La messe est du Commun
Sacerdótes Dei [5], mais la première collecte est la suivante : « Faites,
Seigneur, que nous puissions profiter des exemples de votre bienheureux martyr
Zéphyrin pape, des mérites duquel nous nous réjouissons en ce jour ».
Saint Zéphyrin ne mourut
pas de mort violente. Si, chez des auteurs tardifs, il reçoit le titre de
martyr, cela doit s’entendre largement, en tant qu’il vécut à l’époque de la
persécution,
[5] Jusqu’en 1942.
Dom Pius Parsch, Le
guide dans l’année liturgique
La liturgie et le
sacerdoce.
Saint Zéphyrin. — Jour de
mort : 26 août 217. Tombeau : Les premiers papes étaient ensevelis au Vatican,
près de saint Pierre. Saint Zéphyrin est le premier qui fut enterré dans la
crypte papale de la Catacombe de Calixte, sur la voie Appienne. Au neuvième
siècle, ses reliques furent transportées, avec celles de saint Tarsicius, dans
l’église Saint-Sylvestre, sur le Champ de Mars. Vie : Le gouvernement de ce
pape avancé en âge fut long et important (198-217). L’Église romaine fut alors
particulièrement florissante et très active contre l’hérésie.
Le bréviaire signale
plusieurs réformes liturgiques notables entreprises par le pape Zéphyrin : « Il
décida que ceux qui devaient être ordonnés le seraient suivant la coutume, en
temps convenable, et en présence des clercs et des laïcs assemblés en grand
nombre, et qu’on ne choisirait pour ce ministère que des hommes instruits et de
vie recommandable. Il décréta en outre que tous les prêtres, assisteraient à la
messe célébrée par l’évêque. Il décida enfin que les Patriarches, les Primats,
les Métropolitains ne pourraient porter aucune sentence contre un Évêque sans
l’autorité apostolique ».
Pratique. — Un double
trait commun à tous les papes des premiers siècles :
1) Leur plus grand souci
est celui de la liturgie : ils publient des décisions sur la célébration de la
messe, sur l’administration du sacrement de l’Ordre. Le zèle du service de Dieu
a toujours été et sera toujours la plus haute obligation du pape, des évêques
et des prêtres.
2) Par le sacrifice de leur vie, les premiers papes sont devenus semblables au Liturge Divin. — La messe est du commun des Souverains Pontifes (Si diligis).
SOURCE : http://www.introibo.fr/26-08-St-Zephyrin-pape-et-martyr
Saint Zéphirin : Pape et
Martyr de la Cinquième Persécution
Pape & Martyr, + 219.
Date : 217
Fête : 26 août
Saint Zéphirin, de son
nom latin Zephyrinus, fut une figure marquante de l’Église catholique,
succédant au pape Victor en l’an 202. Ce pontificat, qui dura jusqu’en 219,
s’inscrivit dans une période particulièrement troublée par les persécutions
de l’empereur Sévère. L’histoire de saint Zéphirin est
celle d’un homme de foi, dévoué à la défense de l’Église et au soutien des
fidèles en temps de crise.
Le Contexte Historique :
La Cinquième Persécution
Lorsque saint
Zéphirin devint pape, l’empire romain était sous la domination de l’empereur
Sévère, connu pour sa politique de persécution des chrétiens. La cinquième persécution,
déclenchée en 202, fut particulièrement brutale et marqua profondément
l’Église. De nombreux chrétiens furent martyrisés pour leur foi, mais l’Église
continua de croître malgré ces épreuves.
Zéphirin, Un Pape de
Compassion et de Soutien
Saint Zéphirin, dès le
début de son pontificat, se montra être un véritable pilier pour les fidèles.
Confronté aux défis imposés par la persécution, il offrit un soutien
indéfectible aux chrétiens persécutés. Son rôle de consolateur et d’appui fut
essentiel pour maintenir la foi et le moral des croyants durant cette période
sombre.
Sa charité et son
empathie le portèrent à ressentir profondément les souffrances de tous les
confesseurs. Il partageait non seulement la joie des triomphes des martyrs,
mais aussi la douleur causée par la chute des apostats et des hérétiques. Cette
compassion pour ses frères et sœurs dans la foi fut une caractéristique notable
de son pontificat.
Les Défis de la Foi :
Hérésies et Apostats
Le pontificat de saint
Zéphirin fut également marqué par des défis internes à l’Église. La
propagation des hérésies et la chute des apostats furent des sources constantes
de douleur pour lui. Parmi les hérésies les plus troublantes de cette époque,
celle de Tertullien fut
particulièrement marquante. Tertullien,
autrefois un fervent défenseur de la foi, fut entraîné dans des doctrines
hérétiques, causant une grande affliction à Zéphirin.
Malgré les efforts
de Zéphirin pour maintenir l’unité et l’orthodoxie, les divisions
internes restèrent une source de profonde tristesse pour lui. La chute de Tertullien,
un théologien de renom, fut un coup dur. Néanmoins, Zéphirin garda
l’espoir que Dieu prendrait en pitié ceux qui s’étaient égarés.
La Mort de Saint Zéphirin
: Martyr ou Confesseur ?
Saint Zéphirin mourut
en 219, après avoir dirigé l’Église pendant dix-sept ans. Les circonstances
exactes de sa mort restent incertaines. Certains martyrologistes lui attribuent
le titre de martyr en raison des souffrances qu’il endura durant la
persécution. Toutefois, il n’existe pas de preuves concrètes indiquant qu’il
mourut d’une mort violente.
Ce qui est certain, c’est
que Zéphirin vécut une vie de dévotion et de sacrifice pour l’Église. Sa mort
marqua la fin d’un pontificat dédié à la défense de la foi et au soutien des
fidèles dans une période de grande adversité.
L’Héritage de Saint
Zéphirin
Saint Zéphirin laissa
un héritage durable dans l’Église catholique. Son leadership durant une période
de persécution intense et ses efforts pour maintenir l’unité doctrinale de
l’Église font de lui une figure exemplaire. Son dévouement à la charité et son
empathie pour les souffrances des fidèles continuent d’inspirer les chrétiens
aujourd’hui.
En se souvenant de saint
Zéphirin, les croyants peuvent trouver un modèle de foi et de compassion. Son
pontificat nous rappelle l’importance de soutenir nos frères et sœurs dans la
foi, particulièrement en temps de crise. Il nous enseigne également la valeur
de l’unité et de la fidélité à la doctrine chrétienne face aux défis et aux
divisions.
Conclusion : Saint
Zéphirin, Un Modèle de Foi et de Courage
Saint Zéphirin, bien que
moins connu que d’autres papes, joue un rôle crucial dans l’histoire de
l’Église catholique. Sa vie et son pontificat témoignent de son courage, de sa
compassion et de sa fidélité inébranlable à la foi chrétienne. Il nous laisse
un exemple puissant de leadership chrétien en temps de persécution et de crise.
Que la mémoire de saint
Zéphirin continue d’inspirer les fidèles à rester fermes dans leur foi et
à soutenir les autres dans leurs épreuves. En honorant son héritage, nous
pouvons renforcer notre propre engagement à vivre selon les enseignements du
Christ, quelles que soient les difficultés que nous rencontrons.
Saint Zéphirin est
célébré le 20 décembre. Que cette date soit l’occasion pour les catholiques du
monde entier de se rappeler son dévouement et de prier pour son intercession.
Que son exemple de foi et de courage continue à guider l’Église et ses fidèles
dans les défis à venir.
Que de combats eurent à
soutenir les Apôtres et leurs successeurs, dans les premiers siècles de
l’Église, pour maintenir intact le dépôt sacré de la foi ! 1° De
quelle constance et de quelle fermeté n’eurent-ils pas besoin pour résister au
paganisme, aux hérésies et à la corruption du monde ! C’est par leurs travaux
que nous jouissons des plus précieux avantages de la grâce. 2° Nous
devons donc à Dieu un tribut de louanges pour cette miséricorde dont il a donné
des marques si éclatantes à son Église. Nous devons encore lui recommander nos
propres œuvres, le prier d’exalter la gloire de son saint nom par la
propagation de la foi sur la terre, de susciter dans son Église des modèles de
vertu, des pasteurs animés de son esprit, un peuple disposé à captiver son
entendement sous l’autorité de la révélation, et à soumettre son cœur au joug
aimable de la loi divine ; un peuple, enfin, saisi d’horreur pour les
nouveautés profanes en matière de doctrine, et aguerri contre les artifices de
la corruption moderne.
Oraison
Faites, Seigneur, que,
nous réjouissant des mérites du bienheureux Zéphirin, votre martyr et
pontife, nous soyons instruits par ses exemples. Nous vous le demandons par
J.-C. N.-S. Ainsi soit-il.
SOURCE : https://www.laviedessaints.com/saint-zephirin/
vers août 216
Saint Zéphyrin, Pape et
Martyr
Saint Zéphyrin, fils d’un
certain Abundius ou Abundantius, est Romain de naissance. Il devient le 16ème pape
au cours de l’été de l’an 198, succédant au pape saint Victor 1er, sous
l’empereur païen Septime Sévère. Plautien, préfet du prétoire, poursuivit la
persécution, obligeant Zéphyrin à se cacher jusqu’à la disgrâce de Plautien le
22 février 205.
Zéphyrin appela Callixte,
esclave qui habitait Anzio, pour l’ordonner diacre et le constituer son
archiprêtre et secrétaire. Il lui confia la gestion du cimetière acquis par son
prédécesseur sur la Via Appia.
Saint Optat [1], dans son livre I de
son De schismate, au n°9, rapporte que Zéphyrin remporta une victoire
intellectuelle contre des hérésies : le marcionisme qui rejetait l’Ancien
Testament, le patripassianisme de Praxéas qui confondait le Père et le Fils, le
valentinisme gnostique basé sur une mythologie judéo-égyptienne, et le
montanisme qui exaltait des prophéties douteuses sous des couverts d’ascétisme.
Zéphyrin fut aidé dans ces controverses par Callixte qui lui succédera comme
pape. Néanmoins, seul Praxéas s’inclina et abjura son hérésie devant
Tertullien, encore orthodoxe. Zéphyrin dépêcha aussi le prêtre Caius pour
apporter la contradiction à Proculus, partisan de Tertullien qui était devenu
hérétique. Cette joute théologique remportée par Caius a disparu à partir du
IXème siècle, mais saint Jérôme l’avait lue et louée. Caius écrivit aussi un
traité contre Artémon lequel niait la divinité du Christ. Zéphyrin sacrera
Caius évêque régionnaire, c’est-à-dire évêque nomade pour les besoins épars de
la Chrétienté.
Eusèbe, évêque arien de
Césarée, tire d’un livre de ce Caius la conversion de l’évêque Natalis, lequel
avait été torturé à Rome en raison de sa profession chrétienne, mais qui par la
suite fut séduit par deux hérétiques, Asclépiodote et Théodote le Banquier,
partisans de l’hérésiarque Théodote le Corroyeur, de Byzance, qui niait à sa
façon la divinité du Christ. Les deux hérétiques sacrèrent Natalis évêque de
leur secte, et lui allouèrent une pension de cent cinquante deniers d’argent.
Dieu néanmoins compensa les souffrances endurées auparavant par Natalis pour le
gratifier de visions le sommant de quitter cette secte où il ne demeurait que
par vanité et intérêt. Enfin, fouetté par un ange toute une nuit, Natalis se
rendit à la raison et alla, le visage baigné de larmes, et revêtu de l’habit de
pénitence (couvert d’un sac et cendres sur la tête), se jeter aux pieds de
Zéphyrin, et se prosterna devant l’assemblée des fidèles. Zéphyrin accorda son
pardon après beaucoup d’hésitations et épargna à Natalis les peines alors très
rigoureuses pour de tels forfaits. Saint Zéphyrin fut abondamment insulté par
cette secte.
Le bréviaire romain
indique que Zéphyrin demanda à ce que les cérémonies d’ordination aient lieu en
un temps opportun et avec un afflux de clercs et de laïcs ; il rappela le
devoir de tous les prêtres d’assister à la messe de l’évêque, ainsi que le pape
Evariste l’avait déjà ordonné ; et enfin que les patriarches, primats
métropolitains, ne condamnent point un évêque sans l’assentiment de l’Autorité
Apostolique, c’est-à-dire du Saint-Siège de Rome. Une tradition romaine prétend
qu’il régna 18 ans et 18 jours, et ordonna treize prêtres, sept diacres et
sacra treize évêques au cours de quatre ordinations au mois de décembre.
On ne sait comment il est
décédé mais il est honoré du titre de martyr, en raison des souffrances
auxquelles il fut exposé au cours des persécutions de Plautien et de l’empereur
Sévère jusqu’en 211.
Son corps fut enseveli le
26 août 216 sur la via Appia près du cimetière dit de St- Callixte, sous
l’empereur Caracalla. C’est à cette date qu’il est cité en mémoire dans le
calendrier romain pour le Missel et le bréviaire ; quelques martyrologes
fixent son trépas et sa fête au 20 décembre, ce qui cependant pourrait
correspondre à une éventuelle translation de son corps [2] ou
au jour de son ordination épiscopale. C’est pourquoi il est cité à ces deux
dates dans le Martyrologe romain.
Paul VI a supprimé son
culte en 1969…
Abbé Laurent
Serres-Ponthieu, prêtre de la Fraternité
Sacerdotale Saint-Pie X
Notes de bas de page
Evêque de Milève en
Numidie, †4.6.v.387 [↩]
Zéphyrin fut le premier des Pontifes ensevelis dans la crypte célèbre où les Papes du IIIe siècle vinrent après leurs combats dormir le dernier sommeil. La catacombe qui succédait ainsi au cimetière Vatican dans l’honneur d’abriter les vicaires du Christ avait été inaugurée, trente ans auparavant, par Cécile la vierge martyre : comme sur le point de quitter la vie elle consacrait son palais de Rome en église, du fond de la tombe elle faisait maintenant que sa sépulture de famille passât à l’Eglise maîtresse et mère. La donation funéraire des Csecilii devenait, en face de l’Etat païen, le commencement de la propriété collective ecclésiastique, officiellement reconnue du pouvoir ; Zéphyrin confia l’administration du nouveau cimetière au premier personnage après lui de l’Eglise romaine, l’archidiacre Calliste. [↩]
FSSPX
Kermesse du prieuré de Bergerac
Léon XIII
Le Mois de Marie nous
recommande de mettre Notre-Dame au cœur de notre vie chrétienne, comme nous y
invitait le Pape en 1891.
Pèlerinage à Pontmain [photos]
Le 17 mai, le Prieuré de
Lanvallay a repris son traditionnel pèlerinage sur le lieu d'apparition de
Notre-Dame.
Abbé Louis-Marie Gélineau
La crypte de la
cathédrale, bâtie par saint Fulbert, fête ses 1000 ans. Il est possible d'y
obtenir l'indulgence jubilaire.
Concert de la Schola Stella
Maris [vidéo]
Le 12 avril, les petits
chanteurs de l'école Sainte-Marie de Saint-Père ont interprété les Sept Paroles
du Christ en croix de César Franck.
Ces
catholiques voulaient une religion, alors ils sont devenus protestants
Abbé Nicolas Cadiet
A la lumière de la
doctrine de Léon XIII, il est urgent de revenir au but premier de l’Eglise, le
salut des âmes
fraternité sainte pie X
Articles en relation
SOURCE : https://laportelatine.org/spiritualite/vies-de-saints/saint-zephyrin
Also
known as
Zeffirino
Zefirino
20 December (since 2001)
formerly 26 August (date
of his burial)
26 July on
some calendars
21 December on
some calendars
Profile
Nothing for sure is known
about his life prior to him becoming the 15th pope.
More of a manager of the Church than
a learned theologian.
He declared that all ordinations should take place in the open and in front of
members of the Church.
His pontificate was
characterized by arguments over the nature of Christ as God, leading to the
first schism in Christianity,
and to its leader, anti-pope Hippolytus.
He appointed his advisor, the future Pope Saint Callistus
I, to be in charge of burials in Rome, Italy.
Papal Ascension
20 December 217, Rome, Italy of
natural causes
buried in
a sepulchral chamber over the cemetery of Calistus on the Via Appia, Rome
Additional
Information
Book
of Saints, by the Monks of
Ramsgate
Lives
and Times of the Popes, by Alexis-François Artaud de Montor
Lives
of the Saints, by Father Alban
Butler
Short
Lives of the Saints, by Eleanor Cecilia Donnelly
books
Our Sunday Visitor’s Encyclopedia of Saints
other
sites in english
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Martirologio Romano, 2001 edición
sites
en français
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MLA
Citation
“Pope Saint
Zephyrinus“. CatholicSaints.Info. 26 September 2022. Web. 25 May 2025.
<https://catholicsaints.info/pope-zephyrinus/>
SOURCE : https://catholicsaints.info/pope-zephyrinus/
(Saint)
Pope, Martyr (August
26) (3rd
century) The successor of Pope Saint Victor
I. He occupied Saint Peter’s
Chair for ten years, and received the crown of martyrdom during the reign of
the brutal Emperor Heliogabalus (A.D. 219).
MLA
Citation
Monks of Ramsgate.
“Zephyrinus”. Book of Saints, 1921. CatholicSaints.Info.
19 August 2016. Web. 25 May 2025. <https://catholicsaints.info/book-of-saints-zephyrinus/>
SOURCE : https://catholicsaints.info/book-of-saints-zephyrinus/
Pope
Zeferin, Crescens - Szentek élete - Dedek Crescens Lajos
New
Catholic Dictionary – Pope Saint Zephyrinus
(198-217), born Rome;
died there. Little is known of his pontificate, except that the Emperor
Septimius Severus passed the edict of persecution, 202, forbidding conversions
to Christianity and Judaism; and that heretical leaders, among them Hippolytus,
Theodotus the Tanner, Theodotus the Money Changer, Asclepodotus, Proclus, and
Artemon, disturbed his reign. Feast, Roman Calendar, 26
August.
MLA
Citation
“Pope Saint
Zephyrinus”. New Catholic Dictionary. CatholicSaints.Info.
22 November 2018. Web. 25 May 2025.
<https://catholicsaints.info/new-catholic-dictionary-pope-saint-zephyrinus/>
SOURCE : https://catholicsaints.info/new-catholic-dictionary-pope-saint-zephyrinus/
St. Zephyrinus
Feastday: December 20
Death: 217
Little is known about St.
Zephyrinus, who was pope of Rome from
c. 198 or 199 until 217. The antipope who
opposed him, Hippolytus, says he was a simple and avaricious man. He adds that
Zephyrinus relied too much on his deacon, Callixtus, who was in charge of the
church's cemetary. Zephyrinus battled the heresies of adoptionism, modalism,
and monarchianism; the antipope also
accuses him of being a modalist.
SOURCE : https://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=860
Pictorial
Lives of the Saints – Saint Zephyrinus, Pope and Martyr
Saint
Zephyrinus, a native of Rome, succeeded Victor in the pontificate, in the year
201, in which Severus raised the fifth most bloody persecution against the
Church, which continued not for two years only, but until the death of that
emperor in 211. Under this furious storm this holy pastor was the support and
comfort of the distressed flock of Christ, and he suffered by charity and
compassion what every confessor underwent. The triumphs of the martyrs were
indeed his joy, but his heart received many deep wounds from the fall of
apostates and heretics. Neither did this latter affliction cease when peace was
restored to the Church. Our Saint had also the affliction to see the fall of
Tertullian, which seems to have been owing partly to his pride. Eusebius tells
us that this holy Pope exerted his zeal so strenuously against the blasphemies
of the heretics that they treated him in the most contumelious manner; but it
was his glory that they called him the principal defender of Christ’s divinity.
Saint Zephyrinus filled the pontifical chair seventeen years, dying in 219. He
was buried in his own cemetery, on the 26th of August. He is, in some
Martyrologies, styled a martyr, which title he might deserve by what he
suffered in the persecution, though he perhaps did not die by the executioner.
Reflection – God has
always raised up holy pastors zealous to maintain the faith of His Church
inviolable, and to watch over the purity of its morals and the sanctity of its
discipline. We enjoy the greatest advantages of the divine grace through their
labors, and we owe to God a tribute of perpetual thanksgiving and immortal
praise for all those mercies which He has afforded His Church on earth.
SOURCE : https://catholicsaints.info/pictorial-lives-of-the-saints-saint-zephyrinus-pope-and-martyr/
Pope St. Zephyrinus
(Reigned 198-217).
Date of birth unknown;
died 20 Dec., 217. After the death of Pope
Victor in 198, Zephyrinus
was elected hissuccessor and consecrated.
The pope is
described by Hippolytus in
the "Philosophymena" (IX, xi) as a simpleman without education.
This is evidently to be understood as meaning that Zephyrinus had not taken the
higher studies and had devoted himself to the practical administration of
the Church and
not to theological learning.
Immediately after his elevation to the Roman
See, Zephyrinus called to Rome the confessor Callistus,
who lived at Antium and who had received a
monthly pension from Pope Victor, and intrusted him with the oversight
of thecoemeterium. It is evident that shortly before this
the Roman Christian community
had, under Victor, become the owner of a common place of burial on
the Via Appia, and Zephyrinus now placed Callistus over
this cemeterywhich was given the name of Callistus.
Undoubtedly Callistus was also made a deacon of
the Roman
Church by Zephyrinus. He was the confidential counsellor of the pope,
whom he succeeded. The positions of the Christians,
which had remained favourable in the first years of the government
of Emperor Septimus Severus (193-211), grew constantly
worse, and in 202 or 203 the edict of persecution appeared
which forbade conversion toChristianity under
the severest penalties. Nothing is known as to the execution of the
edict in Rome itself
nor of the martyrs of
the Roman
Church in this era.
More, however,
is certain concerning the internal disputes in the Roman
Church over the doctrine of
the Trinity. The adherents of the heretical teacher Theodotus the
Tanner had been excommunicated with
their leader byPope Victor. They formed an independent heretical community
at Rome which
was ruled by another Theodotus, the Money Changer, and Aselepodotus.
These men persuaded a confessor of Rome named Natalis,
who had acknowledged his faith without
wavering before the heathen judge and
had suffered torture, to permit himself to be made the bishop of
the sect for
a monthly payment of 170 denarii. Natalis, however, received many warnings
in dreams. At first he paid no attention to these visions, but on one
occasion he believed that he had been severely tortured by angels and
now he began to ponder the matter. Early in the morning he put on
a penitentialgarment, covered himself with ashes, and threw himself
with tears at the feet of Zephyrinus.
He confessed hiswrong-doing and begged to be received again into
the communion of the Church,
which was finally granted him (Eusebius, Church
History V.32). In the same era the adherents
of Montanus also worked with great energy atRome.
The Montanist Proculus
(or Proclus) published a work in defense of the new prophecies. A
refutation ofProclus in the form of a dialogue was written by a learned
and rigidly orthodox Roman Christian named Caius,
wherein he refers to the grave of St. Peter on the Vatican Hill and
of St.
Paul on the Via
Ostiensis. Caius rejects the Apocalypse of St.
John, which he regards as a work of the heretic Cerinthus.
In opposition to Caius,Hippolytus wrote
his "Capita contra Caium" (cf. Eusebius, Church
History III.28 and VI.20).
Hippolytus was
the most important theologian among
the Roman presbyters of
this era. He was an avowed adherent of the doctrine of
the Divine Logos. He taught that the
Divine Logos became man in Christ,
that theLogos differs in every thing from God,
that he is the mediary between God and
the world of creatures. Thisdoctrine in
the form in which it was set forth by Hippolytus and
his school aroused
many doubts,
and anothertheological school appeared
in opposition to it. This latter school was
represented at Rome in
this era byCleomenes and particularly by Sabellius.
These men were rigid opponents of the Theodotians, but were not
willing to acknowledge the incarnation of the Logos, and
emphasized above all the absolute unity (monarchia) ofGod.
They explained the Incarnation of Christ in the sense that
this was another manifestation (modus) of God in
His union with human nature.
Consequently they were called Modalists or Patripassians, as
according to them it was not the Son
of God but the Father Who had been crucified. The Christian common
people held firmly, above all, to the Unity of God and
at the same time to the true Godhead of Jesus
Christ. Originally no distrust of thisdoctrine was
felt among them. Pope Zephyrinus did not interpose authoritatively in the
dispute between the twoschools.
The heresy of
the Modalists was not at first clearly evident, and the doctrine of Hippolytus offered many
difficulties as regards the tradition of the Church.
Zephyrinus said simply that he acknowledged only one God,
and this was the Lord
Jesus Christ, but it was the Son, not the Father, Who had died. This
was the doctrine of
thetradition of the Church. Hippolytus urged
that the pope should
approve of a distinct dogma which
represented thePerson of Christ as
actually different from that of the Father and condemned the opposing views of
theMonarchians and Patripassians.
However, Zephyrinus would not consent to this. The result was
that Hippolytusgrew
constantly more irritated and angry against he pope and
particularly against the deacon Callistus whom,
as the councillor of the pope,
he made responsible for the position of the latter. When after the death of
ZephyrinusCallistus was elected Roman bishop, Hippolytus withdrew
from the Church with
his scholars, caused a schism,
and made himself a rival bishop.
Zephyrinus
was buried in a separate sepulchral chamber over
the cemetery of Calistus on the Via Appia (cf. Wilpert, "Die
papstgruber und die Suciliengruft in der Katakombe des hl. Kallistus",
Freiburg, 1909, 91 sqq.). The"Liber
Pontificalis" attributes two Decrees to
Zephyrinus; one on the ordination of
the clergy and
the other on theEucharistic Liturgy in the
title churches of Rome.
The author of the biography has ascribed these Decrees to thepope arbitrarily
and without historical basis.
Sources
Liber Pontificalis, ed.
DUCHESNE, I, 139; DUCHESNE, Histoire ancienne de l'Église, 292 sqq.;
LANGEN, Geschichte der römischen Kirche, I (Bonn, 1881), 200 sqq.;
BAGEMANN, Die romische Kirche und ihr Einfluss auf Dissiplin und Dogma in
den ersten drei Jahrhunderten (Freiburg in Mr., 1864), 84 sqq.; cf. also the
bibliography to HIPPOLYTUS.
Kirsch, Johann
Peter. "Pope St. Zephyrinus." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol.
15. New York: Robert Appleton Company,1912. 2 Apr.
2015 <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15756c.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Michael T.
Barrett. Dedicated to the memory of Pope Zephyrinus.
Ecclesiastical
approbation. Nihil Obstat. October 1, 1912. Remy Lafort, S.T.D.,
Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York.
Copyright © 2023 by Kevin Knight.
Dedicated to the Immaculate Heart of Mary.
SOURCE : http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15756c.htm
Zephyrinus, Pope M (RM)
Born in Rome, Italy; died
there on December 20, c. 217. Zephyrinus was born of humble origins, but was
elected to succeed Pope Saint Victor I in 199. He named Saint Callixtus as his
deacon and adviser. His pontificate was marked by numerous controversies and
persecutions, including the especially bloody one instituted by Severus. He
strove to combine firmness with charity and was ever ready to welcome back
repentant sinners and erroneous theologians. Though he excommunicated the two
Theodati for the Monarchianism, he was denounced by Saint Hippolytus, a severe
critic who later became an anti-pope, for failure to act decisively and
authoritatively in suppressing prevalent heresies and as a tool of Callixtus in
his Philosophoumena. Apparently the pope acted too charitably for Hippolytus.
Although Zephyrinus is listed as a martyr in the Roman Martyrology, it is
unlikely that he was killed for the faith because his body lies intact in San
Sisto Vecchio Church in Rome. He may be considered a martyr because of all the
trials that taxed his patience and strength (Benedictines, Bentley, Delaney,
Encyclopedia). In art, Saint Zephyrinus is a pope with a sword
(Roeder). First epistle and second epistle.
SOURCE : http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/0826.shtml
Pope Saint Zephyrinus
The pontificate of this
first third-century pope was to see a storm of heresy rage around the pontiff,
who had to keep a firm hand on the tiller of Peter’s bark.
According to the “Liber
Pontificalis,” Zephyrinus was a Roman, the son of Habundius. He ordered that
all ordinations, whether of priests, deacons, or simple clerics, should take
place before the assembled clergy and laity.
The storm which agitated
Christian thought in the time of Pope Zephyrinus was due to a double heresy. On
the one hand, Theodotus the Tanner, though excommunicated by Pope St. Victor,
was still teaching that Christ was not the true Son of God. On the other hand,
a certain Praxeas came to Rome to tell Pope Zephyrinus that the old idea of the
Trinity was all wrong, that really there were not three Persons in one Divine
Nature, but only three modes of one substance.
Pope Zephyrinus, who was
no philosopher, clung firmly to the traditional doctrine handed down from the
Apostles. In the midst of these metaphysical storms, he also had a good strong
adviser in Calixtus, who succeeded him as Pope.
Eusebius in his
“Ecclesiastical History” has an interesting story about the heretics in the
pontificate of Pope Zephyrinus. Theodotus the Tanner, far from being silenced
by Pope Victor’s excommunication, had set up his own church. He had found
backers in another Theodotus (a banker) and Asclepediotus. The heretics found a
man of some prestige to be bishop for them. This was Natalius, who had been a
confessor of the faith and had suffered tortures for it. They paid him a yearly
stipend–150 denarii, about $25 in prewar money. But as Eusebius tells the
story, Jesus, not wishing that one who had suffered for him should go out of
the church, sent angels in visions to bring Natalius to a better frame of mind.
Natalius, blinded by the pinchbeck glory of being a heretical bishop, at first
paid the visions little attention. But one night the angels gave the stubborn
fellow a sound whipping. This brought him to his senses. He put on sack- cloth,
covered himself with ashes and hastened to throw himself before Pope Zephyrinus
and plead for pardon.
Besides heresy, Pope
Zephyrinus had to cope with renewed persecution. Septimius Severus, friendly at
the start of his reign, became decidedly hostile. During the pontificate of
Zephvrinus the Emperor issued his famous decree forbidding anyone to become a
Christian.
St. Zephyrinus is honored
as a martyr by the Church. He was buried in his own cemetery or August 26. His
feast is kept on August 26.
SOURCE : http://ucatholic.com/saints/zephyrinus/
St. Zephyrinus, Pope and
Martyr
See Tillemont,
Ant. Sandini, Vitæ Pont. Rom. ex antiquis Monum. Anastasius, with the
notes of Bianchini and Muratori. Mandosi, Bibl. Roman.
A.D. 219.
ST. ZEPHYRINUS, a native
of Rome, succeeded Victor in the pontificate, in the year 202, in which Severus
raised the fifth most bloody persecution against the church, which continued,
not for two years only, as Dodwell imagined; but to the death of that emperor
in 211, as Ruinart, Berti, and others prove from Sulpicius Severus, and other
authorities. Under this furious storm this holy pastor was the support and
comfort of the distressed flock of Christ, and he suffered by charity and
compassion what every confessor underwent. The triumphs of the martyrs were
indeed his joy, but his heart received many deep wounds from the fall of
apostates and heretics. Neither did this latter affliction cease by the peace
which Caracalla restored to the church, and which was not disturbed by
Macrinus, by whose contrivance Caracalla was murdered in Mesopotamia, in 217,
nor by the successor and murderer of this latter, the impure Heliogabalus, who
reigned to the year 221. The chief among these heretics were Marcion, Praxeas,
Valentine, and the Montanists; for St. Optatus testifies, 1 that
all these were vanquished by Zephyrinus, bishop of Rome.
Our saint had also the
affliction to see the fall of Tertullian, which seems to have been owing partly
to his pride, and partly to one Proclus, or Proculus, an eloquent Montanist,
whom Tertullian highly extolled, after he had become an abettor of that heresy.
This Proculus was publicly put to confusion at Rome by Caius, a most learned
priest of that church, under St. Zephyrinus, who was afterwards ordained a
regionary bishop—that is, with a commission to preach the gospel without being
fixed in any particular see, as Photius assures us. Eusebius, St. Jerom, and
Photius much commend the dialogue of Caius with Proculus; a work which has not
reached our times. Photius tells us that Caius also composed a treatise against
Artemon, who believed that Jesus Christ was only a mere man, and several other
learned works, from which Eusebius took the account he has given us of the
penance of Natalis. 2 This
man lived at Rome, and having confessed the faith before the persecutors,
underwent torments in defence of it; but afterwards was seduced into heresy by
Asclepiodotus and Theodotus the banker, who were both disciples of Theodotus
the tanner, whom Victor, bishop of Rome, had excommunicated for reviving the
heresy of Ebion, affirming that Christ was no more than a mere man, though a
prophet. These two heretics had persuaded Natalis to suffer them to ordain him
a bishop of their sect, promising that he should be furnished monthly with one
hundred and fifty silver denarii, upwards of three pounds sterling; but God
having compassion on his confessor, warned him by several visions to abandon
these heretics; among whom he was detained only by interest and vanity. At
length he was whipped a whole night by an angel. The day following he covered
himself with sackcloth and ashes, and shedding abundance of tears, went and
threw himself at the feet of Zephyrinus: he prostrated himself also before both
the clergy and the laity in a manner with which the whole assembly was much
affected. However, though he entreated very earnestly, and showed the marks of
the stripes he had received, it was with much difficulty that St. Zephyrinus
readmitted him to the communion of the church, granting him, in recompense of
his great compunction, an indulgence or relaxation of the severity of the
discipline, which required a penitential delay and trial. Eusebius tells us, in
the same place, that this holy pope exerted his zeal so strenuously against the
blasphemies of the two Theodotuses, that those heretics treated him in the most
contumelious manner; but it was his glory that they called him the principal
defender of Christ’s divinity. St. Zephyrinus filled the pontifical chair
seventeen years, dying in 219. He was buried in his own cemetery (comprised in
that of Calixtus, as Aringhi shows) on the 26th of August, on which most
martyrologies commemorate him; though those of Vandelbert and Rabanus, with the
old martyrology, under the name of St. Jerom, published by Florentinius, mark
his festival on the 20th of December, probably on account of some translation,
or the day of his ordination, says Berti. 3 He
is, in some martyrologies, styled a martyr, which title he might deserve by
what he suffered in the persecution, though he perhaps did not die by the
executioner.
God has always raised up
holy pastors, zealous to maintain the sacred deposit of the faith of his church
inviolable, and to watch over the purity of its morals, and the sanctity of its
discipline. How many conflicts did they sustain! with what constancy,
watchfulness, and courage did they stand their ground against idolatry, heresy,
and the corruption of the world! We enjoy the greatest advantages of the divine
grace through their labours; and we owe to God a tribute of perpetual
thanksgiving and immortal praise for all those mercies which he has afforded
his church on earth. We are bound also to recommend most earnestly to him his
own work, praying that he exalt the glory of his divine name, by propagating
his holy faith on earth; that he continually raise up in his church shining
examples of all virtue, pastors filled with his spirit, and a people disposed
to captivate their understandings to his revealed truths, and subject their
hearts to the sweet yoke of his holy love and divine law; watchful to abhor and
oppose every profane innovation of doctrine, and all assaults and artifices of
vice.
Note 1. S. Optat. l.
1, de Schismate, n. 9, et Albaspinæus, not. ib. [back]
Note 2. Eus. l. 5,
c. 28. [back]
Note 3. Berti in
Sæc. 3. Diss. 1. t. 2, p. 158. [back]
Rev. Alban
Butler (1711–73). Volume VIII: August. The Lives of the
Saints. 1866.
SOURCE : http://www.bartleby.com/210/8/261.html
Pope Zephyrinus, Artaud de Montor (1772–1849), The Lives and Times of the Popes (1842), New York, The Catholic Publication Society of America, 1911.
The
Lives and Times of the Popes – Saint Zephyrinus – A.D. 202
Article
Zephyrinus, a Roman, the
son of Abondio, was created pontiff A.D. 202. According to Anastasius, who
wrote the life of this pope, he ordered that all the priests living with a
bishop should be present whenever he should officiate; that no patriarch,
primate, or archbishop should pass sentence upon a bishop without the authority
of the pope; that all Christians should communicate at Easter; that the patens
and chalices should not be of wood, as till then they had been, but of glass.
Some writers say that Saint Zephyrinus ordered them to be neither of wood nor
of glass, but of gold or silver.
Saint Zephyrinus
condemned the Montanists, the Phrygians, the Cataphrygians, and the Encratites.
Tertullian also was excommunicated, and endeavored to avenge himself by
sarcasm, unworthy of so lofty a genius, which pride rendered heretical. It was
under Saint Zephyrinus that the famous Origen went to Rome to visit the first
and most celebrated of all the Christian churches. During the seventeen years
of his pontificate, Saint Zephyrinus wholly devoted himself to maintaining the
purity of the faith and discipline in the clergy. By the prudent counsels of
Zephyrinus, Natalis, who had professed the heresy of Theodotus, the currier, so
fully and frankly recanted that the pontiff received him into the communion of
the faithful, and exempted him from canonical penalties.
Saint Zephyrinus, in four
ordinations, created thirteen bishops, thirteen priests, and seven deacons. He
governed the Church nearly seventeen years. He was buried in the cemetery
called after the name of Calixtus, his successor, on the Appian Way.
Saint Zephyrinus had an
especial esteem for Clement, that Platonic philosopher who became a Christian,
and who taught in the school of Alexandria. Clement had a great number of
disciples who afterwards ranked among the best masters; among them were Origen,
and Alexander, Bishop of Jerusalem. Clement died about the year 217. The most
celebrated of his works is An Exhortation to the Pagans, the object of which is
to expose the absurdity of idolatry; the Pedagogue, a master who conducts the pupil
from childhood to manhood in the way to heaven; and the Stromata, a collection
of miscellanies in eight books. He wrote this book to serve him as a collection
of memoranda when his memory should fail him.
Clement, who well knew
the pagans, has judged them more favorably than many of the other Fathers,
though he conceals neither their errors nor their vices.
Tertullian, priest of
Carthage, died towards the close of the reign of Saint Zephyrinus. His works
are of two kinds – those which he wrote before and after his separation from
Rome. Among those of the former class is his Apology for the Christians, which
is considered one of the most precious monuments of Catholic antiquity. Fleury,
among other details, gives the following extracts from Tertullian:
“We do not,” says he,
“entreat on his behalf gods which exist not, the dead, and statues which he can
command; but we invoke, for the health of the emperors, the eternal God, the
true God, the living God. Bareheaded, with uplifted eyes, and hands outstretched
towards heaven, we pray for all the emperors, and we ask that they may have
long life, a tranquil reign, safety in their houses, valor in their armies,
fidelity in the senate, honesty in the people, and rest for every one. All that
man or emperor can need, I can only ask of Him who has the power to grant it,
to whom I offer the one sacrifice that he hath commanded, the prayer that
proceeds from a pure heart, an innocent mind, and the inspiration of the Holy
Ghost; and not a few grains of incense or of gum, or a few drops of wine, or
the blood of some paltry animal, and, what is still worse, an evil conscience.
“We pray, not by the
genius of Caesar, but by his health, which is more august than his genius. Know
ye not that genii are demons? Neither will I call the emperor God, because I
will not lie, and because I respect him too much to make a mockery of him. I am
willing to call him Lord, but only when I am not compelled to say Lord and God
are equivalent. For me, and equally for the emperor, there is but one Lord, who
is all-powerful and eternal.
“The Christians are
denounced as public enemies, because they do not pay false and vain honors to
the emperors; because, professing the true religion, they daily enact their
part in the public rejoicings rather by the feelings of their hearts than by
debauchery. Great honor, surely, is paid to princes by setting out hearths and
tables in the public streets for the banquet, and turning the whole city into a
public house, to mingle wine and mire, and go about in companies committing
insolences! Can public joy be only expressed by public shame? Are we culpable
in praying for and rejoicing in our emperors in pure, sober, and modest guise?
“How many cruelties do
you not still exercise against the Christians, whether from your own
inclination or in obedience to the laws! How often does it not happen that the
populace, even without awaiting your orders, throw stones at us, or set fire to
our houses! Have you ever remarked that we have never done aught to revenge
ourselves for so much injustice, and an animosity that pursues us even unto the
death? Yet a single night, and a few torches, would enable us abundantly to
avenge ourselves, if it were allowable to us to repay evil with evil; and if we
chose openly to declare ourselves your enemies, could we not command strength
and troops? Are the Moors, the Parthians, or any other nation, more numerous
than all the nations of the world? We are but a people of yesterday, and we
abound everywhere, in your cities, your hamlets, your camps, your castles, your
tribes, your palaces, the senate-house, and the public square; in every place
we have taken possession, leaving you nothing but your temples.”
Saint Justin himself is
here surpassed in the sacred struggle against intolerance.
Unhappily, Tertullian did
not persist in such excellent sentiments. He became a Montanist; and he left
that sect and became the founder of a new heresy.
Saint Zephyrinus enjoyed
the success of Tertullian, and no doubt pardoned his error before his death.
MLA
Citation
Alexis-François Artaud de
Montor. “Saint Zephyrinus – A.D. 202”. The
Lives and Times of the Popes, 1911. CatholicSaints.Info.
28 July 2022. Web. 25 May 2025. <https://catholicsaints.info/the-lives-and-times-of-the-popes-saint-zephyrinus-a-d-202/>
SOURCE : https://catholicsaints.info/the-lives-and-times-of-the-popes-saint-zephyrinus-a-d-202/
Zephyrinus
Zephyrinus bishop of
Rome, succeeded. Victor about A.D. 199-201, and filled his office (according to
Eusebius) during eighteen years. He died in 217. His pontificate falls in the
period when Montanistic and Monarchian influences were struggling to obtain control
of the Church; and although his own personality was by no means imposing, his
rule became important through the: unlimited power which he permitted Calixtus
I (q.v.) to acquire. Zephyrinus's original attitude was hostile towards
Montanism; and though the influence of Hippolytus (q.v.) compelled the gradual
exclusion of the Monarchians from the Church, they, were accorded kindly
treatment. The peace of the Church was in this way preserved, ill outward
appearance, while Zephyrinus lived. The more energetic administration of his
successor, Calixtus, produced a formal breach, and thus conferred prominence
upon Zephyrinus's pontificate as being the close of the first period of the
greatness of the Roman Church. Eusebius furnishes a few scanty notices on Zephyrinus
in the Hist. Eccles. (bk. 5 and 6), which are supplemented by the
ninth book of Hippolytus (Contr. Heres.). The latter work called forth
Bunsen's book Hippolytus u. seine Zeit, a production of but little
value, and Döllinger's Hippolytus u. Callistus, which is not
impartial. Greater importance attaches to Baur's brief remarks in his work on
the Christianity of the first three centuries, and to Ritschlein
Entsterung d. altkaitholischen Kirche (2nd ed.). See also, Herzog, Real
Encyklop. s.v.
SOURCE : https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/Z/zephyrinus.html
Cromolitografia in L. Tripepi, Ritratti e biografie dei romani pontefici: da S. Pietro a Leone 13, Roma, Vaglimigli Davide, 1879. Municipal Library of Trento
San Zeffirino (o
Zefirino) Papa e martire (?)
sec. III
(Papa dal 199 al 217)
Divenne papa, e restò a capo della Chiesa per 20 anni circa, e qui si trovò ad
affrontare eresia Modalista, che aveva un’errata concezione dei rapporti tra
Padre e il Figlio. Fu il primo dei papi che vennero sepolti a Callisto sulla
via Appia.
Etimologia: Zeffirino =
dal nome del venticello primaverile
Emblema: Palma
Martirologio Romano: A
Roma accanto al cimitero di Callisto sulla via Appia, deposizione di san
Zefirino, papa, che governò per diciotto anni la Chiesa di Roma e diede mandato
al suo diacono san Callisto di costruire il cimitero della Chiesa di Roma sulla
via Appia.
Nativo di Roma, in qualche annuale appare sotto il nome di Geferino. Il suo papato iniziò sotto il terrore di Settimio Severo, il quale convinto assertore della religione politeistica, oltre che per pratici motivi attinenti il dominio delle provincie romane, aveva sposato Giulia Domna, di un antico casato sacerdotale dell'antica città siriana di Emesa dove veniva praticato il culto al "dio sole".
La scintilla che innescò nuove crudeli repressioni fu la mancata partecipazione dei cristiani ai festeggiamenti del decennale dell'imperatore pro salute impetorum, perchè marcatamente pagani.
Oltre a ciò dovette continuare a combattere ulteriori eresie, contrastato da Ippolito sul metodo di lotta e che sfocerà successivamente nel primo scisma cristiano, quello di Ippolito.
Sant' Ippolito fu teologo e scrittore di cultura greca, divenne esponente della teologia del logos. Avversario di Zefirino e di quello che diventerà papa e santo Callisto. Fu probabilmente in contatto con la dinastia dei Severi ma dagli stessi abbandonato e deportato in Sardegna, da Massimo il Trace, dove trovò il martirio.
Nonostante tutto però, Zefirino riuscì ad organizzare ancora di più la gerarchia ecclesiastica nominando per la prima volta un suo vicario (Callisto) con compiti più pratici che teologici.
A lui si deve la volontà di organizzare i cimiteri cristiani che furono spostati dalla via Salaria alla via Appia, dove già esistevano quelli di Pretestato e Domitilla.
Uno dei cimiteri fu chiamato "la cripta dei papi" dove il primo ad esservi tumulato fu proprio Zefirino.
Autore: Franco Prevato
SOURCE : http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/67700
Papa Zefirino
Papa Zefirino o
Zeffirino (Roma – Roma, 217). È stato il 15º pontefice della Chiesa cattolica.
Il suo successore fu papa
Callisto I.
ZEPHYRINUS, natione
Romanus, ex patre Habundio, sedit ann. VIII m. VII d. X. Fuit autem temporibus
Antonini et Severi, a consulatu Saturnini et Gallicani usque Praesente et
Stricato consulibus. Hic constituit praesentia omnibus clericis et laicis
fidelibus, siue clericus, sive levita, sive sacerdos ordinaretur. Et fecit
constitutum de ecclesia, et patenas vitreas ante sacerdotes in ecclesia, et
ministros supportantes, donec episcopus missas celebraret, ante se sacerdotes
adstantes, sic missae celebrarentur; excepto quod ius episcopi interest tantum,
clerus sustineret omnibus praesentes; ex ea consecratione de manu episcopi iam
coronam consecratam acciperet presbiter tradendam populo. Hic fecit
ordinationes IIII per mens. decemb., presbiteros XIIII, diaconos VII; episcopos
per diversa loca numero XIII. Qui etiam sepultus est in cymiterio suo, iuxta
cymiterium Calisti, via Appia, VIII kal. septemb. Et cessavit episcopatus dies
VI.
SOURCE : https://fontistoriche.org/papa-zefirino/
San
Zefferino Papa e Martire, patrono di Caldari (Ortona). La statua si trova nella
chiesa parrocchiale
ZEFIRINO, santo
di Emanuela
Prinzivalli
Enciclopedia dei Papi
(2000)
In base alle date consolari indicate nella cronologia del Catalogo Liberiano l'episcopato di Z., che secondo il Liber pontificalis era romano di nascita, successore di Vittore, durò circa venti anni, dal 198 al 217. Eusebio di Cesarea (Historia ecclesiastica V, 28) fornisce dati sostanzialmente concordanti fissandone in diciotto anni la durata e facendolo finire nel primo anno di Elagabalo, il che riporterebbe al 218. C'è quindi incertezza sull'effettiva data di morte di Z., anche se la preferenza dovrebbe accordarsi al Catalogo. Qualche disordine o qualche momento di incertezza e inquietudine potrebbe essersi verificato in occasione dell'elezione di Callisto, per il contrasto con il partito cui apparteneva l'autore dell'Èlenchos (noto anche come Refutatio omnium haeresium o Philosophoumena) (cfr. Ippolito, antipapa, santo), e questo potrebbe spiegare il lieve scarto fra i dati del Catalogo e quelli di Eusebio: è facile infatti pensare che sia intercorso un certo lasso di tempo fra la morte di Z. e l'effettiva consacrazione del successore. L'episcopato di Z. fu comunque il più lungo di quelli che si succedettero nel III secolo. Si è informati di alcune vicende di questo periodo dall'autore dell'Èlenchos, un'opera importantissima di ambiente romano, e di tendenza ostile, come si è appena detto, al vescovo Callisto, e da Eusebio. Ai fini dell'assestamento della Chiesa romana l'episcopato di Z. fu, in ragione della sua stessa durata, un periodo di grande rilievo. Un importantissimo documento citato da Eusebio di Cesarea ne fornisce chiari indizi: si tratta di un'opera rimasta anonima e diretta contro l'eresia dell'adozionista Artemone (per cui l'autore viene denominato Anonimo Antiartemonita). L'adozionismo, per risolvere il problema che scaturiva dalla necessità di mantenere il dogma dell'unicità di Dio, considerava Cristo un puro uomo, eletto da Dio, negando la presenza in lui di una componente divina. La testimonianza dell'Anonimo, riportata qui da Eusebio in modo letterale, protesta contro la novità della dottrina degli artemoniti e rileva che essi invece ne rivendicavano l'antichità e il carattere tradizionale e dicevano che la "verità del kerygma" si era conservata a Roma fino a Vittore ma poi era stata alterata da Zefirino. Al che l'Anonimo protesta che proprio Vittore aveva espulso dalla comunità il fondatore dell'eresia, Teodoto il Cuoiaio, e che quindi l'affermazione degli artemoniti era una menzogna (Historia ecclesiastica V, 28, 3). Un altro brano dell'Anonimo Antiartemonita, riportato da Eusebio subito dopo (ibid. V, 28, 8-13), attira l'attenzione su un fatto avvenuto sotto Zefirino. Un confessore della fede, Natalio, era stato convinto da due discepoli di Teodoto il Cuoiaio, Asclepiade e Teodoto detto il Banchiere, ad assumere il titolo di vescovo in cambio di un salario mensile di 150 denari, una cifra pari a sei volte la paga semplice di un legionario (S. Mazzarino, L'impero romano, II, Roma-Bari 1973, p. 465); nell'intimo Natalio era combattuto, tanto è vero che sognava di essere rimproverato da Gesù, tuttavia permaneva nell'azione scismatica per venalità, secondo l'interpretazione malevola dell'Anonimo. Fino a che fu flagellato dagli angeli per una notte intera. Allora si presentò in lacrime e suppliche davanti a Z. e alla comunità riunita e solo a fatica venne riammesso. L'episodio, che è impossibile collocare cronologicamente con precisione ma che deve essere avvenuto nei primi anni dell'episcopato di Z., quando l'adozionismo era ancora difficile da contrastare, è importante per molti motivi. Innanzitutto dimostra il potere di interferenza che nella comunità romana avevano persone dotate di mezzi finanziari o comunque della possibilità di far circolare denaro, come questo Teodoto. La sua attività di banchiere lo rendeva ben noto alla comunità cristiana, esattamente come era successo allo schiavo Callisto sotto Vittore. Ciò spiega anche perché Z. chiamò a sé un ex banchiere come Callisto, facendolo tornare da Anzio, come informa l'autore dell'Èlenchos: i talenti economici di Callisto e la sua fedeltà alla linea ufficiale della Chiesa romana ne facevano un punto di riferimento da opporre ad eventuali spinte centrifughe. Quello di Teodoto poi non era l'unico precedente che dimostrava la funzione essenziale delle risorse economiche nell'orientare a livello dottrinale la comunità. Marcione, quando era arrivato a Roma, aveva per prima cosa messo a disposizione della Chiesa romana una grossa somma per le necessità dei poveri (Tertulliano, Adversus Marcionem IV, 4, 3). L'influenza crescente di Callisto, abile amministratore, e nello stesso tempo uomo fedele e duttile, si giustifica perfettamente in quest'ottica, senza ricorrere alla spiegazione tendenziosa dell'autore dell'Èlenchos, e cioè che Z. fosse un uomo avido e facilmente corruttibile. Lo scisma di Natalio dovette essere un episodio pericoloso per la Chiesa romana: l'Anonimo Antiartemonita ne attribuisce la conclusione a un intervento provvidenziale, indirettamente indicando la difficoltà delle gerarchie a farvi fronte. L'episodio dimostra altresì che nella Chiesa di Roma era subentrata, a differenza dei tempi di Erma, la possibilità di una remissione anche dei peccati più gravi, se Natalio poté essere riaccolto, sia pure a prezzo di una dura penitenza. Ma soprattutto l'episodio doveva aver chiarito alle gerarchie ecclesiastiche la pericolosità degli artemoniti, che l'Anonimo descrive come particolarmente dotti e versati nelle discipline profane, nonché quasi spregiatori delle Scritture (Eusebio, Historia ecclesiastica V, 28, 13). Ciò può spiegare l'attenzione o la tolleranza maggiore concessa dalla gerarchia alla dottrina patripassiana o modalista che, sempre tenendo quale obiettivo primario la salvaguardia dell'unità di Dio, si presentava forse meno tributaria della cultura pagana e più attenta a recepire solo dati scritturistici. Nella prima formulazione tale dottrina predicava che l'unico Dio aveva patito in croce per cui poteva arrivare a dire, forse spinta dal contraddittorio, che in Cristo aveva patito il Padre. L'Anonimo Antiartemonita attesta come gli artemoniti avessero percepito che l'azione di Z. era diretta in modo particolare contro di loro e ciò converge con il dettaglio, sempre espresso in maniera tendenziosa, fornito dall'autore dell'Èlenchos, che Z. permetteva ai fedeli, se corrotto da donativi, di frequentare la scuola di Cleomene, capo dei monarchiani dopo Noeto ed Epigono (IX, 7, 2). Dal fatto che gli artemoniti pensavano che l'opera di Z. costituisse un cambio di rotta rispetto alla tendenza precedente della Chiesa romana, si potrebbe addirittura dedurre che proprio all'inizio dell'episcopato di Z. risalga l'introduzione a Roma della dottrina monarchiana già professata da Noeto e condannata a Smirne, introduzione avvenuta a opera di Epigono, secondo l'autore dell'Èlenchos, o di Prassea, secondo Tertulliano: resta oltremodo incerta l'identificazione dei due personaggi in uno, come alcuni studiosi vorrebbero (cfr. Callisto I, santo). È meglio pensare a due predicatori diversi, l'importanza del secondo dei quali può forse essere stata esagerata da Tertulliano. Infatti la condanna comminata da Vittore nei confronti degli artemoniti doveva essere stata priva di ogni elemento di novità dottrinale, mentre un cambiamento di atmosfera, che pure non si concretizzò mai in un'assunzione deliberata della dottrina monarchiana da parte di Z., dovette verificarsi sotto di lui. Personalmente Z. doveva rifuggire dalle eccessive sottigliezze teologiche: l'autore dell'Èlenchos lo chiama infatti senza mezzi termini "ignorante", precisando che era sia "illetterato" sia "inesperto dei provvedimenti ecclesiastici" (IX, 11, 1) e per questo Callisto lo manovrava a suo piacimento, aiutandosi con ricchi donativi, visto che Z. era pure avido. Circa l'inesperienza ecclesiastica di Z., almeno, è lecito dubitare, perché sembra poco credibile che un vescovo in carica da così lungo tempo non avesse neppure sentore di ciò che si muoveva intorno a lui. Probabilmente l'autore dell'Èlenchos allude, alla sua maniera, all'ultima fase dell'episcopato, quando effettivamente molto del potere doveva essere stato delegato a Callisto, forse anche per sopraggiunte indisposizioni fisiche di Zefirino. Comunque l'azione di Callisto non doveva essere così incontrastata, se l'autore dell'Èlenchos dice che nei suoi colloqui con Z., quest'ultimo non gli si opponeva, per poi tornare, una volta che fosse a tu per tu con Callisto, a concordare con lui. Si trattava in realtà per Z. di prendere una difficile posizione ufficiale a proposito delle due linee dottrinali che dalla lotta di quegli anni erano emerse con evidenza: la linea della teologia del Logos, tesa a rilevare la sussistenza del Logos nell'ambito della vita intradivina, di cui l'autore dell'Èlenchos era portatore, e quella, di direzione opposta, di Cleomene e Sabellio, nel frattempo entrato in scena. Probabilmente Z. non se la sentì, e questo spiega perché certi nodi vennero subito al pettine all'inizio dell'episcopato del successore Callisto che non poté procrastinare un pronunciamento. La mancanza di una presa di posizione ufficiale si evince dal complesso del racconto dell'autore dell'Èlenchos, che presenta due brevi formulazioni di fede di Z., entrambe pubbliche, considerate come in contrasto l'una con l'altra. Nella prima si afferma: "conosco un solo Dio Cristo Gesù, e tranne lui nessun altro che è nato e ha patito", e nella seconda: "non è morto il Padre, ma il Figlio" (IX, 11, 3). La prima delle due è intesa dall'autore dell'Èlenchos come monarchiana per l'identificazione posta fra "un solo Dio" e Gesù Cristo, mentre la seconda è interpretata evidentemente come un correttivo. Un margine di incertezza circa l'effettivo uso di queste formule da parte di Z. resta. La prima coincide quasi letteralmente, tranne l'aggiunta del nome "Cristo Gesù", con la professione di fede di Noeto davanti ai presbiteri, secondo il racconto di Ippolito (Contra Noetum 1) e di Epifanio (Panarion 57, 8, a cura di K. Holl-J. Dummer, Berlin 1980², p. 344): anzi la formulazione di Noeto, mancando dell'esplicita identificazione dell'unico Dio con Cristo, è più generica in quanto difensiva. Un malizioso adattamento in senso noetiano delle parole di Z. da parte dell'autore dell'Èlenchos, stante la virulenza del suo atteggiamento, non si può escludere. Le due formule paiono comunque dimostrare, nella voluta brevità, il desiderio di Z. di non staccarsi da un'espressione essenziale, "di base", della fede, evitando di introdurre precisazioni che appaiano frutto di una riflessione individuale. L'inconcludenza della posizione di Z. sarebbe provata dal permanere delle dispute, nelle quali l'autore dell'Èlenchos rivendica a sé un ruolo da protagonista, sia pure contrastato da Callisto. Se si deve riportare all'inizio dell'episcopato di Z. la predicazione monarchiana di Epigono e di Prassea, resta da interpretare l'ulteriore particolare segnalato da Tertulliano, cioè che sarebbe stato per l'azione di Prassea che il vescovo di Roma si sarebbe indotto a non accogliere il montanismo, per cui, commenta Tertulliano, aperto montanista, Prassea avrebbe reso due servizi al diavolo: "prophetiam expulit et haeresin intulit" (Adversus Praxean 1, 5). Al di là del racconto tertullianeo, che forse esagera il ruolo dell'altrimenti ignoto Prassea, si hanno indizi che collocano a Roma sotto Z. il dibattito sul montanismo e quello sulle Scritture, in parte connesso al primo in quanto i montanisti sostenevano il permanere dell'ispirazione e quindi la possibilità di ampliare indefinitamente il numero degli scritti cristiani considerati autorevoli e ispirati: in altri termini il montanismo considerava la Sacra Scrittura un sistema sostanzialmente aperto, in forza dell'azione costantemente ispiratrice dello Spirito Santo. A questo riguardo Eusebio riporta all'episcopato di Z. l'acme del presbitero Gaio, di cui sottolinea l'ortodossia e la cultura. Questi si dimostra un tipico uomo di Chiesa nell'esaltare le tradizioni della locale Chiesa romana (i trofei degli apostoli Pietro e Paolo: cfr. Historia ecclesiastica II, 25, 7) contro quelle asiatiche del montanista Proclo e nel contrapporsi, sempre a detta di Eusebio (ibid. VI, 20, 3), alla tendenza degli avversari a comporre "nuove Scritture", scrivendo a sua volta un'opera per smascherarli. La recente scoperta di frammenti siriaci di un'opera a struttura dialogica fra Gaio e Ippolito fornisce dati convergenti con quello che si ricava dalla presenza fra le opere ippolitee di uno scritto "in difesa del vangelo e dell'Apocalissi di Giovanni" (Apologia pro Apocalypsi et Evangelio Iohannis), cioè sui due scritti giovannei sui quali Gaio aveva espresso perplessità a causa della mancata congruenza con i dati degli altri tre vangeli canonici e di Paolo. La situazione della Chiesa di Roma, dunque, anche a livello di gerarchia ecclesiale, risulta variegata e le personalità notevoli che agirono all'epoca di Z. furono più d'una. Peraltro, si può dire in generale che l'idea di una certa preminenza morale della Chiesa di Roma, nell'ambito della cristianità, si consolida pure attraverso l'azione consapevole della gerarchia, come avviene nel caso dell'orgogliosa rivendicazione da parte del presbitero Gaio della presenza in città dei due apostoli Pietro e Paolo. La permanenza a Roma di personalità di rilievo delle altre Chiese, ivi condotte dalla fama della città, contribuisce a sua volta ad accrescerla: sotto Z. venne a Roma anche Origene. Durante il pontificato di Z., intorno all'anno 200, si formalizza un atto fondamentale per la storia della comunità cristiana di Roma. Il pontefice prepone il suo diacono Callisto all'amministrazione dell'omonimo cimitero sotterraneo sulla via Appia: come informa l'autore dell'Èlenchos (IX, 12, 14), il quale sottolinea la solennità della consegna a Callisto (sulla successiva vicenda del sepolcreto cfr. Callisto I, santo). Le notizie del Liber pontificalis sulla promulgazione di una serie di decreti in materia liturgica sono inattendibili. Circa la sepoltura, viene detto che Z. fu seppellito in "cymiterio suo, iuxta cymiterium Callisti". Si tratta della prima sepoltura papale nell'area; gli itinerari altomedievali forniscono notizie utili per individuarne l'ubicazione: il De locis riferisce che Z. era sepolto in un tumulo con il martire Tarcisio (Codice topografico, p. 110) e la Notitia ecclesiarum permette di collocare la sepoltura nell'area subdiale del cimitero ("sursum quiescit": ibid., p. 88). Che Z. non fosse stato deposto in un cimitero sotterraneo risulta inoltre dal fatto che il suo nome non compare nell'iscrizione fatta redigere da Sisto III, nella quale erano riportati i nomi dei pontefici deposti nella cripta dei papi (Inscriptiones Christianae urbis Romae. Nova series, IV, a cura di G.B. de Rossi-A. Ferrua, In Civitate Vaticana 1964, nr. 9516). Le indagini archeologiche eseguite da U.M. Fasola nel mausoleo triabsidato in opera laterizia (denominato tricora occidentale), situato nel sopratterra della catacomba di Callisto, hanno riportato in luce una serie di sepolture disposte intorno ad un tumulo centrale. Quest'ultimo era in origine una struttura sepolcrale bisoma (destinata cioè a due deposizioni) poi trasformata, con la realizzazione di una apertura transennata (fenestella confessionis), in un organismo idoneo a soddisfare funzioni cultuali. La struttura si può forse identificare con il sepolcro di papa Z. e di Tarcisio. L'ambiente triabsidato è probabilmente da riferire invece al IV secolo, come risultato della risistemazione di un ambiente preesistente non più visibile. Considerato santo, Z. viene ricordato il 26 agosto nel Martyrologium Romanum, che senza fondamento lo reputa martire. Il Martyrologium Hieronymianum lo colloca al 20 dicembre.
Fonti e Bibl.: Acta Sanctorum [...], Augusti, V, Venetiis 1754, pp.
783-89; Regesta Pontificum Romanorum, a cura di Ph. Jaffé-G. Wattenbach-S.
Loewenfeld-F. Kaltenbrunner-P. Ewald, I, Lipsiae 1885, p. 12; Le Liber
pontificalis, a cura di L. Duchesne, I, Paris 1886, pp. 139-40; Eusebio di
Cesarea, Historia ecclesiastica II, 25, 6; V, 28, 3, 7-12, a cura di E. Schwartz,
Leipzig 1903 (Die Griechischen Christlichen Schriftsteller. Eusebius Werke, II,
1), pp. 177, 501, 503; VI, 14, 10; 20, 3; 21, 1-2, a cura di E. Schwartz, ivi
1908 (Die Griechischen Christlichen Schriftsteller. Eusebius Werke, II, 2), pp.
553, 567; Ippolito, Refutatio omnium haeresium IX, 1-13, a cura di P. Wendland,
ivi 1916 (Die Griechischen Christlichen Schriftsteller. Hippolytus Werke, III),
pp. 239-52; H. Delehaye, Commentarius perpetuus in Martyrologium Hieronymianum
[...], in Acta Sanctorum Novembris [...], II, pars posterior, Bruxellis 1931,
p. 656; Martyrologium Romanum [...] scholiis historicis instructum, in
Propylaeum ad Acta Sanctorum Decembris, ivi 1940, p. 360; A. von Harnack, Die
älteste uns im Wortlaut bekannte dogmatische Erklärung eines Römischen Bischofs
(Zephyrin bei Hippolyt, Ref. IX,11), in Id., Kleine Schriften zur alten Kirche,
II, Leipzig 1880, pp. 619-25; B. Capelle, Le cas du pape Zéphyrin, "Revue
Bénédictine de Critique, d'Histoire et de Littérature Religieuses", 38,
1926, pp. 321-30; E. Caspar, Geschichte des Papsttums, I, Tübingen 1930, pp. 22
ss., 36 ss.; J.N.D. Kelly, Il pensiero cristiano delle origini, Bologna 1972,
pp. 151-54; M. Simonetti, Il problema dell'unità di Dio a Roma da Clemente a
Dionigi, "Rivista di Storia e Letteratura Religiosa", 22, 1986, pp.
439-74 (ripubblicato in Id., Studi sulla cristologia del II e III secolo, Roma
1993, pp. 183-215); R.E. Heine, The Christology of Callistus, "The Journal
of Theological Studies", n. ser., 49, 1998, pp. 56-91. Codice topografico
della città di Roma, a cura di R. Valentini-G. Zucchetti, II, Roma 1942 (Fonti
per la Storia d'Italia, 88); U.M. Fasola, Indagini nel sopratterra della
catacomba di S. Callisto, "Rivista di Archeologia Cristiana", 56,
1980, pp. 221-78. Dictionnaire de théologie catholique, II, 2, Paris 1910, s.v.
Calixte I, coll. 1336-37; XV, 2, ivi 1950, s.v., coll. 3690-91; A. Amore,
Zeffirino, in B.S., XII, coll. 1464-65; Il grande libro dei Santi. Dizionario
enciclopedico, III, Cinisello Balsamo 1998, s.v., pp. 1979-80.
© Istituto della
Enciclopedia Italiana fondata da Giovanni Treccani - Riproduzione riservata
SOURCE : https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/santo-zefirino_(Enciclopedia-dei-Papi)/
Portrait paintings of
Zephyrinus - Sistine
Chapel - portraits of popes by Botticelli
Den hellige pave
Zefyrinus ( - 217)
Minnedag:
26. august
Den hellige Zefyrinus var
i følge LP romer,
sønn av Habundius. Hans motstander Hippolyt beskriver
ham som en enkel mann med lite utdannelse, uten erfaring i kirkelige
avgjørelser, og dessuten grisk og havesyk.
Han var uten tvil en svak
mann som var helt avhengig av sin dyktige og praktiske erkediakon Callistus. Hans
pontifikat var preget av bitre teologiske stridigheter om Treenigheten og Jesu
Kristi guddom.
En av pavens motstandere
var Tertullian. Han var en av oldkirkens største og mest tragiske
skikkelser (kalt «sin tids Martin Luther»). Han var født ca 160 i Kartago,
utdannet jurist, døpt ca 193-95, men ble aldri viet til prest. I 205 ble han
tilhenger av montanismen. Årsaken var formelt at kirken tillot gjengifte,
men den virkelige grunnen var at hans lidenskapelige religiøse natur ble
forarget over presteskapet i Roma, som han fant for slapt. Han bebreidet
Zefyrinus for først å ha anerkjent den montanistiske bevegelsen, men senere
trekke tilbake anerkjennelsen etter press fra modalisten Praxeas. I 213 var
bruddet fullstendig og paven ekskommuniserte Tertullian. Montanistene skilte
seg knapt fra Kirken i trosbekjennelse, men de hadde en rekke rigorøse regler
for det praktiske liv. Tertullian antas å ha dødd en naturlig død ca år 220.
Men den bitreste striden
i Roma i Zefyrinus' pontifikat var kristologisk. Adoptianismen, eller det
synet at Jesus hadde vært et alminnelig menneske inntil sin dåp, blomstret
fremdeles, til tross for at den var fordømt av pave Viktor I. Eusebius forteller
at garveren Theodotus langt fra var brakt til taushet av Viktors
ekskommunikasjon, men hadde satt opp sin egen kirke. Han hadde funnet
støttespillere i en annen Theodotus, en bankier, og Asclepiodotus.
Adoptianerne utnevnte den
første «motpave», Natalius, som hadde vært bekjenner for troen og blitt
torturert for den, og som derfor hadde en viss prestisje. De betalte ham en
lønn på 150 denarii. Han tok imidlertid snart til fornuft og «gikk av», og
han regnes ikke blant motpavene. Zefyrinus ga ham igjen adgang til kommunion
etter streng bot.
I Eusebius' historie
ønsket ikke Jesus at en som hadde lidd for Ham, skulle forsvinne ut av Kirken.
Derfor ga han Natalius visjoner hvor han sendte engler for å bringe den
villfarne til fornuft. Men Natalius, som var blendet av en kjetterbiskops
forlorne glans, brydde seg først lite om visjonene. Men en natt ga englene den
gjenstridige mannen en skikkelig omgang juling, noe som brakte ham til fornuft.
Han kledde seg i en sekk, dekket seg med aske og skyndte seg av gårde for å
kaste seg ned for pave Zefyrinus og be om nåde.
Viktigere var modalismen,
med lederne Noetus, Praxeas og Sabellius, som i praksis fjernet forskjellen
mellom personene i Treenigheten. Praxeas kom til Roma for å fortelle pave
Zefyrinus at ideen om treenigheten var helt feil; at i virkeligheten var det
ikke tre personer i én guddommelig natur, men bare tre former (modus) av én
substans (ett vesen). Hippolyt kritiserte Zefyrinus for ikke å fordømme
modalistene, det virket til og med som om han støttet dem. I virkeligheten
viser analyser av en trosbekjennelse han utga, at Zefyrinus ikke var noen
modalist. Han var opptatt av både å holde fast ved Kristi guddom og hans
forskjell fra Faderen, men han manglet den nødvendige terminologi, for paven
var ingen filosof. I disse spørsmålene hadde han hjelp av Callistus, som skulle
bli hans etterfølger.
Mens Zefyrinus var pave,
fikk Roma besøk av den berømte Origenes, den
største av samtidens kristne intellektuelle.
Pave Zefyrinus skal ha
introdusert bruken av patena og kalk av slepet glass, gitt nye regler for
vigsling og vigslingsdager og bestemt at ungdom over 14 år skulle motta Den
hellige Kommunion i påsken. Sannsynligvis fikk Symbolum apostolicum, den
apostoliske trosbekjennelsen, sin endelige form på denne tiden.
I tillegg til kampen mot
kjetterier sto Zefyrinus overfor en fornyet forfølgelse. Keiser Septimus
Severus, som hadde vært vennligsinnet overfor de kristne i begynnelsen av sin
regjeringstid, ble nå fiendtlig stemt. Under Zefyrinus' pontifikat ga keiseren
ut sitt berømte dekret som forbød noen å bli kristen.
Tradisjonen at Zefyrinus
døde som martyr, støttes ikke av tidlige kilder og regnes som usannsynlig. På
den annen side kan man tro på LPs
opplysninger om at han ble gravlagt «i sin egen kirkegård, nær Callistus'» ved
Via Appia. Han ble gravlagt 26. august, som også er hans minnedag.
Paverekken - Kildehenvisninger -
Kompilasjon og oversettelse: p. Per Einar Odden -
Sist oppdatert: 1998-02-13 16:28
SOURCE : https://www.katolsk.no/biografier/historisk/zefyrinus